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Volumn 29, Issue 1-3, 1995, Pages 279-295

Implementation of UNCED Agenda 21 Chapter 17 in Australia and Canada: a comparative analysis

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Indexed keywords


EID: 0001414686     PISSN: 09645691     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0964-5691(96)00009-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (75)
  • 1
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    • ACORN involves Australian and Canadian academics and this network has been made possible by funding provided by the International Council of Canadian Studies and the Canadian government through the CABIRA award—the Canada Australia Bicentennial Research Award. The CABIRA is awarded to Australian academics to further comparative research with Canadian colleagues and originated as part of Canada's bicentennial gift to Australia in 1988.
  • 2
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    • December 10 1982 UN Doc A/CON/62/122, 21 I.L.M. 1416, 1982.
  • 3
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    • May 9 1992, 31 I.L.M. 849, 1992.
  • 4
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    • June 5 1992, 31 I.L.M. 818, 1992.
  • 5
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    • For a broader discussion of the law and policy challenges posed by soft law principles, which also include public participation, intergenerational equity, pollution prevention and community-based management, see D. VanderZwaag, The concept and principles of sustainable development: “Rio-formulating” common law doctrines and environmental laws. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 13 (1993) 39–80.
  • 6
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    • Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
    • See
    • (1996) Marine Policy , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-46
    • Rothwell1    Haward2
  • 7
    • 0029773814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
    • See
    • (1996) Marine Policy , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-46
    • Rothwell1    Haward2
  • 8
    • 0029773814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
    • See
    • (1996) Marine Policy , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-46
    • Rothwell1    Haward2
  • 19
    • 0029485258 scopus 로고
    • Institutional design and policy making ‘down under’: Developments in Australian and New Zealand coastal management
    • (1995) Ocean and Coastal Management , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-117
    • Haward1
  • 20
    • 84916518451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haward, M. and Hildebrand, L Integrated coastal zone management. In Oceans Law and Policy in the Post-UNCED Era: Australian and Canadian Perspectives, eds B. Davis, M. Haward, L. Kriwoken and D. VanderZwaag. Kluwer Law International, London (forthcoming).
  • 21
    • 84916520967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These difficulties are discussed in supra note 19.
  • 23
    • 0029485258 scopus 로고
    • Institutional design and policy making ‘down under’: Developments in Australian and New Zealand coastal management
    • (1995) Ocean and Coastal Management , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-117
    • Haward1
  • 24
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    • Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 1 CLR 1.
  • 26
    • 0029773814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
    • See
    • (1996) Marine Policy , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-46
    • Rothwell1    Haward2
  • 32
    • 84916466433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bill C-98, An Act Respecting the Oceans of Canada, 1st Sess., 35th Parl., 1994–1995 (2nd reading 3 October 1995).
  • 33
    • 84916480617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 13, 1979, 34 U.S.T. 3043, T.I.A.S. 10541, 18 I.L.M. 1442, 1979.
  • 35
    • 84916473894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 24 November 1993, 33 I.L.M. 968, 1994.
  • 36
    • 84916523528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.C. 1994, c.14.
  • 37
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    • SOR/95-136.
  • 38
    • 84916518473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A ‘turbot truce’ was reached through a Canada-EU Agreement in April 1995 and Canada was subsequently successful in getting NAFO to accept tougher control measures, as well, including full-time observers on board vessels, satellite tracking and increased inspections. ‘Tobin Welcomes Tough Fisheries Enforcement Measures’, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, News Release, NR-HQ, 95-108E (15 September 1995). On 1 May 1995 Canada amended the Coastal Fisheries Protection Regulations so that vessels from Spain and Portugal will no longer be subject to Canada's measures outside the 200-mile zone. SOR/95-222. For a review and copy of the Canada-EU Agreement, see Freestone, D. Canada and EU reach agreement to settle the Estai dispute. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 10(3) (1995) 397–401, and Appendix, pp. 402–411.
  • 44
    • 84916474760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These jurisdictions are New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. For an excellent overview, see Haines, C. Threatened Wildlife in Canada: Assessing the Need for a Federal Endangered Species Act. Dalhousie University, Halifax, unpublished M.E.S. thesis, October, 1995.
  • 49
    • 84916491352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National parks may be established pursuant to the National Parks Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. N-14, s. 2 re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 39 (4th Supp.), s. 1 (1). Marine protected areas may also be established pursuant to s. 4.1 of the Canada Wildlife Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. W-9, as am. by S.C. 1994, c. 23.
  • 50
    • 84916475148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The areas include Fathom Five in Georgian Bay at the north end of Lake Huron, the Saguenay-St. Lawrence estuary and Gwaii Haanas in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia. Parks Canada, supra note 40, p. 11.
  • 53
  • 57
    • 84916480368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, S. A 1992, c. E-13.3 and Environment Act, S.N.S. 1994–1995, c. 1.
  • 58
    • 84916516387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Manitoba Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. What You Told Us: Sustainable Development Act. 1995.
  • 59
    • 84916525654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Department of Fisheries. Coastal 2000: A Consultation Paper Halifax, N.S. (July 1994).
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    • 84916523367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R.S.C. 1985, c. 16 (4th Supp.).
  • 64
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    • Implementing Aboriginal self-government: Constitutional and jurisdictional issues
    • See
    • (1995) Canadian Bar Review , vol.74 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-224
    • Hogg1    Turpel2
  • 67
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    • See, for example Nova Scotia's Environment Act, S.N.S. 1994–1995, c. 1.
  • 72
    • 84916471311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, it has been reported that the Department of Fisheries and Oceans will be cut by 40% over the next three years, from an annual budget of C$700 million to C$400 million. The Mail-Star (Halifax) 11 November 1995, p. D22. Environment Canada's budget will be cut back by about 30 per cent over two years with a budget of C$503 million in 1997–1998. OECD, supra note 67, p. 87.
  • 74
    • 84916523386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approximately a C$50 million increase in resources user fees has been proposed.
  • 75
    • 84916471049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the project has assisted countries in the region to informally explore possibilities for cooperation in the South China Sea. For a further discussion, see Townsend-Gault, I., VanderZwaag, D. and Adamson, R. Transboundary ocean and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia: Prospects for regional cooperation. In New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues, eds. Acharya, A. and Stubbs, R. UBC Press, Vancouver, 1995, pp. 34–35.


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