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1
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84916518383
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ACORN involves Australian and Canadian academics and this network has been made possible by funding provided by the International Council of Canadian Studies and the Canadian government through the CABIRA award—the Canada Australia Bicentennial Research Award. The CABIRA is awarded to Australian academics to further comparative research with Canadian colleagues and originated as part of Canada's bicentennial gift to Australia in 1988.
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2
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84916478626
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December 10 1982 UN Doc A/CON/62/122, 21 I.L.M. 1416, 1982.
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3
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84916494456
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May 9 1992, 31 I.L.M. 849, 1992.
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4
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84916521151
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June 5 1992, 31 I.L.M. 818, 1992.
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5
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84916521722
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For a broader discussion of the law and policy challenges posed by soft law principles, which also include public participation, intergenerational equity, pollution prevention and community-based management, see D. VanderZwaag, The concept and principles of sustainable development: “Rio-formulating” common law doctrines and environmental laws. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 13 (1993) 39–80.
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6
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0029773814
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Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
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See
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(1996)
Marine Policy
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 29-46
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Rothwell1
Haward2
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7
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0029773814
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Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
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See
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(1996)
Marine Policy
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 29-46
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Rothwell1
Haward2
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8
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0029773814
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Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
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See
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(1996)
Marine Policy
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 29-46
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Rothwell1
Haward2
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19
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0029485258
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Institutional design and policy making ‘down under’: Developments in Australian and New Zealand coastal management
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(1995)
Ocean and Coastal Management
, vol.26
, Issue.2
, pp. 87-117
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Haward1
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20
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84916518451
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Haward, M. and Hildebrand, L Integrated coastal zone management. In Oceans Law and Policy in the Post-UNCED Era: Australian and Canadian Perspectives, eds B. Davis, M. Haward, L. Kriwoken and D. VanderZwaag. Kluwer Law International, London (forthcoming).
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21
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84916520967
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These difficulties are discussed in supra note 19.
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23
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0029485258
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Institutional design and policy making ‘down under’: Developments in Australian and New Zealand coastal management
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(1995)
Ocean and Coastal Management
, vol.26
, Issue.2
, pp. 87-117
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Haward1
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24
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84916470596
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Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 1 CLR 1.
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26
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0029773814
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Federal and international perspectives on Australia's maritime claims
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See
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(1996)
Marine Policy
, vol.20
, Issue.1
, pp. 29-46
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Rothwell1
Haward2
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32
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84916466433
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Bill C-98, An Act Respecting the Oceans of Canada, 1st Sess., 35th Parl., 1994–1995 (2nd reading 3 October 1995).
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33
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84916480617
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November 13, 1979, 34 U.S.T. 3043, T.I.A.S. 10541, 18 I.L.M. 1442, 1979.
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35
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84916473894
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Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 24 November 1993, 33 I.L.M. 968, 1994.
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36
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84916523528
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S.C. 1994, c.14.
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37
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84916479134
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SOR/95-136.
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38
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84916518473
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A ‘turbot truce’ was reached through a Canada-EU Agreement in April 1995 and Canada was subsequently successful in getting NAFO to accept tougher control measures, as well, including full-time observers on board vessels, satellite tracking and increased inspections. ‘Tobin Welcomes Tough Fisheries Enforcement Measures’, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, News Release, NR-HQ, 95-108E (15 September 1995). On 1 May 1995 Canada amended the Coastal Fisheries Protection Regulations so that vessels from Spain and Portugal will no longer be subject to Canada's measures outside the 200-mile zone. SOR/95-222. For a review and copy of the Canada-EU Agreement, see Freestone, D. Canada and EU reach agreement to settle the Estai dispute. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 10(3) (1995) 397–401, and Appendix, pp. 402–411.
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44
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84916474760
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These jurisdictions are New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. For an excellent overview, see Haines, C. Threatened Wildlife in Canada: Assessing the Need for a Federal Endangered Species Act. Dalhousie University, Halifax, unpublished M.E.S. thesis, October, 1995.
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49
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84916491352
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National parks may be established pursuant to the National Parks Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. N-14, s. 2 re-en. R.S.C. 1985, c. 39 (4th Supp.), s. 1 (1). Marine protected areas may also be established pursuant to s. 4.1 of the Canada Wildlife Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. W-9, as am. by S.C. 1994, c. 23.
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50
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84916475148
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The areas include Fathom Five in Georgian Bay at the north end of Lake Huron, the Saguenay-St. Lawrence estuary and Gwaii Haanas in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia. Parks Canada, supra note 40, p. 11.
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53
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84916481948
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Copps finds few allies at meeting
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(Toronto)
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(1995)
The Globe and Mail
, pp. A6
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57
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84916480368
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Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, S. A 1992, c. E-13.3 and Environment Act, S.N.S. 1994–1995, c. 1.
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58
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84916516387
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See Manitoba Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. What You Told Us: Sustainable Development Act. 1995.
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59
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84916525654
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Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Department of Fisheries. Coastal 2000: A Consultation Paper Halifax, N.S. (July 1994).
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61
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84916523367
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R.S.C. 1985, c. 16 (4th Supp.).
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64
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0002610008
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Implementing Aboriginal self-government: Constitutional and jurisdictional issues
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See
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(1995)
Canadian Bar Review
, vol.74
, Issue.2
, pp. 187-224
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Hogg1
Turpel2
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67
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84916485870
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See, for example Nova Scotia's Environment Act, S.N.S. 1994–1995, c. 1.
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72
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84916471311
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For example, it has been reported that the Department of Fisheries and Oceans will be cut by 40% over the next three years, from an annual budget of C$700 million to C$400 million. The Mail-Star (Halifax) 11 November 1995, p. D22. Environment Canada's budget will be cut back by about 30 per cent over two years with a budget of C$503 million in 1997–1998. OECD, supra note 67, p. 87.
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74
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84916523386
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Approximately a C$50 million increase in resources user fees has been proposed.
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75
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84916471049
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Funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the project has assisted countries in the region to informally explore possibilities for cooperation in the South China Sea. For a further discussion, see Townsend-Gault, I., VanderZwaag, D. and Adamson, R. Transboundary ocean and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia: Prospects for regional cooperation. In New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues, eds. Acharya, A. and Stubbs, R. UBC Press, Vancouver, 1995, pp. 34–35.
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