Convergent synthetic routes to orthogonally fused conjugated oligomers directed toward molecular scale electronic device applications

Journal of Organic Chemistry

Volumn 61, Issue 20, 1996, Pages 6906-6921

  Wu, Ruilian ^a   Schumm, Jeffry S ^a   Pearson, Darren L ^a   Tour, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001498430     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo960897b     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
2. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
3. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
4. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
5. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
6. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
7. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
8. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
9. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
10. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
11. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
12. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
13. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
14. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
15. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
16. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
17. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
18. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
19. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc.
20. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
21. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
22. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
23. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
24. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
25. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
26. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
27. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
28. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
29. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
30. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
31. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
32. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
33. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
34. For some recent background work on molecular scale electronics, see: (a) Molecular Electronics: Science and Technology; Aviram, A., Ed.; Confer. Proc. No. 262, American Institute of Physics: New York, 1992. (b) Molecular Electronic Devices II; Carter, F. L., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. (c) Miller, J. S. Adv. Mater. 1990, 2, 378, 495, 601. (d) Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics; Birge, R. R., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 240, American Chemical Society, 1991. (e) Nanostructure Physics and Fabrication; Reed, M. A., Kirk, W. P., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, 1989. (f) Nanostructures and Mesoscopic Systems; Kirk, W. P., Reed, M. A., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1992. For some background references to molecular wires and devices, see: (g) Waldeck, D. H.; Beratan, D. N. Science 1993, 261, 576. (h) Grosshenny, V.; Harrmnan, A.; Ziessel R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 1100. (i) Langler, L.; Stockman, L; Heremans, J. P.; Bayor, V.; Olk, C. H.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y; Issi, J.-P. Synth. Met. 1995, 70, 1393. (j) Pascual, J. I.; Méndez, J.; Gómez-Herrero, J.; Baró, A. M.; Garcia, N.; Landman, U.; Luedtker, W. D.; Bogachek, E. N.; Cheng, H.-P. Science 1995, 267, 1793. (k) Purcell, S. T.; Garcia, N.; Binh, V. T.; Jones, L., II; Tour, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11985. (l) Martin, C. R. Science 1994, 266, 1961. (m) Seth, J.; Palaniappan, V.; Johnson, T. E.; Prathapan, S.; Lindsey, J. S.; Bocian, D. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10578. (n) Gust, D. Nature 1994, 372, 133. (o) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 266, 1013. (p) Wagener, R. W.; Lindsey, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9759. (q) Sailor, M. J.; Curtis, C. L. Adv. Mater. 1994, 6, 688. (r) Jorgensen, M.; Bechgaard, K. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 5877. (s) Brigelletti, F.; Flamigni, L; Balzani, V.; Collin, J.; Sauvage, J.; Sour, A.; Constable, E. C.; Thompson, A. M. W. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7692. (t) Wu, C.; Bein, T. Science 1994, 264, 1757. (u) Moerner, W. E. Science 1994, 265, 46. (v) Curtis, C. L.; Ritchie, J. E.; Sailor, M. J. Science 1993, 262, 2014. (w) Murphy, C. J.; Arkin, M. R.; Jenkins, Y.; Ghatlia, N. D.; Bossmann, S. H.; Turro, N. J.; Barton, J. K. Science 1993, 262, 1025. (x) O'Neil, M. P.; Niemczyk, M. P.; Svec, W. A.; Gosztola, D.; Gaines, G. L., III; Wasielewski, M. R. Science 1992, 257, 63. (y) Sessler J. L.; Capuano, V. L.; Harriman, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4618. (z) Hush, N. S.; Wong, A. T.; Bacskay, G. B.; Reimers, J. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4192. (aa) Farazdel, A.; Dupuis, M.; Clementi, E.; Aviram. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 4206. (bb) Tour, J. M.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L; Lamba, J. S.; Burgin, T.; Whitesides, G. W.; Allara, D. L.; Parikh, A. N.; Atre, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9529-9534. (cc) Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Tour, J. M.; Whitesides, G. M.; Muller C. J.; Reed, M. A. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1995, 36(1), 564. (dd) Schumm, J. S.; Pearson, D. L.; Tour, J. M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1360. (ee) Schumm, J. S.; Jones, L., II; Pearson, D. L.; Kara, R.; Tour, J. M. Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1994, 35(2), 687. (ff) Pearson, D. L.; Schumm, J. S.; Tour, J. M. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2348. (gg) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 7064. (hh) Tour, J. M.; Wu, R.; Schumm. J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5662.
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