Myology of the feeding apparatus of myrmecophagid anteaters (Xenarthra: Myrmecophagidae)

Journal of Mammalian Evolution

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 87-117

  Reiss, Karen Zich ^a,b  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^b HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cranial muscles; Feeding apparatus; Myrmecophagidae; Myrmecophagy; Xenarthra

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001536724     PISSN: 10647554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1027366129277     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Chan, L.-K. (1995). Extrinsic lingual musculature of two pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae). J. Mammal. 76: 472-480.
2. Cheng, H. (1986). Anatomical studies of Manis pentadactyla's tongue and structures relative to the tongue. Mem. Beij. Nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 1-9.
3. Committee, I. A. N. (1977). Nomina Anatomica. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
4. Crompton, A. W. (1989). The evolution of mammalian mastication. In: Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates, D. B. Wake and G. Roth, eds., pp. 23-40, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
5. Davis, D. D. (1961). Origin of the mammalian feeding mechanism. Am. Zool. 1: 229-234.
6. De Jong, W. W., Leunissen, J. A. M., and Wistow, G. J. (1993). Eye lens crystallins and the phylogeny of placental orders: Evidence for a macroscelid-paenungulate clade? In: Mammal Phylogeny, F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna, eds., Vol. 2: Placentals, pp. 5-12, Springer-Verlag, New York.
7. Dingler, E. C. (1964a). Die konstructive Form der Zunge des Ameisenbären Verh. Anat. Ges. 58: 405-416.
8. Dingler, E. C. (1964b). Vergleichende funktionell-anatomische Studien en Edentatenzungen (Dasypus sexcinctus, Smutsia temmincki, Tamandua tetradactyla und Myrmecophaga jubata). Morph. Jb. 105: 375-395.
9. Doran, G. A., and Allbrook, D. B. (1973). The tongue and associated structures in two species of African pangolins, Manis gigantea and Manis tricuspis. J. Mammal. 54: 887-899.
10. Duvernoy, G. L. (1830). De la langue, considérée comme organc de préhension des alimens ou recherches anatomiques sur les mouvemens de la langue dans quelques animaux, particulierement de la classe des mammifères et de celle des reptiles. Mém. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Strasbourg 1: 1-16.
11. Edgeworth, F. H. (1914). On the development and morphology of the mandibular and hyoid muscles of mammals. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 59: 573-645.
12. Edgeworth, F. H. (1916). On the development and morphology of the pharyngeal, laryngeal and hypobranchial muscles of mammals. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 61: 383-432.
13. Edgeworth, F. H. (1923). On the development of the cranial muscles of Tatusia and Manis. J. Anal. Physiol. (Lond.) 57: 313-335.
14. Edgeworth, F. H. (1931). On the development of the external ocular, masticatory, and hyoid muscles of Monotremata. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1931: 809-815.
15. Edgeworth, F. H. (1935). The Cranial Muscles of Vertebrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Ehlers, E. (1894). Der Processus Xiphoideus und seine Muskulatur von Manis macrura Erxl. und Manis tricuspis Surdev. Zool. Miszellen I. Abh. Konig. Gessel. Wissen. 39: 1-34.
17. Eisenberg, J. F. (1981). The Mammalian Radiations: An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptation, and Behavior, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
18. Ellsworth, A. F. (1976). The North American Opposum: An Anatomical Atlas, Robert E. Krieger, Huntington, NY.
19. Emmons, L. H., and Feer, F. (1990). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
20. Engelmann, G. F. (1978). The Logic of Phylogenetic Analysis and the Phylogeny of the Xenarthra, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
21. Engelmann, G. F. (1985). The phylogeny of the Xenarthra. In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp. 51-64, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
22. Flower, W. H. (1882). On the mutual affinities of the animals comprising the order Edantata. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. XXV: 358-367.
23. Gase, J.-P. (1967). Squellete hyobranchial. In: Traite de Zoologie, Vol. 16, P.-P. Grassé, ed., pp. 550-583, Masson et Cie, Paris.
24. Gaudin, T. J. (1995). The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). J. Vert. Paleont. 15: 672-705.
25. Gaudin, T. J., Wible, J. R., Hopson, J. A., and Turnbull, W. D. (1995). Cohort Epitheria (Mammalia: Eutheria). The morphological evidence reexamined. J. Vert. Paleont. 15: 31A.
26. Gaudin, T. J., Wible, J. R., Hopson, J. A., and Turnbull, W. D. (1996). Reexamination of the morphological evidence for the cohort Epitheria (Mammalia: Eutheria). J. Mammal. Evol. 3: 31-79.
27. Gregory, W. K. (1910). The orders of mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 27: 1-524.
28. Griffiths, M. (1968). Echidnas, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
29. Guth, C. (1961). La Region Temporale des Édentatés, Le Puy, Haute Loire.
30. Herring, S. W. (1972). The role of canine morphology in the evolutionary divergence of pigs and peccaries. J. Mammal. 53: 500-512.
31. Herring, S. W. (1980). Functional design of cranial muscles: comparative and physiological studies in pigs. Am. Zool. 20: 283-293.
32. Herring, S. W. (1993). Functional morphology of mammalian mastication. Am. Zool. 33: 289-299.
33. Hiiemae, K., and Jenkins, F. A. (1969). The anatomy and internal architecture of the muscles of mastication in Didelphis marsupialis. Postilla 140: 1-49.
34. Hildebrand, M. (1985). Digging of quadrupeds. In: Functional Vertebrate Morphology, M. Hildebrand, D. M. Bramble, K. F. Liem, and D. B. Wake, eds., pp. 89-109, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
35. Hildebrand, M. (1988). Analysis of Vertebrate Structure, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
36. Hofer, H. O. (1988). Notes on the typology of the skull of the Myrmecophagidae (Mammalia, Edentata), Morph. Jb. 134: 329-336.
37. Honeycutt, R. L., and Adkins, R. M. (1993). Higher level systematics of eutherian mammals: An assessment of molecular characters and phylogenetic hypotheses. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 279-305.
38. Hsu, T. C. (1965). Chromosomes of two species of anteaters. Mammal. Chrom. Newsl. 15: 108.
39. Jorge, W., Best, R. C., and Wetzel, R. M. (1985). Chromosome studies on the silky anteater Cyclopes didactylus (Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra, Edentata). Caryologia 38: 325-330.
40. Kühlhorn, F. (1939). Beziehungen zwischen Ernährungsweise und Bau des Kauapparates bei einigen Gürteltier und Ameisenbärenarten. Morph. Jb. 84: 55-85.
41. Lubosch, W. (1908). Das Kiefergelenk der Edentaten und Marsupialier. Nebst Mittheilungen über die Kaumuskulatur dieser Thiere. Semons Zool. Forsch. 4: 520-555.
42. Luckett, W. P. (1994). Suprafamilial relationships within Marsupialia: Resolution and discordance from multidisciplinary data. J. Mammal. Evol. 2: 255-283.
43. Luschka, H. (1868a). Derobere Schnürer des menschlichen Schlundkopfes. Z. Ration. Med. 31: 363-372.
44. Luschka, H. (1868b). Der Schlundkopf der Menschen, H. Laupp, Tübingen.
45. McKenna, M. C. (1975). Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia. In: Phylogeny of the Primates, W. P. Luckett and F. S. Szalay, eds., pp. 21-46, Plenum Press, New York.
46. McKenna, M. C. (1992). The alpha crystallin A chain of the eye lens and mammalian phylogeny. Ann. Zool. Fennici 28: 349-360.
47. McKitrick, M. C. (1993). Phylogenetic constraint in evolutionary theory: Has it any explanatory power? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 307-330.
48. Miyamoto, M. M., and Goodman, M. (1986). Biomolecular systematics of eutherian mammals: phylogenetic patterns and classification. Syst. Zool. 35: 230-240.
49. Montgomery, G. G. (1978). The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
50. Montgomery, G. G. (1985). Movements, foraging and food habits of the four extant species of neotropical vermilinguas (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae) In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp. 365-377, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
51. Naples, V. L. (1982). Cranial osteology and function in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. Am. Mus. Nov. 2739: 1-41.
52. Naples, V. L. (1985a). Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. J. Morphol. 183: 25-50.
53. Naples, V. L. (1985b). The superficial facial musculature in sloths and vermilinguas. In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp. 173-189, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
54. Naples, V. L. (1986). The morphology and function of the hyoid region in the tree sloths Bradypus and Choloepus. J. Mammal. 67: 712-724.
55. Nene, R. V. (1978). A note on the tongue muscle of the scaly anteater, Manis gigantea. J. Biol. Sci. 21: 48-49.
56. Norman, J. E., and Ashley, M. V. (1994). Molecular systematics of the xenarthrans. American Society of Mammalogists, Washington, DC, p. 271A.
57. Novacek, M. J. (1982). Information for molecular studies from anatomical and fossil evidence on higher eutherian phylogeny. In: Macromolecular Sequences in Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, M. Goodman, ed., pp. 3-41, Plenum Press, New York.
58. Novacek, M. J. (1993a). Patterns of diversity in the mammalian skull. In: The Skull, J. Hanken and B. K. Hall, eds., Vol. 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity, pp. 438-531, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
59. Novacek, M. J. (1993b). Reflections on higher mammalian phylogenetics. J. Mammal. Evol. 1: 3-30.
60. Novacek, M. J., and Wyss, A. R. (1986). Higher-level relationships of the Recent eutherian orders: morphological evidence. Cladistics 2: 257-287.
61. Novacek, M. J., Wyss, A. R., and McKenna, M. C. (1988). The major groups of eutherian mammals. In: The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, M. J. Benton, ed., Vol. 2: Mammals pp. 31-71, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
62. Owen, R. A. (1862). On the anatomy of the great anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn.) Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 4: 117-140.
63. Parker, W. K. (1884). On the structure and development of the skull in the Mammalia. Part II: Edentata. Proc. Roy. Soc. XXXVII: 78-82.
64. Patterson, B., Segall, W., and Turnbull, W. D. (1989). The ear region in the xenarthrans ( = Edentata: Mammalia) Part I. Cingulates. Fieldiana Geol. 18: 1-46.
65. Patterson, B., Segall, W., Turnbull, W. D., and Gaudin, T. J. (1992). The ear region in Xenarthrans ( = Edentata: Mammalia) Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaenodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana Geol. 24: 1-79.
66. Pouchet, H. (1874). Mémoires sur le grand Fourmilier (Myrmecophaga jubata). Libraire de l'Académie de Médicine de Paris, Paris.
67. Pough, H. P., Heiser, J. B., and McFarland, W. D. (1989). Vertebrate Life, Macmillan, New York.
68. Radinsky, L. (1985). Patterns in the evolution of ungulate jaw shape. Am. Zool. 25: 303-314.
69. Redford, K. H. (1985a). Feeding and food preference in captive and wild giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). J. Zool. Lond. (A) 205: 559-572.
70. Redford, K. H. (1985b). Food habits of armadillos. In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp. 429-437, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
71. Redford, K. H. (1986). Dietary specialization and variation in two mammalian myrmecophages: Variation in mammalian myrmecophagy. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 59: 201-208.
72. Redford, K. H. (1987). Ants and termites as food: Patterns of mammalian myrmecophagy. In: Current Mammalogy, Vol. 1, H. H. Genoways, ed., pp. 349-399, Plenum Press, New York.
73. Reiss, K. Z. (1997). How The Anteater Got Its Tongue: Structure and Evolution of the Feeding Apparatus in Xenarthra and Pholidota, Ph.D. dissertation, Zoology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
74. Rose, K. D., and Emry, R. J. (1993). Relationships of Xenarthra, Pholidota, and fossil "edentates": the morphological evidence. In: Mammal Phylogeny, Vol. 2: Placentals, F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna, eds., pp. 81-102, Springer Verlag, New York.
75. Saban, R. (1968). Musculature de la tête. In: Traité de Zoologie, Vol. 16, P. P. Grassé, ed., pp. 229-471, Masson et Cie, Paris.
76. Schneider, R. (1964). Der Larynx der Saugetiere. In: Handbuch der Zoologie, J. G. Helmcke, H. V. Lengerken, and D. Starck, eds., Vol. 8, pp. 1-128, deGruyter, Berlin.
77. Shoshani, J. (1993). Hyracoidea-Tethytheria affinity based on myological data. In: Mammal Phylogeny, Vol. 2: Placentals, F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna, eds., pp. 235-256, Springer Verlag, New York.
78. Sikes, S. K. (1966). The tricuspid tree pangolin, Manis tricuspis (Rafinesque). Its remarkable tongue complex. Niger. Field 31: 99-110.
79. Simpson, G. G. (1945). A classification of the mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85: 1-350.
80. Simpson, G. G. (1978). Early mammals in South America: Fact, controversy, and mystery. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 122: 318-328.
81. Simpson, G. G., and Beck, W. S. (1965). Life: An Introduction to Biology, Harcourt, Brace and World, New York.
82. Smith, K. K. (1992). The evolution of the mammalian pharynx. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 104: 313-349.
83. Smith, K. K. (1993). The form of the feeding apparatus in terrestrial vertebrates: Studies of adaptation and constraint. In: The Skull, Vol. 3: Functional and Evolutionary Mechanisms, B. K. Hall and J. Hanken, eds., pp. 150-196, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
84. Smith, K. K. (1994). Development of craniofacial musculature in Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia, Didelphidae). J. Morphol. 222: 149-173.
85. Smith, K. K., and Redford, K. H. (1990). The anatomy and function of the feeding apparatus in two armadillos (Dasypoda): Anatomy is not destiny. J. Zool. (Lond.) 222: 27-47.
86. Starck, D. (1967). Le crâne des mammifères. Traité de Zoologie, P.-P. Grassé, ed., Masson et Cie, Paris, 16: 405-549.
87. Storch, G. (1981). Eurotamandua joresi, eim Myrmecophagidae aus dem Eozan der Grube Messel bei Darmstadt (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Sencken. leth. 61: 247-289.
88. Storch, G., and Habersetzer, J. (1991). Rückverlagerte Choanen und akzessorische Bulla tympanica bei rezenten Vermilingua und Eurotamndua aus dem Eozän von Messel (Mammalia: Xenarthra). Z. Saugetierk. 56: 257-271.
89. Toldt, C. (1908). Der vordere Bauch des M. digastricus mandibulae und seine Varietäten beim Menschen (ii Theil) Sitzsungsber. Kais. Akad. Wissenschaft Wien. math. nat. Klasse CXVII(iii).
90. Van Valkenburgh, B. (1988). Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology 14: 155-173.
91. Wake, D. B. (1991). Homoplasy: The result of natural selection, or evidence of design limitations. Am. Nat. 138: 543-567.
92. Walker, W. F., and Homberger, D. G. (1992). Vertebrate Dissection, Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth.
93. Webb, S. D. (1985). The interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths. In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp. 105-112, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
94. Wetzel, R. M. (1985). The identification and distribution of Recent Xenarthra ( = Edentata) In: The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery, ed., pp. 5-21, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
95. Windle, B. C. A., and Parsons, F. G. (1899). On the myology of the Edentata. Part I. Muscles of the head, neck and forelimb. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1899: 314-339.
96. Wineski, L. E., and English, A. W. (1989). Phenoxyethanol as a nontoxic preservative in the dissection laboratory. Acta Anat. 136: 155-158.