Interior of the Moon: The presence of garnet in the primitive deep lunar mantle

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 106, Issue E11, 2001, Pages 27865-27885

  Neal, Clive R ^a  

^a University of Notre Dame   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GARNET; LUNAR MANTLE; MARE BASALT; MOON; TRACE ELEMENT; VOLCANISM;

EID: 0001440113     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JE001386     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Anders, E., R. Ganapathy, R.R. Keays, J.C. Laul, and J.W. Morgan, Volatile and siderophile elements in lunar rocks: Comparison with terrestrial and meteoritic basalts, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 2nd, 1021-1036, 1971.
2. Anderson, D.L., On the composition of the lunar interior, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1555-1557, 1975.
3. Beard, B.L., L.A. Taylor, E.E. Scherer, C.M. Johnson, and G.A. Snyder, The source region and melting mineralogy of high-titanium and low-titanium lunar basalts deduced from Lu-Hf isotope data, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 525-544, 1998.
4. Cameron, A.G.W., The impact theory for the origin of the Moon, in Origin of the Moon, edited by W.K. Hartmann, R.J. Phillips, and G.J. Taylor, pp. 609-616, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1986.
5. Cameron, A.G.W., and W. Benz, The origin of the Moon and the single impact hypothesis IV. Icarus 126, 126-137, 1991.
6. Cameron, A.G.W., and R.M. Canup, The giant impact and the formation of the Moon, paper presented at Origin of Earth and Moon Conference, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Monterey, Calif., 1998.
7. Cameron, A.G.W., and W.R. Ward, Origin of the Moon (abstract), Lunar Sci. VII, 120-122, 1976.
8. Chyi, L.L., and W.D. Ehmann, Zirconium and hafnium abundances in some lunar materials and implications of their ratios, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 4th, 1219-1226, 1973.
9. Delano, J.W., Chemistry and liquidus phase relations of Apollo 15 red glass: Implications for the deep lunar interior, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11th, 251-288, 1980.
10. Delano, J.W., Pristine lunar glasses: Criteria, data, and implications, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 16th, Part 2 J. Geophys. Res., 91, suppl. D201-D213, 1986.
11. Delano, J.W., Pristine mare glasses and mare basalts: Evidence for a general dichotomy of source regions, in Workshop on Lunar Volcanic Glasses: Scientific and Resource Potential (edited by J.W. Delano and G.H. Heiken), pp. 30-31, LPI Tech. Rep. 90-02, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1990.
12. Delano, J.W. and K. Livi, Lunar volcanic glasses and their constraints on mare petrogenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 2137-2149, 1981.
13. Dickinson, T., G.J. Taylor, K. Keil, and R.W. Bild, Germanium abundances in lunar basalts: Evidence of mantle metasomatism, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 189-198, 1989.
14. Duncan, A.R., A.J. Erlank, J.P. Willis, M.K. Sher, and L.H. Ahrens, Trace element evidence for a two-stage origin of some titaniferous mare basalts, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, 1147-1157, 1974.
15. Dungan, M.A. and R.W. Brown, The petrology of the Apollo 12 ilmenite basalt suite, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 8th, 1339-1381, 1977.
16. Ehmann, W.D., L.L. Chyi, A.N. Garg, B.R. Hawke, M.-S. Ma, M.D. Miller, W.D. James, and R.A. Pacer, Chemical studies of the lunar regolith with emphasis on Zr and Hf, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 6th, 1351-1361, 1975.
17. Elkins, L.T., V.A. Fernandes, J.W. Delano, and T.L. Grove, Origin of lunar ultramafic green glasses: Constraints from phase equilibrium studies, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 2339-2350, 2000.
18. Galbreath, K.C., C.K. Shearer, J.J. Papike, and N. Shimizu, Inter- and intra-group compositional variations in Apollo 15 pyroclastic green glass: An electron- and ion-microprobe study., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 2565-2575, 1990.
19. Ganapathy, R., J.W. Morgan, U. Krähennbühl, and E. Anders, Ancient meteoritic components in lunar highland rocks: Clues from trace elements in Apollo 15 and 16 samples, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 4th, 1239-1261, 1973.
20. Garg, A.N., and W.N. Ehmann, Zr-Hf fractionation in chemically defined lunar rock groups, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 3397-3410, 1976.
21. Goins, N.R., A.M. Dainty, and M.N. Toksöz, Lunar seismology: The internal structure of the Moon, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 5061-5074, 1981.
22. Green, D.H., A.E. Ringwood, W.O. Hibberson, and N.G. Ware, Experimental petrology of Apollo 17 mare basalts, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 6th, 871-893, 1975.
23. Green, T.H., Experimental studies of trace-element partitioning applicable to igneous petrogenesis - Sedona 16 years later, Chem. Geol., 117, 1-36, 1994.
24. Hartmann, W.K., Moon origin: the Impact trigger hypothesis, in Origin of the Moon, edited by W.K. Hartmann, R.J. Phillips, and G.J. Taylor, pp. 579-608, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1986.
25. Hartmann, W.K., and D.R. Davis, Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin, Icarus, 24, 504-515, 1975.
26. Haskin, L.A., J.W. Jacobs, J.C. Brannon, and M.A. Haskin, Compositional dispersions in lunar and terrestrial basalts, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 8th, 1731-1750, 1977.
27. Hess, P.C., The ilmenite liquidus and segregation depths of high-Ti picrite glasses, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXIV, 649-650, 1993.
28. Hess, P.C., Petrogenesis of lunar troctolites, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19,083-19,093, 1994.
29. Hess, P.C., On the source regions for mare picritic glasses, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 4347-4360, 2000.
30. Hess, P.C., and E.M. Parmentier, A model for the thermal and chemical evolution of the Moon's interior: Implications for the onset of mare volcanism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 134, 501-514, 1995.
31. Hood, L.L., Geophysical constraints on the lunar interior, in Origin of the Moon, edited by W.K. Hartmann, R.J. Phillips, and G.J. Taylor, pp. 361-410, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1986.
32. th, Part 2, J. Geophys. Res., 92, suppl., E396-E410, 1987.
33. Hood, L.L., and M.T. Zuber, Recent refinements in geophysical constraints on lunar origin and evolution, in Origin of the Earth and Moon, pp. 397-409, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 2000.
34. Hood, L.L., D.L. Mitchell, R.P. Lin, M.H. Acuna, and A.B. Binder, Initial measurements of the lunar induced magnetic dipole moment using Lunar Prospector magnetometer data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2327-2330, 1999.
35. Hubbard, N., and J.W. Minear, Petrogenesis in a modestly endowed moon, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 3421-3437, 1976.
36. th, Part 1, in J. Geophys. Res., 90, D31-D45, 1985.
37. Hughes, S.S., J.W. Delano, and R.A. Schmitt, Apollo 15 yellow-brown volcanic glass: Chemistry and petrogenetic relations to green volcanic glass and olivine-normative mare basalts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 2379-2391, 1988.
38. Hughes, S.S., J.W. Delano, and R.A. Schmitt, Petrogenetic modeling of 74220 high-Ti orange volcanic glasses and the Apollo 11 and 17 high-Ti mare basalts, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 175-188, 1989.
39. James, O.B., and T.L. Wright, Apollo 11 and 12 mare basalts and gabbros: Classification, compositional variations, and possible petrogenetic relations, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 83, 2357-2382, 1972.
40. Jenner, G.A., H.P. Longerich, S.E. Jackson, and B.J. Fryer, ICP-MS: A powerful tool for high-precision trace-element analysis in Earth sciences: Evidence from analysis of selected USGS reference samples, Chem. Geol., 83, 133-148, 1990.
41. Kahn, A., K. Mosegaard, and K.L. Rasmussen, Lunar models obtained from a Monte Carlo inversion of the Apollo seismic P and S waves (CD-ROM abstract #1341), Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXI, 2000.
42. Kesson, S.E., Mare basalts: Melting experiments and petrogenetic interpretations, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 6th, 921-944, 1975.
43. Kesson, S.E., and A.E. Ringwood, Mare basalt petrogenesis in a dynamic Moon, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 30, 155-163, 1976.
44. Kuskov, O.L., Constitution of the Moon, 3, composition of the middle mantle from seismic data, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 90, 55-74, 1995.
45. Kuskov, O.L., Constitution of the Moon, 4, composition of the mantle from seismic data, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 102, 239-257, 1997.
46. Kuskov, O.L., and O.B. Fabrichnaya, Constitution of the Moon, 2, composition and seismic properties of the lower mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 83, 197-216, 1994.
47. Kuskov, O.L., and V.A. Kronrod, Constitution of the Moon, 5, constraints on the composition, denisty, temperature, and radius of a core, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 107, 285-306, 1998.
48. Lindstrom, M.M., and L.A. Haskin, Compositional inhomogeneities in a single Icelandic tholeiite flow, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 15-31, 1981.
49. Longhi, J., On the connection between mare basalts and picritic volcanic glasses. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 17th, Part 2, J. Geophys. Res., 92, suppl., E349-E360, 1987.
50. Longhi, J., Differentiates of the picritic glass magmas: The missing mare basalts. In Workshop on Lunar Volcanic Glasses: Scientific and Resource Potential, edited by J.W. Delano and G.H. Heiken, pp. 46-47, LPI Tech. Rep. 90-02, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1990.
51. Longhi, J., Experimental petrology and petrogenesis of mare volcanics, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2235-2252, 1992.
52. Longhi, J., Liquidas equilibria of lunar analogs at high pressure (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXIV, 895-896, 1993.
53. McCallum, I.S., and M.P. Charette, Zr and Nb partition coefficients: Implications for the genesis of mare basalts, KREEP, and sea floor basalts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 42, 859-869, 1978.
54. McGinnis, C.E, J.C. Jain, and C.R. Neal, Characterization of memory effects and development of an effective protocol for the measurement of petrogenetically critical trace elements in geological samples by ICP-MS, Geostand. Newsl., 21, 289-305, 1997.
55. McKay, G.A., and D.F. Weill, Petrogenesis of KREEP, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 2427-2447, 1976.
56. McKay, G.A., and D.F. Weill, KREEP petrogenesis revisited, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 8th, 2339-2355, 1977.
57. McKay, G.A., H. Wiesmann, L.E. Nyquist, J.L. Wooden, and B.M. Bansal, Petrology, chemistry, and chronology of 14078: Chemical constraints on the origin of KREEP, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 661-687, 1978.
58. McKay, G.A., H. Wiesmann, B.M. Bansal, and C.-Y. Shih, Petrology, chemistry, and chronology of Apollo 14 KREEP basalts, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, 181-205, 1979.
59. McKay, G.A., J. Wagstaff, and S.-R. Yang, Zirconium, hafnium, and rare earth element partition coefficients for ilmenite and other minerals in high-Ti lunar mare basalts: An experimental study, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 16th, Part 2, J. Geophys. Res. 91, suppl., D229-D237, 1986.
60. Morgan, J.W., J.C. Laul, U. Krähenbühl, R. Ganapathy, and E. Anders, Major impacts on the Moon: Characterization from trace elements in Apollo 12 and 14 samples, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 3rd, 1377-1395, 1972a.
61. Morgan, J.W., U. Krähenbühl, R. Ganapathy, and E. Anders, Trace elements in Apollo 15 samples: Implications for meterite influx and volatile depletion on the Moon, Proc. Lunar Sci Conf. 3rd, 1361-1376, 1972b.
62. Morgan, J.W., R. Ganapathy, H. Higuchi, U. Krähenbühl, and E. Anders, Lunar basins: Tentative characterization of projectiles from meteoritic elements in Apollo 17 boulders, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, 1703-1736, 1974.
63. Mueller, S., G.J. Taylor, and R.J. Phillips, Lunar compositions: A geophysical and petrological synthesis, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6338-6352, 1988.
64. Nakamura, Y., Seismic velocity structure of the lunar mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 677-686, 1983.
65. Nakamura, Y., G.V. Latham, D. Lammlein, M. Ewing, F. Duennebier, and H.J. Dorman, Deep lunar interior inferred from recent seismic data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 1, 137-140, 1974.
66. Neal, C.R., Mare basalts as mantle probes: Dichotomies between Remotely gathered and sample data? (abstract), in New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets, pp. 63-64. Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1998.
67. Neal, C.R., The interior of the Moon, core formation, and the Lunar hotspot: What samples tell us (abstract), in New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, pp. 43-44, LPI Contrib. 980, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1999.
68. Neal, C.R., and L.A. Taylor, Petrogenesis of mare basalts: A record of lunar volcanism, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2177-2211, 1992.
69. Neal, C.R., L.A. Taylor, and M.M. Lindstrom, Apollo 14 mare basalt petrogenesis: Assimilation of KREEP-like components by a fractionating magma, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 18th, 139-153, 1988a.
70. Neal, G.R., L.A. Taylor, and M.M. Lindstrom, The importance of lunar granite and KREEP in very high potassium (VHK) basalt petrogenesis, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 18th, 121-137, 1988b.
71. Neal, C.R., L.A. Taylor, R.A. Schmitt, S.S. Hughes, and M.M. Lindstrom, High-alumina (HA) and very high potassium (VHK) basalt clasts from Apollo 14 breccia, part 2, whole rock geochemistry: Further evidence for combined assimilation and fractional crystallization within the lunar crust, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 19th, 147-161, 1989.
72. Neal, C.R., L.A. Taylor, A.D. Patchen, S.S. Hughes, and R.A. Schmitt, The significance of fractional crystallization in the petrogenesis of Apollo 17 Type A and B high-Ti basalts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 1817-1833, 1990.
73. Neal, C.R., M.D. Hacker, L.A. Taylor, R.A. Schmitt, and Y.-G. Liu, Basalt generation at the Apollo 12 site, part 2: Source heterogeneity, multiple melts, and crustal contamination, Meteoritics, 29, 349-361, 1994.
74. Ringwood, A.E., and S.E. Kesson, A dynamic model for mare basalt petrogenesis, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 1697-1722, 1976.
75. Schuraytz, B.C., and G. Ryder, A new petrochemical data base of Apollo 15 olivine-normative mare basalts (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci., XIX, 1041-1042, 1988.
76. Schuraytz, B.C., and G. Ryder, The contrast of chemical modeling with petrographic reality: Tapping of Apollo 15 olivine-normative mare basalt magma (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXII, 1199-1200, 1991.
77. Shearer, C.K., and J.J. Papike, Basaltic magmatism on the Moon: A perspective from volcanic picritic glass beads, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 4785-4812, 1993.
78. Shearer, C.K., and J.J. Papike, Magmatic evolution of the Moon, Am. Mineral., 84, 1469-1494, 1999.
79. Shearer, C.K., J.J. Papike, S.B. Simon, K.C. Galbreath, and N. Shimizu, A comparison of picritic glass beads from the Apollo 14 and Apollo 17 sites: Implications for basalt petrogenesis and compositional variability in the lunar mantle (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XX, 996-997, 1989.
80. Shearer, C.K., J.J. Papike, S.B. Simon, K.C. Galbreath, N. Shimizu, Y. Yurimoto, and S. Sueno, Ion microprobe studies of REE and other trace elements in Apollo 14 volcanic glass beads and comparison to Apollo 14 mare basalts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54, 851-867, 1990.
81. Shearer, C.K., J.J. Papike, K.C. Galbreath, and N. Shimizu, Exploring the lunar mantle with secondary ion mass spectrometry: A comparison of lunar picritic g|ass beads from the Apollo 14 and Apollo 17 sites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 102, 134-147, 1991.
82. Shearer, C.K., G.D. Layne, and J.J. Papike, The systematics of light lithophile elements in lunar picritic glasses: Implications for basaltic magmatism on the Moon and the origin of the Moon, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 5349-5362, 1994.
83. Shearer, C.K., J.J. Papike, and G.D. Layne, The role of ilmenite in the source region for mare basalts: Evidence from niobium, zirconium, and cerium in picritic glasses, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 3521-3530, 1996a.
84. Shearer, C.K., J.J. Papike, and G.D. Layne, Deciphering basaltic magmatism on the Moon from compositional variations in the Apollo 15 very low-Ti picritic magmas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 509-528, 1996b.
85. Shervais, J.W., L.A. Taylor, J.C. Laul, C.-Y. Shih, and L.E. Nyquist, Very high potassium (VHK) basalts: Complications in mare basalt petrogenesis, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 16th, Part I, J. Geophys. Res., 90, suppl., D3-D18, 1985a.
86. Shervais, J.W., L.A. Taylor, and M.M. Lindstrom, Apollo 14 mare basalts: Petrology and geochemistry of clasts from consortium breccia 14321. Proc. Lumar Planet. Sci. Conf. 15th, Part 2, J. Geophys. Res., 90, suppl., C375-C390, 1985b.
87. Shirley, D., and J.T. Wasson, Mechanism for the extrusion of KREEP, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 12th, 965-978, 1981.
88. Smith, J.V., A.T. Anderson, R.C. Newton, E.J. Olsen, P.J. Wyllie, A.V. Crewe, M.S. Isaacson, and D. Johnson, Petrologic history of the Moon inferred from petrography, mineralogy, and petrogenesis of Apollo 11 rocks, Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. Conf., 897-925, 1970.
89. Snyder, G.A., L.A. Taylor, and C.R. Neal, A chemical model for generating the sources of mare basalts: Imperfect, geologically realistic fractional crystallization of the lunar magmasphere, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3809-3823, 1992.
90. Spera, F.J., Lunar magma transport phenomena, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2253-2265, 1992.
91. Steele, A.M., R.O. Colson, R.L. Korotev, and L.A. Haskin, Apollo 15 green glass: Compositional distribution and petrogenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 4075-4090, 1992.
92. Sun, S.-S., and W.F. McDonough, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M.J. Norry, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 42, 313-345, 1989.
93. Tatsumoto, M., R.J. Knight, and C.J. Allegre, Time differences in the formation of meteorites as determined from the ratio of lead-207 to lead-206, Science, 180, 1279-1283, 1973.
94. Tatsumoto, M., W.R. Premo, and D.M. Unruh, Origin of lead from green glass of Apollo 15426: A search for primitive lunar lead, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 17th, Part 2, J. Geophys. Res., 92, suppl., E361-E371, 1987.
95. Taylor, G.J., R.D. Warner, and K. Keil, VLT mare basalts: Impact mixing, parent magma types, and petrogenesis, in Mare Crisium: The View From Luna 24, edited by R.B. Merrill and J.J. Papike, pp. 357-370, Pergamon Press, New York, 1978.
96. Taylor, S.R., Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective, 481 pp., Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1982.
97. Taylor, S.R., Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 307 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
98. Taylor, S.R., and P. Jakes, The geochemical evolution of the Moon, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, 1287-1305, 1974.
99. Vaniman, D.T., and J.J. Papike, Very low-Ti (VLT) basalts: A new mare rock type from the Apollo 17 drill core, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 8th, 1443-1471, 1977.
100. Vaniman, D.T. and J.J. Papike, Lunar highland melt rocks: Chemistry, petrology, and silicate mineral chemistry, Proceedings of the Conference on the Lunar Highlands Crust, edited by J.J. Papike and R.B. Merril, pp. 271-337, Pergamon, New York, 1980.
101. Vetter, S.K., J.W. Shervais, and M.M. Lindstrom, Petrology and geochemistry of olivine-normative and quartz-normative basalts from regolith breccia 15498: New diversity in Apollo 15 mare basalts, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 18th, 255-271, 1988.
102. Wagner, T.P., and T.L. Grove, Origin of high-Ti lunar ultramafic glasses (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXIV, 1475-1476, 1993.
103. Wagner, T.P., and T.L. Grove, Origin of high-Ti lunar magma by erosion of ilmenite (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXVI, 1455-1456, 1995.
104. Wagner, T.P., and T.L. Grove, Experimental constraints on the origin of lunar high-Ti ultramafic glasses, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 1315-1327, 1997.
105. Walker, D., J. Longhi, E.M. Stolper, T.L. Grove, and J.F. Hays, Origin of titaniferous basalts, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 39, 1219-1235, 1975.
106. Walker, D., J. Longhi, R.J. Kirkpatrick, and J.F. Hays, Differentiation of an Apollo 12 picrite magma, Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 7th, 1365-1389, 1976.
107. Warner, R.D., G.J. Taylor, G.H. Conrad, H.R. Northrop, S. Barker, K. Keil, M.-S. Ma, and R.A. Schmitt, Apollo 17 high-Ti mare basalts: New bulk compositional data, magma types, and petrogenesis, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, 225-227, 1979.
108. Warner, R.D., G.J. Taylor, K. Keil, M.-S. Ma, and R.A. Schmitt, Aluminous mare basalts: New data from Apollo 14 coarse-fines, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 11th, 87-104, 1980.
109. Warren, P.H., The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 13, 201-240, 1985.
110. Warren, P.H., and J.T. Wasson, The origin of KREEP, Rev. Geophys., 17, 73-88, 1979.
111. Wood, J.A., J.S. Dickey Jr., U.B. Marvin, and B.N. Powell, Lunar anorthosites and a geophysical model of the Moon, Proc. Apollo 11 Lunar Sci. Conf., 965-988, 1970.