Berber tribal alliance networks in pre-Colonial North Africa: The Algerian saff, the Moroccan liff and the chessboard model of Robert Montagne

Journal of North African Studies

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 192-205

  Hart, David M ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0001501934     PISSN: 13629387     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13629389608718275     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Georges Nicolas, La Sociologie Rurale au Maroc', tiers-Monde 2/8 (1961) pp.527-43.
2. Mohammed Berdouzi, 'Robert Montagne et les Structures Politiques du Maroc Precolonial', in CHEAM, Regards sur le Maroc: Actualite de Robert Montagne, Cinquantenaire du CHEAM (1936-1986) (Paris: Centre des Hautes Etudes sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes 1986) p.131.
3. Faouzi M. Houroro, Sociologie Politique Coloniale au Maroc: Cas de Michaux-Bellaire (Casablanca: Afrique Orient 1988).
4. Robert Montagne, Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc: Essai sur la Transformation Politique des Berbères Sédentaires (Groupe Chleuh) (Paris: Felix Alcan 1930).
5. Robert Montagne, La Vie Sociale et Politique des Berbères (Paris: Editions du Comite de l'Afrique Francaise 1931). English trans., David Seddon, The Berbers: Their Social and Political Organisation (London: Frank Cass 1973). Republished in CHEAM (note 2) pp.11-89.
6. Robert Montagne, La Vie Sociale et Politique des Berbères (Paris: Editions du Comite de l'Afrique Francaise 1931). English trans., David Seddon, The Berbers: Their Social and Political Organisation (London: Frank Cass 1973). Republished in CHEAM (note 2) pp.11-89.
7. Nicolas (note 1); Ernest Gellner, 'Preface', in Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.vii-ix; idem, 'The Sociology of Robert Montagne', in Gellner, Muslim Society, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: CUP 1989) pp.179-93; Seddon, 'Introduction', in Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.xiii-xl; Berdouzi (note 2) pp.125-239.
8. Nicolas (note 1); Ernest Gellner, 'Preface', in Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.vii-ix; idem, 'The Sociology of Robert Montagne', in Gellner, Muslim Society, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: CUP 1989) pp.179-93; Seddon, 'Introduction', in Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.xiii-xl; Berdouzi (note 2) pp.125-239.
9. Nicolas (note 1); Ernest Gellner, 'Preface', in Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.vii-ix; idem, 'The Sociology of Robert Montagne', in Gellner, Muslim Society, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: CUP 1989) pp.179-93; Seddon, 'Introduction', in Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.xiii-xl; Berdouzi (note 2) pp.125-239.
10. Berdouzi (note 2).
11. Gellner, 'Sociology of Robert Montagne' (note 6) p.193.
12. Seddon, 'Introduction' (note 6) p.xxv.
13. Edmund Burke III, 'The Image of the Moroccan Government in French Ethnological Literature: A New Look at the Origins of Lyautey's Berber Policy', in Ernest Gellner and Charles Micaud (eds.), Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe to Nation in North Africa (London: Duckworth 1973) pp.175-99.
14. Edmond Doutté, 'Une Mission d'Etudes au Maroc', Renseignements Coloniaux 8 (1901) pp.161-78.
15. Mohammed Lahbabi, Le Gouvernement Marocain a l'Aube du XXe Siecle (Rabat: Editions Techniques Nord-Africaines 1957).
16. See Jacques Berque, Structures Sociales du Haut Atlas (1955), 2nd ed. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France 1978) p.425. The same author, on same page, n.4, also notes the root similarity between the two terms liff and lafif, 'collective testimony' - as opposed to the testimony of professional witnesses.
17. J. Huguet, 'Les Soffs', Revue de l'Ecole d'Anthropologie 13 (1903) pp.94-9.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.; idem, 'Les Soffs du Tell, du Sud et du Sahara', Revue de l'Ecole d'Anthropologie 17 (1907) pp.369-87, where he wrote about the Algerian Mzab; A. Martel, 'Coff, in Gabriel Camps (ed.) Encyclopedie Berbere 13 (Aix-en-Provence: Edisud 1994) pp.2031-5, where he spells out the composition and make-up of the opposed Shaddad and Yusuf saff-s in the eastern Maghrib as of about 1860.
20. Ibid.; idem, 'Les Soffs du Tell, du Sud et du Sahara', Revue de l'Ecole d'Anthropologie 17 (1907) pp.369-87, where he wrote about the Algerian Mzab; A. Martel, 'Coff, in Gabriel Camps (ed.) Encyclopedie Berbere 13 (Aix-en-Provence: Edisud 1994) pp.2031-5, where he spells out the composition and make-up of the opposed Shaddad and Yusuf saff-s in the eastern Maghrib as of about 1860.
21. Adolphe Hanoteau and A. Letourneux, La Kabylie et les Coutumes Kabyles, 2nd ed., 3 vols. (Paris: Augustin Challamel 1893); Montagne Les Berbères (note 4).
22. Adolphe Hanoteau and A. Letourneux, La Kabylie et les Coutumes Kabyles, 2nd ed., 3 vols. (Paris: Augustin Challamel 1893); Montagne Les Berbères (note 4).
23. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
24. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
25. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
26. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
27. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
28. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
29. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5); Carleton S. Coon, Tribes of the Rif, Harvard African Studies 9 (Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum 1931); idem, Flesh of the Wild Ox: A Riffian Chronicle of High Valleys and Long Rifles (NY: William Morrow 1932); David M. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community and the Feud in a Rifian Tribe', in Louise E. Sweet (ed.), Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East: An Anthropological Reader, 1 vols. (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press 1970) vol.II, pp.3-75; Hart, 'Conflicting Models of a Berber Tribal Structure in the Moroccan Rif: The Segmentary and Alliance Systems of the Aith Waryaghar', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee (ROMM) 7/4 (Aix-en-Provence 1970) pp.93-9; idem, The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No.55 (Tucson: U. of Arizona Press 1976).
30. See especially Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5).
31. See especially Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4); Montagne, La Vie Sociale (note 5).
32. Ibid.; L. Justinard, 'Notes sur les Lefs du Sud Ouest Marocain', in idem, translation of Sidi Mohammed ben el haj Brahim ez Zerhouni, La Rihla du Marabout de Tasaft: Notes sur l'Histoire de l'Atlas - Texte Arabe du XVIIIe Siecle (Paris: Paul Geuthner 1940) pp.173-9;
33. Vincent Monteil, Notes sur Ifni et les Ait Ba 'Amran, Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines, Notes et Documents 2 (Paris: Larose 1948);
34. idem, Notes sur les Tekna, Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines, Notes et Documents 3 (Paris: Larose 1948);
35. André Adam, La Maison et le Village dans Quelques Tribus de l'Anti-Atlas, Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines, Collection Hesperis 13 (Paris: Larose 1951) pp.57-8;
36. John Waterbury, North for the Trade: The Life and Times of a Berber Merchant (Berkeley and Los Angeles: U. of California Press 1972);
37. Hart, 'The Ait Ba 'Amran of Ifni: An Ethnographic Survey', ROMM 15-16/2 (Aix-en-Provence 1973) pp.61-74;
38. idem, 'The Traditional Sociopolitical Organization of the Ammeln (Anti-Atlas): One Informant's View', The Maghreb Review 5/5-6 (London 1980) pp.134-9.
39. David M. Hart, Dadda 'Atta and his Forty Grandsons: The Socio-Political Organisation of the Ait 'Atta of Southern Morocco (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press 1981) pp.183-4.
40. Monteil, Notes sur les Tekna (note 19); Mohammed Ennaji and Paul Pascon, Le Makhzen et le Sous el-Aqsa: La Correspondance Politique de la Maison d'Iligh (1821-1894) (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Casablanca: Editions Toubkal 1988) pp.76, 138-9; Mustapha Naimi, 'The Evolution of the Tekna Confederation Caught between Coastal Commerce and Saharan Trade', in E.G.H. Joffé and C.R. Pennell (eds.), Tribe and State: Essays in Honour of David Montgomery Hart (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press 1991) pp.213-38.
41. Monteil, Notes sur les Tekna (note 19); Mohammed Ennaji and Paul Pascon, Le Makhzen et le Sous el-Aqsa: La Correspondance Politique de la Maison d'Iligh (1821-1894) (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Casablanca: Editions Toubkal 1988) pp.76, 138-9; Mustapha Naimi, 'The Evolution of the Tekna Confederation Caught between Coastal Commerce and Saharan Trade', in E.G.H. Joffé and C.R. Pennell (eds.), Tribe and State: Essays in Honour of David Montgomery Hart (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press 1991) pp.213-38.
42. Monteil, Notes sur les Tekna (note 19); Mohammed Ennaji and Paul Pascon, Le Makhzen et le Sous el-Aqsa: La Correspondance Politique de la Maison d'Iligh (1821-1894) (Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Casablanca: Editions Toubkal 1988) pp.76, 138-9; Mustapha Naimi, 'The Evolution of the Tekna Confederation Caught between Coastal Commerce and Saharan Trade', in E.G.H. Joffé and C.R. Pennell (eds.), Tribe and State: Essays in Honour of David Montgomery Hart (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press 1991) pp.213-38.
43. Hanoteau and Letourneux (note 16) vol.II, pp.11-20.
44. Hart, 'Clan, Lineage, Local Community' (note 18), 'Conflicting Models' (note 18), Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 18) pp.313-38,
45. Traditional Society and the Feud in the Moroccan Rif (Rabat: Editions La Poste 1997).
46. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.180-210, La Vie Sociale (note 5) pp.62-72, The Berbers (note 5) pp.36-43, La Vie Sociale (republished in CHEAM, note 5) pp.46-52.
47. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.180-210, La Vie Sociale (note 5) pp.62-72, The Berbers (note 5) pp.36-43, La Vie Sociale (republished in CHEAM, note 5) pp.46-52.
48. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.180-210, La Vie Sociale (note 5) pp.62-72, The Berbers (note 5) pp.36-43, La Vie Sociale (republished in CHEAM, note 5) pp.46-52.
49. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.180-210, La Vie Sociale (note 5) pp.62-72, The Berbers (note 5) pp.36-43, La Vie Sociale (republished in CHEAM, note 5) pp.46-52.
50. Ernest Gellner, Saints of the Atlas (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson 1969) pp.65-7.
51. Ibid., p.66; idem, 'Introduction', in Gellner and Micaud, Arabs and Berbers (note 10) pp.18-19.
52. See E.E. Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1940).
53. See Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.324-38; idem, 'Rejoinder to Henry Munson, Jr., "On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif", American Anthropologist 91/3 (1989) pp.765-9; idem, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23); Henry Munson, Jr., 'On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif', American Anthropologist 91/2 (1989) pp.386-400.
54. See Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.324-38; idem, 'Rejoinder to Henry Munson, Jr., "On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif", American Anthropologist 91/3 (1989) pp.765-9; idem, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23); Henry Munson, Jr., 'On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif', American Anthropologist 91/2 (1989) pp.386-400.
55. See Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.324-38; idem, 'Rejoinder to Henry Munson, Jr., "On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif", American Anthropologist 91/3 (1989) pp.765-9; idem, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23); Henry Munson, Jr., 'On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif', American Anthropologist 91/2 (1989) pp.386-400.
56. See Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.324-38; idem, 'Rejoinder to Henry Munson, Jr., "On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif", American Anthropologist 91/3 (1989) pp.765-9; idem, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23); Henry Munson, Jr., 'On the Irrelevance of the Segmentary Lineage Model in the Moroccan Rif', American Anthropologist 91/2 (1989) pp.386-400.
57. Hart, 'Rejoinder to Munson' (note 28).
58. See Hart, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
59. See Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.313-22, and Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
60. See Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.313-22, and Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
61. Emilio Blanco Izaga, El Rif (2a. Parte: La Ley Rifeña) - II: Los Cánones Rifeños Comentados (Ceuta: Imprenta Imperio 1939); Hart (ed., trans.), Emilio Blanco Izaga: Colonel in the Rif, Ethnography Series, HRAFlex Books MX3-001, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files 1975); Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.293-303.
62. Emilio Blanco Izaga, El Rif (2a. Parte: La Ley Rifeña) - II: Los Cánones Rifeños Comentados (Ceuta: Imprenta Imperio 1939); Hart (ed., trans.), Emilio Blanco Izaga: Colonel in the Rif, Ethnography Series, HRAFlex Books MX3-001, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files 1975); Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.293-303.
63. Emilio Blanco Izaga, El Rif (2a. Parte: La Ley Rifeña) - II: Los Cánones Rifeños Comentados (Ceuta: Imprenta Imperio 1939); Hart (ed., trans.), Emilio Blanco Izaga: Colonel in the Rif, Ethnography Series, HRAFlex Books MX3-001, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files 1975); Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.293-303.
64. Emilio Blanco Izaga, El Rif (2a. Parte: La Ley Rifeña) - II: Los Cánones Rifeños Comentados (Ceuta: Imprenta Imperio 1939); Hart (ed., trans.), Emilio Blanco Izaga: Colonel in the Rif, Ethnography Series, HRAFlex Books MX3-001, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files 1975); Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.293-303.
65. Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.369-403; C.R. Pennell, A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926 (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press 1986).
66. Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.369-403; C.R. Pennell, A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921-1926 (Wisbech, Cambridgeshire: MENAS Press 1986).
67. Hanoteau and Letourneux (note 16) vol.II, p.14. Hugh Roberts, Algeria and the Kabyle Question, Monograph No.8 (Norwich: School of Development Studies, U. of East Anglia 1981).
68. Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) p.37.
69. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.184-204, The Berbers (note 5) pp.37-8.
70. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.184-204, The Berbers (note 5) pp.37-8.
71. Daniele Jemma-Gouzon, Villages de l'Aures: Archives de Pierres (Paris: Editions l'Harmattan 1989) pp.33-41.
72. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) p.185.
73. Robert Montagne, 'L'Aghbar et les Hautes Vallees du Grand Atlas', Hespéris 7/1 (Rabat 1927) p.17.
74. Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) p.39.
75. Justinard (note 19) p.174.
76. See ibid., p.175; Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) p.185.
77. Montagne, The Berbers (note 5) pp.38-9.
78. Hanoteau and Letourneux (note 16) vol.II, p.12.
79. Berdouzi, 'Robert Montagne' (note 2) p.165.
80. Hanoteau and Letourneux (note 16) vol.II, p.11.
81. Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.313-22, and Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
82. See especially Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.313-22.
83. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.206-11, plus map facing p.208.
84. Coon, Tribes of the Rif (note 17) pp.16-18.
85. See ibid., p.17.
86. Ibid., pp.105, 162-3.
87. Of 193 conflicts which we enumerated within the Aith Waryaghar for the period 1880-1921, 122, or 63 per cent, were of the former category and only 71, or 37 per cent, were of the latter. Hart, 'Rejoinder' (note 28).
88. See Hart, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
89. Even though among the Ibuqquyen, for example, the internal network was only embryonic, and one section out of the three making up the tribe was completely neutral. See Hart, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
90. See Hart, Traditional Society and Feud (note 23).
91. Hart, Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (note 17) pp.313-22.
92. For the full story, see ibid., pp.313-38.
93. Berque (note 13) p.424-40.
94. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) p.186.
95. Ibid., p.193.
96. Berque (note 13) p.431.
97. Ibid., p.430.
98. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.206-8, The Berbers (note 5) p.37.
99. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) pp.206-8, The Berbers (note 5) p.37.
100. Angel Domenech Lafuente, Apuntes sobre Geografía de la Zona Norte del Protectorado de España en Marruecos, 3rd ed. (Madrid: Editorial Gran Capitan 1942) pp.61-2, n.2.
101. Evariste Levi-Provencal, 'Une Liste de Surnoms Populaires des Tribus Djebalah', Archives Berbères 2/4 (Paris 1917) pp.331-6.
102. Montagne, Les Berbères (note 4) p.207.
103. Seddon (note 5) pp.xxxiv-vii; also Fredrik Barth, Political Leadership among Swat Pathans, London School of Economics, Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 19 (London: Athlone Press 1959). For critiques of Barth's study, see Talal Asad, 'Market Model, Class Structure and Consent: A Reconsideration of Swat Political Organization', MAN (NS) 7/1 (1972) pp.74-94; Akbar S. Ahmed, Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976); and Michael E. Meeker, 'The Twilight of a South Asian Heroic Age: A Rereading of Barth's Study of Swat', MAN (NS) 15 (1980) pp.682-701.
104. Seddon (note 5) pp.xxxiv-vii; also Fredrik Barth, Political Leadership among Swat Pathans, London School of Economics, Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 19 (London: Athlone Press 1959). For critiques of Barth's study, see Talal Asad, 'Market Model, Class Structure and Consent: A Reconsideration of Swat Political Organization', MAN (NS) 7/1 (1972) pp.74-94; Akbar S. Ahmed, Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976); and Michael E. Meeker, 'The Twilight of a South Asian Heroic Age: A Rereading of Barth's Study of Swat', MAN (NS) 15 (1980) pp.682-701.
105. Seddon (note 5) pp.xxxiv-vii; also Fredrik Barth, Political Leadership among Swat Pathans, London School of Economics, Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 19 (London: Athlone Press 1959). For critiques of Barth's study, see Talal Asad, 'Market Model, Class Structure and Consent: A Reconsideration of Swat Political Organization', MAN (NS) 7/1 (1972) pp.74-94; Akbar S. Ahmed, Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976); and Michael E. Meeker, 'The Twilight of a South Asian Heroic Age: A Rereading of Barth's Study of Swat', MAN (NS) 15 (1980) pp.682-701.
106. Seddon (note 5) pp.xxxiv-vii; also Fredrik Barth, Political Leadership among Swat Pathans, London School of Economics, Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 19 (London: Athlone Press 1959). For critiques of Barth's study, see Talal Asad, 'Market Model, Class Structure and Consent: A Reconsideration of Swat Political Organization', MAN (NS) 7/1 (1972) pp.74-94; Akbar S. Ahmed, Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in Social Anthropology (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1976); and Michael E. Meeker, 'The Twilight of a South Asian Heroic Age: A Rereading of Barth's Study of Swat', MAN (NS) 15 (1980) pp.682-701.
107. Hart, Guardians of the Khaibar Pass: The Social Organization and History of the Afridi of Pakistan (Lahore: Vanguard Books 1985) pp.80-5.
108. Ahmed (note 68).
109. Hart, 'Rejoinder' (note 28).