A New Perspective on the Definition and Measurement of Unmet Need for Contraception

International Family Planning Perspectives

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 140-147

  DeGraff, Deborah S ^a   De Silva, Victor ^b  

^a BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^b Fam Plan Association of Sri Lanka   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001445693     PISSN: 01622749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2950811     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
2. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
3. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
4. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
5. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
6. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
7. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
8. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
9. J. Bongaarts, "The Measurement of Wanted Fertility," Population and Development Review, 16:487-506, 1990; _, "The KAP-Gap and the Unmet Need for Contraception," Population and Development Review, 17:293-313, 1991; D. L. Nortman, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception to Space and Limit Births," International Family Planning Perspectives, 8:125-134, 1982; D. L. Nortman and G. L. Lewis, "A Time Model to Measure Contraceptive Demand," in J. A. Ross and R. McNamara, eds., Survey Analysis for the Guidance of Family Planning Programs, Ordina Editions, Liege, Belgium, 1984; C. F. Westoff, "The Unmet Need for Birth Control in Five Asian Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 4:9-18, 1978; _, "Is the KAP-Gap Real?" Population and Development Review, 14:225-232, 1988; _ "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 14:45-53, 1988; C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, Unmet Need and Demand for Family Planning, DHS Comparative Studies No. 5, Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Columbia, Md., USA, 1991; and C. F. Westoff and A. R. Pebley, "Alternative Measures of Unmet Need for Family Planning in Developing Countries," International Family Planning Perspectives, 7:126-136, 1981.
10. J. Bongaarts, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 1); _, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception: Reply to Westoff," Population and Development Review, 18:126-127, 1992; and C. F. Westoff, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception: Comment on Bongaarts," Population and Development Review, 18:123-125, 1992.
11. J. Bongaarts, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 1); _, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception: Reply to Westoff," Population and Development Review, 18:126-127, 1992; and C. F. Westoff, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception: Comment on Bongaarts," Population and Development Review, 18:123-125, 1992.
12. J. Bongaarts, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 1); _, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception: Reply to Westoff," Population and Development Review, 18:126-127, 1992; and C. F. Westoff, "Measuring the Unmet Need for Contraception: Comment on Bongaarts," Population and Development Review, 18:123-125, 1992.
13. C.F. Westoff, "The Potential Demand for Family Planning: A New Measure of Unmet Need and Estimates for Five Latin American Countries" (see reference 1), p. 46.
14. R. Dixon-Mueller and A. Germain, "Stalking the Elusive 'Unmet Need' for Family Planning," Studies in Family Planning, 23:330-335, 1992; and K. Foreit and P. Mastajo, "Prevalence Is Not Enough: The Importance of Appropriateness of Contraceptive Method in Evaluating Unmet Need for Contraception," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, Apr. 1-3, 1993.
15. R. Dixon-Mueller and A. Germain, "Stalking the Elusive 'Unmet Need' for Family Planning," Studies in Family Planning, 23:330-335, 1992; and K. Foreit and P. Mastajo, "Prevalence Is Not Enough: The Importance of Appropriateness of Contraceptive Method in Evaluating Unmet Need for Contraception," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, Apr. 1-3, 1993.
16. D.S. DeGraff and V. de Silva, "Unmet Need for Contraception in Sri Lanka," International Family Planning Perspectives, 17:123-130, 1991.
17. C. F. Westoff and L. Ochoa, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 1).
18. J. Bongaarts, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 1); and _, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 2).
19. J. Bongaarts, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 1); and _, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 2).
20. J. Trussell and A. R. Pebley, "The Potential Impact of Changes in Fertility on Infant, Child, and Maternal Mortality," Studies in Family Planning, 15:267-280, 1984.
21. J. McCarthy and D. Maine, "A Framework for Analyzing the Determinants of Maternal Mortality," Studies in Family Planning, 23:23-33, 1992; and B. Winikoff, "The Effects of Birth Spacing on Child and Maternal Health," Studies in Family Planning, 14:231-245, 1983.
22. J. McCarthy and D. Maine, "A Framework for Analyzing the Determinants of Maternal Mortality," Studies in Family Planning, 23:23-33, 1992; and B. Winikoff, "The Effects of Birth Spacing on Child and Maternal Health," Studies in Family Planning, 14:231-245, 1983.
23. J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, "Child-Spacing Effects on Infant and Early Child Mortality," Population Index, 49:585-618, 1983; and _, "Demographic Determinants of Infant and Early Child Mortality: A Comparative Analysis," Population Studies, 39:363-385, 1985.
24. J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, "Child-Spacing Effects on Infant and Early Child Mortality," Population Index, 49:585-618, 1983; and _, "Demographic Determinants of Infant and Early Child Mortality: A Comparative Analysis," Population Studies, 39:363-385, 1985.
25. J. T. Boerma and G. T. Bicego, "Preceding Birth Intervals and Child Survival: Searching for Pathways of Influence," Studies in Family Planning, 23:243-256, 1992.
26. M. A. Koenig et al., "Birth Intervals and Childhood Mortality in Rural Bangladesh," Demography, 27:351-266, 1990; S. Millman and E. Cooksey, "Birth Weight and the Effects of Birth Spacing and Breast Feeding on Infant Mortality," Studies in Family Planning, 18:202-212, 1987; and A. Palloni and M. Tienda, "The Effects of Breastfeeding and Pace of Childbearing on Mortality at Early Ages," Demography, 23:31-52, 1986.
27. M. A. Koenig et al., "Birth Intervals and Childhood Mortality in Rural Bangladesh," Demography, 27:351-266, 1990; S. Millman and E. Cooksey, "Birth Weight and the Effects of Birth Spacing and Breast Feeding on Infant Mortality," Studies in Family Planning, 18:202-212, 1987; and A. Palloni and M. Tienda, "The Effects of Breastfeeding and Pace of Childbearing on Mortality at Early Ages," Demography, 23:31-52, 1986.
28. M. A. Koenig et al., "Birth Intervals and Childhood Mortality in Rural Bangladesh," Demography, 27:351-266, 1990; S. Millman and E. Cooksey, "Birth Weight and the Effects of Birth Spacing and Breast Feeding on Infant Mortality," Studies in Family Planning, 18:202-212, 1987; and A. Palloni and M. Tienda, "The Effects of Breastfeeding and Pace of Childbearing on Mortality at Early Ages," Demography, 23:31-52, 1986.
29. A. Palloni and S. Millman, "Effects of Inter-Birth Intervals and Breastfeeding on Infant and Early Childhood Mortality," Population Studies, 40:215-236, 1986.
30. A. Palloni and M. Tienda, 1986, op. cit. (see reference 12); and A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, "Reproductive Patterns and Child Mortality in Guatemala," Demography, 24:43-60, 1987
31. A. Palloni and M. Tienda, 1986, op. cit. (see reference 12); and A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, "Reproductive Patterns and Child Mortality in Guatemala," Demography, 24:43-60, 1987
32. B. Winikoff, 1983, op. cit. (see reference 9).
33. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); J. E. Miller et al., "Birth Spacing and Child Mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines," Demography, 29:305-318, 1992; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); and D. Wolfers and S. Scrimshaw, "Child Survival and Intervals Between Pregnancies in Guayaquil, Ecuador," Population Studies, 29:479-496, 1975.
34. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); J. E. Miller et al., "Birth Spacing and Child Mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines," Demography, 29:305-318, 1992; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); and D. Wolfers and S. Scrimshaw, "Child Survival and Intervals Between Pregnancies in Guayaquil, Ecuador," Population Studies, 29:479-496, 1975.
35. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); J. E. Miller et al., "Birth Spacing and Child Mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines," Demography, 29:305-318, 1992; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); and D. Wolfers and S. Scrimshaw, "Child Survival and Intervals Between Pregnancies in Guayaquil, Ecuador," Population Studies, 29:479-496, 1975.
36. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); J. E. Miller et al., "Birth Spacing and Child Mortality in Bangladesh and the Philippines," Demography, 29:305-318, 1992; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); and D. Wolfers and S. Scrimshaw, "Child Survival and Intervals Between Pregnancies in Guayaquil, Ecuador," Population Studies, 29:479-496, 1975.
37. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
38. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
39. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
40. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
41. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
42. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
43. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
44. J. Bongaarts, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality Rates?" Population and Development Review, 13:323-334, 1987; _, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:188-190, 1988; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 14:179-187, 1988; _, "Birth Spacing and Child Survival: A Cautionary Note Regarding the Evidence from the WFS," Population Studies, 42:443-450, 1988; J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, A Reassessment of the Concept of Reproductive Risk in Maternity Care and Family Planning Services, The Population Council, New York, 1990; J. Trussell, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality? An Exchange," Population and Development Review, 14:171-178, 1988; and B Winikoff, 1983 op. cit. (see reference 9).
45. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
46. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
47. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
48. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
49. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
50. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
51. M. A. Koenig et al., 1990, op. cit. (see reference 12); A. K. Majumder, "Breast-feeding, Birth Interval and Child Mortality in Bangladesh," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23:297-312, 1991; S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, "Birth Spacing and Infant Mortality in Brazil," Journal of Biosocial Science, 23-343-352, 1991; A. R. Pebley and P. W. Stupp, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 14); T. K. LeGrand and C. S. M. Mbacke, "Teenage Pregnancy and Child Health in the Urban Sahel," Studies in Family Planning, 24:137-150, 1993; J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, "A Hazards Model Analysis of the Covariates of Infant and Child Mortality in Sri Lanka," Demography, 20:1-26, 1983; and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
52. F. E. Okonofua, A. Abejide and R. A. Makanjuola, "Maternal Mortality in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: A Study of Risk Factors," Studies in Family Planning, 23:319-325, 1992.
53. A. K. Majumder, 1991, op. tit. (see reference 18); J. E. Miller et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 16); S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 18); J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, 1983, op. cit. (see reference 18); and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
54. A. K. Majumder, 1991, op. tit. (see reference 18); J. E. Miller et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 16); S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 18); J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, 1983, op. cit. (see reference 18); and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
55. A. K. Majumder, 1991, op. tit. (see reference 18); J. E. Miller et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 16); S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 18); J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, 1983, op. cit. (see reference 18); and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
56. A. K. Majumder, 1991, op. tit. (see reference 18); J. E. Miller et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 16); S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 18); J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, 1983, op. cit. (see reference 18); and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
57. A. K. Majumder, 1991, op. tit. (see reference 18); J. E. Miller et al., 1992, op. cit. (see reference 16); S. L. Curtis and J. W. McDonald, 1991, op. cit. (see reference 18); J. Trussell and C. Hammerslough, 1983, op. cit. (see reference 18); and J. N. Hobcraft, J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein, 1985, op. cit. (see reference 10).
58. Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 1987, Ministry of Plan Implementation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1988.
59. J. Bongaarts, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 17); and _, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 17).
60. J. Bongaarts, 1987, op. cit. (see reference 17); and _, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 17).
61. J. Trussell, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 17).
62. Ibid., p. 176.
63. J. E. Potter, "Does Family Planning Reduce Infant Mortality?" (see reference 17).
64. P. Govindasamy and S. O. Rutstein, "High-Risk Birth and the Unmet Need for Family Planning," paper presented at the 22nd General Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Montreal, Canada, 1993; and P. Govindasamy et al., High-Risk Births and Maternity Care, Demographic and Health Survey Comparative Studies No. 8, Macro International Inc., Columbia, Md., USA, 1993.
65. P. Govindasamy and S. O. Rutstein, "High-Risk Birth and the Unmet Need for Family Planning," paper presented at the 22nd General Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, Montreal, Canada, 1993; and P. Govindasamy et al., High-Risk Births and Maternity Care, Demographic and Health Survey Comparative Studies No. 8, Macro International Inc., Columbia, Md., USA, 1993.
66. J. Rooks and B. Winikoff, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 17).
67. P. Govindasamy and S. O. Rutstein, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 26); and P. Govindasamy et al., 1993, op. cit. (see reference 26).
68. P. Govindasamy and S. O. Rutstein, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 26); and P. Govindasamy et al., 1993, op. cit. (see reference 26).