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Volumn 57, Issue 6, 1998, Pages

Detection and identification of a single DNA base molecule using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; COLLOIDS; DNA; DNA SEQUENCES; ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS; MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS; SIGNAL NOISE MEASUREMENT; SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO; SPURIOUS SIGNAL NOISE; STATISTICAL METHODS;

EID: 0001558921     PISSN: 1063651X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.57.R6281     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (576)

References (31)
  • 4
    • 0002915986 scopus 로고
    • Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92, 509 (1987) [
    • V. M. Shalaev and M. I. Stockman, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92, 509 (1987) [Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 287 (1987)].
    • (1987) Sov. Phys. JETP , vol.65 , pp. 287
    • Shalaev, V.M.1    Stockman, M.I.2
  • 8
    • 85036290224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solutions of isolated small silver spheres were made by laser ablation of silver foil in water as described in Refs. 2728. We used 355 nm laser light for ablation with a pulse energy of about 50 mJ and a 10-Hz repetition rate. Solutions from small colloidal clusters (100–500 nm) were prepared as we described in Ref. 2 based on a standard citrate reduction procedure 29
    • Solutions of isolated small silver spheres were made by laser ablation of silver foil in water as described in Refs. 2728. We used 355 nm laser light for ablation with a pulse energy of about 50 mJ and a 10-Hz repetition rate. Solutions from small colloidal clusters (100–500 nm) were prepared as we described in Ref. 2 based on a standard citrate reduction procedure 29.
  • 10
    • 85036373996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methanol does not show enhancement of the Raman signals in colloidal silver solution and can be used as an internal intensity standard 30
    • Methanol does not show enhancement of the Raman signals in colloidal silver solution and can be used as an internal intensity standard 30.
  • 12
    • 85036177446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of NaCl to the solution of isolated spheres (NaCl concentration [formula presented] M), as it was applied for small colloidal clusters to achieve better SERS conditions 2, did not result in the appearance of a NIR–SERS signal of molecules adsorbed on small spheres excluding a strong “chemical” effect due to NaCl activation
    • Addition of NaCl to the solution of isolated spheres (NaCl concentration <10-2, M), as it was applied for small colloidal clusters to achieve better SERS conditions 2, did not result in the appearance of a NIR–SERS signal of molecules adsorbed on small spheres excluding a strong “chemical” effect due to NaCl activation.
  • 13
    • 85036422470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • where [formula presented] is the effective SERS cross section, [formula presented] is the vibrational frequency, [formula presented] is the lifetime of the first excited vibrational state (assumed to be on the order of 10 ps), [formula presented] is the sample temperature (300 K), and [formula presented] is the photon flux density of the excitation laser beam (for typical values, see Table I)., SERS cross sections are inferred from anti-Stokes–to–Stokes SERS ratios [formula presented] normalized to the ratio in a normal Raman experiment [formula presented] (Boltzmann population) according to Ref. 1
    • SERS cross sections are inferred from anti-Stokes–to–Stokes SERS ratios PaSSERS/PSSERS normalized to the ratio in a normal Raman experiment PaSNRS/PSNRSs (Boltzmann population) according to Ref. 1. PaSSERS/PSSERSPaSNRS/PSNRS=σSERS(νm)τ1(νm)e(hνm)/kTnL+1, where σSERS is the effective SERS cross section, νm is the vibrational frequency, τ1 is the lifetime of the first excited vibrational state (assumed to be on the order of 10 ps), T is the sample temperature (300 K), and nL is the photon flux density of the excitation laser beam (for typical values, see Table I).
  • 14
    • 85036398782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When small droplets of sample solution are dried on a microscope cover slide, dye-loaded silver clusters of various sizes are fixed on the glass slide 31 and the excitation laser can be focused onto desired μm clusters or onto areas between them that are covered with 100–500-nm (submicroscopic) silver clusters
    • When small droplets of sample solution are dried on a microscope cover slide, dye-loaded silver clusters of various sizes are fixed on the glass slide 31 and the excitation laser can be focused onto desired μm clusters or onto areas between them that are covered with 100–500-nm (submicroscopic) silver clusters.
  • 15
    • 85036430026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing vibrational pumping effects for various SERS active structures allows a direct conclusion on effective SERS cross sections without knowing the number of the molecules involved in the SERS process
    • Comparing vibrational pumping effects for various SERS active structures allows a direct conclusion on effective SERS cross sections without knowing the number of the molecules involved in the SERS process.
  • 18
    • 85036270330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. W. Lunch and W. R. Hunter, in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, edited by E. D. Palik (Academic Press, New York, 1985), p. 275
    • D. W. Lunch and W. R. Hunter, in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, edited by E. D. Palik (Academic Press, New York, 1985), p. 275.
  • 24
    • 85036375144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ratios of anti-Stokes–to–Stokes signals of the 1330- and [formula presented] lines normalized to appropriate “normal” Raman-scattering ratios were found to be 12 and 1.5, respectively, at [formula presented] excitation intensity in an approximate agreement with the values obtained for CV
    • The ratios of anti-Stokes–to–Stokes signals of the 1330- and 735-cm-1 lines normalized to appropriate “normal” Raman-scattering ratios were found to be 12 and 1.5, respectively, at ∼106,W/cm2 excitation intensity in an approximate agreement with the values obtained for CV.
  • 25
    • 85036357479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compared to our previous measurements 2, we are working at a higher concentration of the targeted molecule and colloidal clusters, and with smaller scattering volume (the focus is 2.5–3 μm, the depth of docus in ∼15 μm) for single molecule detection. Therefore, the average dwell time of a molecule in the probed region becomes comparable with our measurement time. This results in a broadening of the Poisson distribution
    • Compared to our previous measurements 2, we are working at a higher concentration of the targeted molecule and colloidal clusters, and with smaller scattering volume (the focus is 2.5–3 μm, the depth of docus in ∼15 μm) for single molecule detection. Therefore, the average dwell time of a molecule in the probed region becomes comparable with our measurement time. This results in a broadening of the Poisson distribution.


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