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Volumn 29, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 747-768

The roots of a plant that today is Brazil': Indians and the Nation-State under the Brazilian Estado Novo

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EID: 0001510067     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X97004847     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (14)

References (108)
  • 1
    • 3743092107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • On the Estado Novo, see E. Carone, O Estado Novo (1937-1945) (Rio de Janeiro, 1977); and T. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964 (New York, 1986), pp. 30-47.
    • (1977) O Estado Novo (1937-1945)
    • Carone, E.1
  • 2
    • 0003584431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York
    • On the Estado Novo, see E. Carone, O Estado Novo (1937-1945) (Rio de Janeiro, 1977); and T. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964 (New York, 1986), pp. 30-47.
    • (1986) Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964 , pp. 30-47
    • Skidmore, T.1
  • 5
    • 0039154303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • For a sympathetic account of the origins and goals of the Brazilian Indian bureau - if not necessarily its accomplishments - see D. Ribeiro, Os Indios e a Civilização (Rio de Janeiro, 1970). For a revisionist analysis, informed by Foucault, highlighting the repressive role of the state in arrogating control over indigenous affairs, see A. C. de Souza Lima, Um grande cerco de paz: poder tutelar, indianidade e formação de Estado no Brasil (Petrópolis, 1995).
    • (1970) Os Indios e a Civilização
    • Ribeiro, D.1
  • 6
    • 0009270594 scopus 로고
    • Petrópolis
    • For a sympathetic account of the origins and goals of the Brazilian Indian bureau - if not necessarily its accomplishments - see D. Ribeiro, Os Indios e a Civilização (Rio de Janeiro, 1970). For a revisionist analysis, informed by Foucault, highlighting the repressive role of the state in arrogating control over indigenous affairs, see A. C. de Souza Lima, Um grande cerco de paz: poder tutelar, indianidade e formação de Estado no Brasil (Petrópolis, 1995).
    • (1995) Um Grande Cerco de Paz: Poder Tutelar, Indianidade e Formação de Estado no Brasil
    • De Souza Lima, A.C.1
  • 7
    • 85033294038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Throughout this essay, I use the term 'Indian', as defined in Brazilian legislation, to refer to an individual who is a descendant of pre-Columbian peoples and who identifies and is identified as belonging to an ethnic group whose cultural characteristics are distinct from national society. I use the term 'white' as it is popularly employed in the context of Brazilian interethnic relations, to refer to all non-Indians.
  • 8
    • 85033290437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda, Rumo ao Oeste (n.d.), p. 4
    • Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda, Rumo ao Oeste (n.d.), p. 4.
  • 9
    • 85033288553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid.
  • 10
    • 3743092107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The DIP was created in 1939. For further discussion of the DIP, see Carone, O Estado Novo (1937-45), pp. 169-72.
    • O Estado Novo (1937-45) , pp. 169-172
    • Carone1
  • 11
    • 5844342253 scopus 로고
    • July
    • The photograph of Vargas holding the Karajá baby was distributed to Indian posts throughout Brazil. See Serviço de Proteção aos Indios (SPI), Boletim zo (July 1943), p. 196.
    • (1943) Boletim , vol.ZO , pp. 196
  • 12
    • 84866202688 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estarística, Goiânia (Rio de Janeiro, 1942), p. 1.
    • (1942) Goiânia , pp. 1
  • 13
    • 0042050901 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • Otávio Velho argues that the March served to circumvent structural reform of the boss rule (coronelismo) entrenched in the Brazilian countryside. See Velho, Capitalismo autoritário e campesinato (Rio de Janeiro, 1976), pp. 148-51. Likewise Alcir Lenharo points out that the March, with its rhetoric and pageantry, created an illusory sense of popular political participation in a society marked by dictatorial rule. See Lenharo, Colonização e trabalho no Brasil: Amazônia, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste-o5 anos 30 (Campinas, 1986).
    • (1976) Capitalismo Autoritário e Campesinato , pp. 148-151
    • Velho1
  • 14
    • 5844322049 scopus 로고
    • Campinas
    • Otávio Velho argues that the March served to circumvent structural reform of the boss rule (coronelismo) entrenched in the Brazilian countryside. See Velho, Capitalismo autoritário e campesinato (Rio de Janeiro, 1976), pp. 148-51. Likewise Alcir Lenharo points out that the March, with its rhetoric and pageantry, created an illusory sense of popular political participation in a society marked by dictatorial rule. See Lenharo, Colonização e trabalho no Brasil: Amazônia, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste-o5 anos 30 (Campinas, 1986).
    • (1986) Colonização e Trabalho no Brasil: Amazônia, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste-o5 Anos 30
    • Lenharo1
  • 15
    • 5844397626 scopus 로고
    • Campinas
    • The lyrics to songs promoting the March are reprinted in A. Lenharo, Sacralização da Politica (Campinas, 1986), pp. 53-73.
    • (1986) Sacralização da Politica , pp. 53-73
    • Lenharo, A.1
  • 16
    • 84866197090 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • According to the SPI's annual report of 1954, the agency's annual budget between 1910 and 1930 ranged (with readjustment in cruzeiros) from a low of CR$300,000 (1915) to its all-time high of CR$3,880,000 (1930). The average hovered around CR$1,000,000. In 1931, the budget plunged to CR$1,560,000, dipping to under a million in 1940, but increasing steadily from 1941 to 1944 when it reached CR$3,703,000 cruzeiros. SPI, Relatório das Atividades do Serviço de Proteção aos Indios durante 0 Ano de 1954 (Rio de Janeiro, 1954), p. 117.
    • (1954) Relatório das Atividades do Serviço de Proteção aos Indios Durante 0 Ano de 1954 , pp. 117
  • 17
    • 85033285587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a more complete discussion of the origins and trajectory of the CNPI, see C. A. da Rocha Freire, 'Indigenismo e Antropologia - O Conselho Nacional de Proteção aos Indios na Gestão Rondon (1939-55)', unpubl. Master's thesis, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro-Museu Nacional, 1990
    • For a more complete discussion of the origins and trajectory of the CNPI, see C. A. da Rocha Freire, 'Indigenismo e Antropologia - O Conselho Nacional de Proteção aos Indios na Gestão Rondon (1939-55)', unpubl. Master's thesis, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro-Museu Nacional, 1990.
  • 19
    • 84923552500 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • On the invention of traditions by state officials to naturalise social relations and processes, see Eric J. Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983).
    • (1983) The Invention of Tradition
    • Hobsbawm, E.J.1    Ranger, T.2
  • 21
    • 0041019058 scopus 로고
    • Frederick Jackson Turner and Buffalo Bill
    • James R. Grossman (ed.), Berkeley
    • In placing the Indians at the foreground of the settlement of the West, Rondon's tactic differed from the image of the Indian in the settlement of the West in late nineteenthcentury US discourse. Richard White focuses on the two primary images employed. Frederick Jackson Turner's classic thesis on the US frontier marginalised the Indian from the history of the settlement of the West. Buffalo Bill, on the other hand, demonised indigenous peoples as bloodthirsty savages. See White, 'Frederick Jackson Turner and Buffalo Bill', in James R. Grossman (ed.), The Frontier in American Culture (Berkeley, 1994), pp. 6-65.
    • (1994) The Frontier in American Culture , pp. 6-65
    • White1
  • 22
    • 84866187105 scopus 로고
    • A identificação como categoria histórica
    • João Pacheco de Oliveira (ed.), Rio de Janeiro
    • See A. C. de Souza Lima, 'A identificação como categoria histórica', in João Pacheco de Oliveira (ed.), Os poderes e as terras das Indios (Rio de Janeiro, 1989), pp. 139-97.
    • (1989) Os Poderes e as Terras das Indios , pp. 139-197
    • De Souza Lima, A.C.1
  • 23
  • 24
    • 85033321267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPI, 'Memória sobre as causas determinantes da diminuição das populações indígenas do Brasil', paper presented at the IX Congresso Brasileiro de Geografia, July 29, 1940, p. 2. Fundação Nacional do Indio (Brasilia), Documentação-SPI/Documentos Diversos
    • SPI, 'Memória sobre as causas determinantes da diminuição das populações indígenas do Brasil', paper presented at the IX Congresso Brasileiro de Geografia, July 29, 1940, p. 2. Fundação Nacional do Indio (Brasilia), Documentação-SPI/Documentos Diversos.
  • 25
    • 85033318506 scopus 로고
    • Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (DASP), July-Aug.
    • Vasconcelos, quoted in Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (DASP), Revista do Serviço Público, vol. 3, no. 1-2 (July-Aug., 1939), p. 34.
    • (1939) Revista do Serviço Público , vol.3 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 34
    • Vasconcelos1
  • 29
    • 5844385114 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • A. Costa, Indiologia (Rio de Janeiro, 1943), p. 13.
    • (1943) Indiologia , pp. 13
    • Costa, A.1
  • 31
    • 0040624378 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • Historians of the Estado Novo have highlighted similar ideological sleight of hand in the regime's crackdown on German immigrants for alleged pro-Nazi sympathies. State officials spoke of a constituted 'Brazilian nationality' threatened with destruction by a subversive ethnic group; in reality, the construction of a 'Brazilian nationality' was predicated upon the elimination of ethnic distinctions. See S. Schwartzman, H. M. Bousquet Bomeny, and V. M. Ribeiro Costa, Tempos de Capanema (Rio de Janeiro, 1984), p. 146. The case of the Indian varies from the German immigrant, however, in that most government publications and pronouncements did not portray the Indian as an enemy, but rather as an icon.
    • (1984) Tempos de Capanema , pp. 146
    • Schwartzman, S.1    Bousquet Bomeny, H.M.2    Ribeiro Costa, V.M.3
  • 32
    • 85033322892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a more complete discussion of the interrelationship between Mexican indigenismo and the policies of the Brazilian government, see Freire, 'Indigenismo e Antropologia', pp. 57-68.
    • Indigenismo e Antropologia , pp. 57-68
    • Freire1
  • 34
    • 85033325144 scopus 로고
    • in the preface to the Portuguese translation of E. Padilla, trans. Fernando Tudé de Souza Rio de Janeiro, As the title suggested, the book by Padilla, a Mexican Foreign Minister, was an ode to pan-Americanism.
    • Oswaldo Aranha, in the preface to the Portuguese translation of E. Padilla, O bomem livre da América, trans. Fernando Tudé de Souza (Rio de Janeiro, 1943). As the title suggested, the book by Padilla, a Mexican Foreign Minister, was an ode to pan-Americanism.
    • (1943) O Bomem Livre da América
    • Aranha, O.1
  • 35
    • 85033325692 scopus 로고
    • 19 April
    • O Dia, 19 April 1945, p. 15.
    • (1945) O Dia , pp. 15
  • 36
    • 85033305244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNPI, 19 de abril, pp. 39-41.
    • 19 de Abril , pp. 39-41
  • 38
    • 5844418612 scopus 로고
    • London
    • M. Gonzalez and D. Treece, The Gathering of Voices: The Twentieth-Century Poetry of Latin America (London, 1992), pp. 96-101. For a discussion of the embrace of 'primitivism' during the Week of Modern Art by Brazilian intellectuals - and their European influences - see K. D. Jackson, A prosa vanguardista na literatura brasileira: Oswald de Andrade (São Paulo, 1978), pp. 9-18.
    • (1992) The Gathering of Voices: The Twentieth-Century Poetry of Latin America , pp. 96-101
    • Gonzalez, M.1    Treece, D.2
  • 39
    • 84866191591 scopus 로고
    • São Paulo
    • M. Gonzalez and D. Treece, The Gathering of Voices: The Twentieth-Century Poetry of Latin America (London, 1992), pp. 96-101. For a discussion of the embrace of 'primitivism' during the Week of Modern Art by Brazilian intellectuals - and their European influences - see K. D. Jackson, A prosa vanguardista na literatura brasileira: Oswald de Andrade (São Paulo, 1978), pp. 9-18.
    • (1978) A Prosa Vanguardista na Literatura Brasileira: Oswald de Andrade , pp. 9-18
    • Jackson, K.D.1
  • 42
    • 39049090825 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • Indeed, the Estado Novo not only was influenced by the ideological movements of the 1920s, but incorporated some of its most prominent intellectuals (from all political persuasions) into the regime. See L. Lippi Oliveira, M. Pimenta Velloso and A. Castro Gomes, Estado Novo: Ideologia e Poder (Rio de Janeiro, 1982), pp. 10-11.
    • (1982) Estado Novo: Ideologia e Poder , pp. 10-11
    • Lippi Oliveira, L.1    Pimenta Velloso, M.2    Castro Gomes, A.3
  • 43
    • 5844259313 scopus 로고
    • São Paulo
    • For a discussion of the romantic poets and the ideological message of their Indianist literature, see D. Moreira Leite, O caráter nacional brasileiro (São Paulo, 1992), pp. 171-73.
    • (1992) O Caráter Nacional Brasileiro , pp. 171-173
    • Moreira Leite, D.1
  • 46
    • 0039787167 scopus 로고
    • Chicago
    • For a discussion of nineteenth-century Brazilian elites' selective adherence to European liberal ideas, see E. Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago, 1985), pp. 53-77; and R. Schwarz, Misplaced Ideas: Essays an Brazilian Culture (London, 1992), pp. 19-31. On the Brazilian manipulation of European racial doctrines, see T. Skidmore, Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (Durham, 1993), p. 77.
    • (1985) The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories , pp. 53-77
    • Viotti Da Costa, E.1
  • 47
    • 0003465754 scopus 로고
    • London
    • For a discussion of nineteenth-century Brazilian elites' selective adherence to European liberal ideas, see E. Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago, 1985), pp. 53-77; and R. Schwarz, Misplaced Ideas: Essays an Brazilian Culture (London, 1992), pp. 19-31. On the Brazilian manipulation of European racial doctrines, see T. Skidmore, Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (Durham, 1993), p. 77.
    • (1992) Misplaced Ideas: Essays An Brazilian Culture , pp. 19-31
    • Schwarz, R.1
  • 48
    • 0003457540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durham
    • For a discussion of nineteenth-century Brazilian elites' selective adherence to European liberal ideas, see E. Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories (Chicago, 1985), pp. 53-77; and R. Schwarz, Misplaced Ideas: Essays an Brazilian Culture (London, 1992), pp. 19-31. On the Brazilian manipulation of European racial doctrines, see T. Skidmore, Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought (Durham, 1993), p. 77.
    • (1993) Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought , pp. 77
    • Skidmore, T.1
  • 49
    • 0003457540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Skidmore, Black. Into White, pp. 205-7. Skidmore notes the manifestos against racism issued in 1935 by twelve prominent Brazilian intellectuals, and in 1942 by the Brazilian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology.
    • Black. into White , pp. 205-207
    • Skidmore1
  • 51
    • 85033290453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPI, 'Memória sobre as causas', pp. 1-2
    • SPI, 'Memória sobre as causas', pp. 1-2.
  • 52
  • 53
    • 5844417600 scopus 로고
    • O Estado Novo e o Homem Novo
    • March
    • P. de Figueiredo, 'O Estado Novo e o Homem Novo', in Cultura Politica vol. 1, no. 1 (March 1941), reprinted in Paulo de Figueiredo, Aspectos Ideológicos do Estado Novo (Brasília, 1983), p. 20.
    • (1941) Cultura Politica , vol.1 , Issue.1
    • De Figueiredo, P.1
  • 54
    • 84866193810 scopus 로고
    • Brasília
    • P. de Figueiredo, 'O Estado Novo e o Homem Novo', in Cultura Politica vol. 1, no. 1 (March 1941), reprinted in Paulo de Figueiredo, Aspectos Ideológicos do Estado Novo (Brasília, 1983), p. 20.
    • (1983) Aspectos Ideológicos do Estado Novo , pp. 20
    • De Figueiredo, P.1
  • 55
    • 0003457540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of the Brazilian elite's belief in the prospect of whitening as a solution to the nation's purported racial dilemma, see Skidmore, Black Into White, pp. 64-77.
    • Black into White , pp. 64-77
    • Skidmore1
  • 56
    • 85033297757 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • For an example of an attack on immigrant 'cysts' published during the Estado Novo, see Leão Padilha, O Brasil na posse de si mesmo (Rio de Janeiro, 1941). For historical analyses of immigration policies during the Vargas period which aimed at keeping out one such undesirable group, Jews, see J. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables (Berkeley, 1994) and M. L. Tucci Cameiro, O anti-Semitismo na era Vargas (1930-1945) (São Paulo, 1988). The differential treatment accorded by Brazilian intellectuals to Indians in relations to other 'non-Europeans' is perhaps no more strikingly revealed than in the work of Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco. The same author who celebrated Brazil's indigenous heritage and contributions to Western Civilization also wrote the virulently anti-Semitic Preparação ao nacionalismo: cartas aos que têm vinte anos (Rio de Janeiro, 1934), which opposed the entry of Jews to Brazil.
    • (1941) O Brasil na Posse de si Mesmo
    • Padilha, L.1
  • 57
    • 0040847477 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley
    • For an example of an attack on immigrant 'cysts' published during the Estado Novo, see Leão Padilha, O Brasil na posse de si mesmo (Rio de Janeiro, 1941). For historical analyses of immigration policies during the Vargas period which aimed at keeping out one such undesirable group, Jews, see J. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables (Berkeley, 1994) and M. L. Tucci Cameiro, O anti-Semitismo na era Vargas (1930-1945) (São Paulo, 1988). The differential treatment accorded by Brazilian intellectuals to Indians in relations to other 'non-Europeans' is perhaps no more strikingly revealed than in the work of Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco. The same author who celebrated Brazil's indigenous heritage and contributions to Western Civilization also wrote the virulently anti-Semitic Preparação ao nacionalismo: cartas aos que têm vinte anos (Rio de Janeiro, 1934), which opposed the entry of Jews to Brazil.
    • (1994) Welcoming the Undesirables
    • Lesser, J.1
  • 58
    • 0039521224 scopus 로고
    • São Paulo
    • For an example of an attack on immigrant 'cysts' published during the Estado Novo, see Leão Padilha, O Brasil na posse de si mesmo (Rio de Janeiro, 1941). For historical analyses of immigration policies during the Vargas period which aimed at keeping out one such undesirable group, Jews, see J. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables (Berkeley, 1994) and M. L. Tucci Cameiro, O anti-Semitismo na era Vargas (1930-1945) (São Paulo, 1988). The differential treatment accorded by Brazilian intellectuals to Indians in relations to other 'non-Europeans' is perhaps no more strikingly revealed than in the work of Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco. The same author who celebrated Brazil's indigenous heritage and contributions to Western Civilization also wrote the virulently anti-Semitic Preparação ao nacionalismo: cartas aos que têm vinte anos (Rio de Janeiro, 1934), which opposed the entry of Jews to Brazil.
    • (1988) O Anti-Semitismo na era Vargas (1930-1945)
    • Tucci Cameiro, M.L.1
  • 59
    • 84866195985 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • For an example of an attack on immigrant 'cysts' published during the Estado Novo, see Leão Padilha, O Brasil na posse de si mesmo (Rio de Janeiro, 1941). For historical analyses of immigration policies during the Vargas period which aimed at keeping out one such undesirable group, Jews, see J. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables (Berkeley, 1994) and M. L. Tucci Cameiro, O anti-Semitismo na era Vargas (1930-1945) (São Paulo, 1988). The differential treatment accorded by Brazilian intellectuals to Indians in relations to other 'non-Europeans' is perhaps no more strikingly revealed than in the work of Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco. The same author who celebrated Brazil's indigenous heritage and contributions to Western Civilization also wrote the virulently anti-Semitic Preparação ao nacionalismo: cartas aos que têm vinte anos (Rio de Janeiro, 1934), which opposed the entry of Jews to Brazil.
    • (1934) Preparação ao Nacionalismo: Cartas aos que Têm Vinte Anos
  • 60
    • 84866197043 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • CNPI, Relatório (Rio de Janeiro, 1946), p. 54.
    • (1946) Relatório , pp. 54
  • 61
    • 85033294878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report by SPI Director, Colonel Vicente de Paulo Teixeira da Fonseca Vasconcelos (1940?). Museu do Indio, Rio de Janeiro, Setor de Documentação (Herein MI-SEDOC), Film 237/Fot 1237-1273
    • Report by SPI Director, Colonel Vicente de Paulo Teixeira da Fonseca Vasconcelos (1940?). Museu do Indio, Rio de Janeiro, Setor de Documentação (Herein MI-SEDOC), Film 237/Fot 1237-1273.
  • 62
    • 84866186252 scopus 로고
    • Raça, educação, e desporto
    • December Lyra was a member of the National Council on Sports
    • João Lyra, 'Raça, educação, e desporto', Estudos e Conferências, No. 14 (December 1941), p. 32. Lyra was a member of the National Council on Sports.
    • (1941) Estudos e Conferências , Issue.14 , pp. 32
    • Lyra, J.1
  • 63
    • 84866196531 scopus 로고
    • Rondon e o Indio
    • Olegário Moreira de Barros, 'Rondon e o Indio', Revista do Instituto Histórico de Mato Grosso, vol. 22, nos. 43-44 (1940), p. 17. For a discussion of the Estado Novo's physical education project to forge robust citizens see Tucci Carneiro, O anti-Semitismo na era Vargas, pp. 139-42.
    • (1940) Revista do Instituto Histórico de Mato Grosso , vol.22 , Issue.43-44 , pp. 17
    • De Barros, O.M.1
  • 64
    • 85033314407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olegário Moreira de Barros, 'Rondon e o Indio', Revista do Instituto Histórico de Mato Grosso, vol. 22, nos. 43-44 (1940), p. 17. For a discussion of the Estado Novo's physical education project to forge robust citizens see Tucci Carneiro, O anti-Semitismo na era Vargas, pp. 139-42.
    • O Anti-Semitismo na era Vargas , pp. 139-142
    • Carneiro, T.1
  • 65
    • 84866189395 scopus 로고
    • April
    • Revistas de Imigração e Colonização, vol. 1, no. 2 (April 1940), p. 207. The magazine was the official publication of the government's Council on Immigration and Colonisation.
    • (1940) Revistas de Imigração e Colonização , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 207
  • 66
    • 85033324804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPI, 'Memória sobre as causas', p. 29
    • 55 SPI, 'Memória sobre as causas', p. 29.
  • 67
    • 84866190731 scopus 로고
    • September
    • DASP, Revista do Serviço Público, vol. 3, no. 3 (September 1943), p. 84.
    • (1943) Revista do Serviço Público , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 84
  • 68
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    • Introduction: Indians, Nation-States, and Culture
    • Greg Urban and Joel Sherzer (eds.), Austin
    • For a discussion of the conflictual relationship between Indians and the nation-state, see G. Urban and J. Sherzer, 'Introduction: Indians, Nation-States, and Culture', in Greg Urban and Joel Sherzer (eds.), Nation-States and Indians in Latin America (Austin, 1991), pp. 1-18; and E. Ribeiro Durham, 'O Lugar do Indio', in Comissão Pró-Indio/SP, O Indio e a Cidadania (São Paulo, 1983), pp. 11-19.
    • (1991) Nation-States and Indians in Latin America , pp. 1-18
    • Urban, G.1    Sherzer, J.2
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    • O Lugar do Indio
    • Comissão Pró-Indio/SP, São Paulo
    • For a discussion of the conflictual relationship between Indians and the nation-state, see G. Urban and J. Sherzer, 'Introduction: Indians, Nation-States, and Culture', in Greg Urban and Joel Sherzer (eds.), Nation-States and Indians in Latin America (Austin, 1991), pp. 1-18; and E. Ribeiro Durham, 'O Lugar do Indio', in Comissão Pró-Indio/SP, O Indio e a Cidadania (São Paulo, 1983), pp. 11-19.
    • (1983) O Indio e a Cidadania , pp. 11-19
    • Ribeiro Durham, E.1
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    • Indios Livres e Indios Escravos: Os Princípios da Legislação Indigenista do Período Colonial (Séculos XVI-XVIII)
    • Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (ed.), São Paulo
    • On the colonial period, see B. Perrone-Moisés 'Indios Livres e Indios Escravos: Os Princípios da Legislação Indigenista do Período Colonial (Séculos XVI-XVIII)' in Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (ed.), História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo, 1992), pp. 115-32; on the nineteenth-century dichotomy between the 'peaceful' Tupi and the 'ferocious' Tapuia, see M. Carneiro da Cunha, 'Prólogo', in Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (ed.), Legislaca̧ão Indigenista no Século XIX: Uma Compilação: 1808-1889 (São Paulo, 1992), pp. 7-8.
    • (1992) História Dos Indios No Brasil , pp. 115-132
    • Perrone-Moisés, B.1
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    • Prólogo
    • Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (ed.), São Paulo
    • On the colonial period, see B. Perrone-Moisés 'Indios Livres e Indios Escravos: Os Princípios da Legislação Indigenista do Período Colonial (Séculos XVI-XVIII)' in Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (ed.), História dos Indios no Brasil (São Paulo, 1992), pp. 115-32; on the nineteenth-century dichotomy between the 'peaceful' Tupi and the 'ferocious' Tapuia, see M. Carneiro da Cunha, 'Prólogo', in Manuela Carneiro da Cunha (ed.), Legislaca̧ão Indigenista no Século XIX: Uma Compilação: 1808-1889 (São Paulo, 1992), pp. 7-8.
    • (1992) Legislaca̧ão Indigenista no Século XIX: Uma Compilação: 1808-1889 , pp. 7-8
    • Carneiro Da Cunha, M.1
  • 76
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    • Tucci Carneiro provides an extensive review of Brazilian thinkers influenced by racist European theories which demonised Indians, blacks and mixed-bloods. See Tucci Carneiro, O anti-semitismo na era Vargas, pp. 83-154.
    • O Anti-semitismo na era Vargas , pp. 83-154
    • Carneiro, T.1
  • 78
    • 85033302343 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • The theme of the Indian corrupted by white evil, common in SPI publications during this period, would be reiterated in Heitor Marçal, Moral Amerindia (Rio de Janeiro, 1946), a text published by the Ministry of Education and Health.
    • (1946) Moral Amerindia
    • Marçal, H.1
  • 81
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    • Rio de Janeiro
    • For an examination of how the Vargas regime reached out to the working class, see A. de Castro Gomes, A Invenção do Trabalbismo (Rio de Janeiro, 1994), p. 185.
    • (1994) A Invenção do Trabalbismo , pp. 185
    • De Castro Gomes, A.1
  • 82
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    • São Paulo
    • J. Pacheco de Oliveira Filho, 'O nosso governo' : os Ticuna e o regime tutelar (São Paulo, 1988), pp. 176-92. Oliveira Filho found that the Ticuna fondly remembered the tireless efforts of an SPI post chief to protect them from the exploitation of rubber barons. For an account of an SPI post official's efforts on behalf of the Mundurukú, see E. Arnaud, O Indio e a Expansão Nacional (Belém, 1989), p. 203-55.
    • (1988) 'O Nosso Governo' : Os Ticuna e O Regime Tutelar , pp. 176-192
    • De Pacheco Oliveira Filho, J.1
  • 83
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    • Belém
    • J. Pacheco de Oliveira Filho, 'O nosso governo' : os Ticuna e o regime tutelar (São Paulo, 1988), pp. 176-92. Oliveira Filho found that the Ticuna fondly remembered the tireless efforts of an SPI post chief to protect them from the exploitation of rubber barons. For an account of an SPI post official's efforts on behalf of the Mundurukú, see E. Arnaud, O Indio e a Expansão Nacional (Belém, 1989), p. 203-55.
    • (1989) O Indio e a Expansão Nacional , pp. 203-255
    • Arnaud, E.1
  • 84
    • 5844387720 scopus 로고
    • SPI, Relatorio, (1939), p. 3.
    • (1939) Relatorio , pp. 3
  • 87
    • 0040094225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dois séculos e meio de história Xavante
    • For further discussion of Xavante history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, see A. Lopes da Silva, 'Dois séculos e meio de história Xavante', in História dos Índies no Brasil, pp. 362-65.
    • História dos Índies no Brasil , pp. 362-365
    • Lopes Da Silva, A.1
  • 89
    • 85033299567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., pp. 167-70. On the fissuring of Xavante villages in the aftermath of seeking refuge in Mato Grosso, see B. Giaccaria and A. Heide, Xavante (A'uwe Uptabi: Povo Autêntico) (Sao Paulo, 1972), pp. 36-43.
    • Akwe-Sbavante Society , pp. 167-170
  • 90
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    • Sao Paulo
    • Ibid., pp. 167-70. On the fissuring of Xavante villages in the aftermath of seeking refuge in Mato Grosso, see B. Giaccaria and A. Heide, Xavante (A'uwe Uptabi: Povo Autêntico) (Sao Paulo, 1972), pp. 36-43.
    • (1972) Xavante (A'uwe Uptabi: Povo Autêntico) , pp. 36-43
    • Giaccaria, B.1    Heide, A.2
  • 91
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    • 24 August
    • A Noite, 24 August 1944, p. 1.
    • (1944) A Noite , pp. 1
  • 94
    • 85033317244 scopus 로고
    • 16 November
    • Rondon, quoted in A Noite, 16 November 1941, p. 1.
    • (1941) A Noite , pp. 1
    • Rondon1
  • 95
    • 85033296182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the ecology of central Brazil and Xavante adaptations to it, see N. Flowers, 'Forager-Farmers: The Xavante Indians of Central Brazil', unpubl. PhD diss., City University of New York, 1983
    • On the ecology of central Brazil and Xavante adaptations to it, see N. Flowers, 'Forager-Farmers: The Xavante Indians of Central Brazil', unpubl. PhD diss., City University of New York, 1983.
  • 100
    • 85033280514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from Lirio Arlindo do Valle to Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, September 1945. MI-SEDOC, Caixa 4
    • Letter from Lirio Arlindo do Valle to Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, September 1945. MI-SEDOC, Caixa 4.
  • 102
    • 85033286258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annex of letter from Valle to Vargas
    • Annex of letter from Valle to Vargas.
  • 103
    • 84866201043 scopus 로고
    • Rio de Janeiro
    • For a biographical sketch of Poti, see Geraldo Gustavo de Almeida, Heróis Indigenas do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, 1988), pp. 105-6.
    • (1988) Heróis Indigenas do Brasil , pp. 105-106
    • De Almeida, G.G.1
  • 104
    • 85033302402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from Valle to Vargas
    • Letter from Valle to Vargas.
  • 105
    • 85033315707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid.
  • 106
    • 85033301206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid.
  • 107
    • 0003476864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Popular Culture and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico
    • For further discussion of the contradictory nature of popular culture, see G. Joseph and D. Nugent, 'Popular Culture and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico', in Everyday Forms of State Formation, pp. 21-2.
    • Everyday Forms of State Formation , pp. 21-22
    • Joseph, G.1    Nugent, D.2
  • 108
    • 0004252976 scopus 로고
    • (ed.), Quintin Hoare, trans., Geoffrey Nowell Smith, New York
    • Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, (ed.), Quintin Hoare, trans., Geoffrey Nowell Smith, (New York, 1971), p. 333.
    • (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks , pp. 333
    • Gramsci, A.1


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