메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 213-228

Keeping the public informed? Public negotiation of air quality information

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0001386819     PISSN: 09636625     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0963-6625/10/2/304     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (64)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0032735322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearing the smog? Public responses to air-quality information
    • K. Bickerstaff and G. Walker, "Clearing the smog? Public responses to air-quality information," Local Environment 4, no. 3 (1999): 279-294.
    • (1999) Local Environment , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 279-294
    • Bickerstaff, K.1    Walker, G.2
  • 2
    • 0041480819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friends of the Earth web site
    • Friends of the Earth web site at http://www.foe.co.uk/rtk/rtk.html.
  • 3
    • 0041480818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Home Office web site
    • UK Home Office web site at http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/foi/dfoisumm.htm.
  • 9
    • 0032657459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involving the public in local air pollution assessment: A citizen participation case study
    • P. Bailey, S. Yearley, and J. F. Forrester, "Involving the public in local air pollution assessment: a citizen participation case study," International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11, no 3 (1999): 290-303.
    • (1999) International Journal of Environment and Pollution , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-303
    • Bailey, P.1    Yearley, S.2    Forrester, J.F.3
  • 12
    • 0003420462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; A. Irwin, Citizen Science: A Study of People, Expertise and Sustainable Development (London: Routledge, 1995).
    • Introduction
    • Irwin1    Wynne2
  • 14
    • 0000735022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental issues: Knowledge, uncertainty and the environment
    • S. Eden, "Environmental issues: knowledge, uncertainty and the environment," Progress in Human Geography 22, no. 3 (1998): 425-432.
    • (1998) Progress in Human Geography , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 425-432
    • Eden, S.1
  • 16
    • 0002257307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disembodied knowledge? Making sense of medical science
    • ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • H. Lambert and H. Rose, "Disembodied knowledge? making sense of medical science," in Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 65-83.
    • (1996) Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology , pp. 65-83
    • Lambert, H.1    Rose, H.2
  • 17
    • 0001821016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ignoring science: Discourses of ignorance in the public understanding of science
    • ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • M. Michael, "Ignoring science: discourses of ignorance in the public understanding of science," in Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 107-125.
    • (1996) Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology , pp. 107-125
    • Michael, M.1
  • 20
    • 0004236639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; B. Wynne, "May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide," in Risk, Environment and Modernity. Towards a New Ecology, ed. S. Lash, B. Szersynski, and B. Wynne (London: Sage, 1996), 44-83; A. Irwin, A. Dale, and D. Smith, "Science and Hell's kitchen: the local understanding of hazard issues," in Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 47-64.
    • Citizen Science
    • Irwin1
  • 21
    • 0003420462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; B. Wynne, "May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide," in Risk, Environment and Modernity. Towards a New Ecology, ed. S. Lash, B. Szersynski, and B. Wynne (London: Sage, 1996), 44-83; A. Irwin, A. Dale, and D. Smith, "Science and Hell's kitchen: the local understanding of hazard issues," in Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 47-64.
    • Introduction
    • Irwin1    Wynne2
  • 22
    • 0002369988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide
    • ed. S. Lash, B. Szersynski, and B. Wynne London: Sage
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; B. Wynne, "May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide," in Risk, Environment and Modernity. Towards a New Ecology, ed. S. Lash, B. Szersynski, and B. Wynne (London: Sage, 1996), 44-83; A. Irwin, A. Dale, and D. Smith, "Science and Hell's kitchen: the local understanding of hazard issues," in Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 47-64.
    • (1996) Risk, Environment and Modernity. Towards a New Ecology , pp. 44-83
    • Wynne, B.1
  • 23
    • 0002187837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and Hell's kitchen: The local understanding of hazard issues
    • ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; B. Wynne, "May the sheep safely graze? A reflexive view of the expert-lay knowledge divide," in Risk, Environment and Modernity. Towards a New Ecology, ed. S. Lash, B. Szersynski, and B. Wynne (London: Sage, 1996), 44-83; A. Irwin, A. Dale, and D. Smith, "Science and Hell's kitchen: the local understanding of hazard issues," in Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology, ed. A. Irwin and B. Wynne (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 47-64.
    • (1996) Misunderstanding Science? The Public Reconstruction of Science and Technology , pp. 47-64
    • Irwin, A.1    Dale, A.2    Smith, D.3
  • 24
    • 0004236639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • Citizen Science
    • Irwin1
  • 25
    • 0003420462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • Introduction
    • Irwin1    Wynne2
  • 26
    • 0042983594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • Science and Hell's Kitchen
    • Irwin1
  • 27
    • 0000894556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: Two analytical approaches and a case study
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • (2000) Public Understanding of Science , vol.9 , pp. 105-122
    • Yearley, S.1
  • 28
    • 0028575632 scopus 로고
    • Social constructions of nature: A case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • (1994) Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , vol.19 , pp. 291-310
    • Harrison, C.1    Burgess, J.2
  • 29
    • 0003478016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • (1999) Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice
    • Moffatt, S.1    Bush, J.2    Dunn, C.E.3    Howel, D.4    Prince, H.5
  • 30
    • 0028991647 scopus 로고
    • If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?
    • Irwin, Citizen Science; Irwin and Wynne, "Introduction"; Irwin et al., "Science and Hell's kitchen"; S. Yearley, "Making systematic sense of public discontents with expert knowledge: two analytical approaches and a case study," Public Understanding of Science 9 (2000): 105-122; C. Harrison and J. Burgess, "Social constructions of nature: a case study of conflicts over the development of Rainham Marshes," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 19 (1994): 291-310; S. Moffatt, J. Bush, C. E. Dunn, D. Howel, and H. Prince, Public Awareness of Air Quality and Respiratory Health and the Impact of Health Advice, Report. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999; S. Moffatt and P. Phillimore. "If this is what it's doing to our washing, what is it doing to our lungs?" Social Science and Medicine 41, no 6 (1995): 883-891.
    • (1995) Social Science and Medicine , vol.41 , Issue.6 , pp. 883-891
    • Moffatt, S.1    Phillimore, P.2
  • 32
    • 0000510521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between citizen and consumer: Multiplying the meanings of the 'public understanding of science,'
    • M. Michael, "Between citizen and consumer: multiplying the meanings of the 'public understanding of science,'" Public Understanding of Science 7 (1998): 313-327.
    • (1998) Public Understanding of Science , vol.7 , pp. 313-327
    • Michael, M.1
  • 34
    • 0041982011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meacher brings AQ bandings into line with NAQS limits
    • December
    • Air Quality Management "Meacher brings AQ bandings into line with NAQS limits", December 1997, p1.
    • (1997) Air Quality Management , pp. 1
  • 36
    • 0041982012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AEAT web site at http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/forecast/forehow.html).
    • AEAT Web Site
  • 38
    • 0006225938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DETR Press release 19/11/1997, on the Internet Department of the Environment, Oxford: AEA Technology
    • DETR Press release 19/11/1997, on the Internet at: http://www.coi.gov.uk/coi/depts/GTE/coi4765d.ok; Department of the Environment, Air Pollution in the UK: 1995 (Oxford: AEA Technology, 1997).
    • (1997) Air Pollution in the Uk: 1995
  • 39
    • 0002113355 scopus 로고
    • How science fails the environment
    • B. Wynne and S. Mayer, "How science fails the environment," New Scientist June (1993): 33-35.
    • (1993) New Scientist , vol.JUNE , pp. 33-35
    • Wynne, B.1    Mayer, S.2
  • 40
    • 0042983593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report prepared for the DETR, December on the Internet
    • 10 Concentrates in the UK. Report prepared for the DETR, December 1998, on the Internet at http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/ reports/pm10/phead.html; J. R. Stedman, S. Espenhahn, P. G. Willis, Air Pollution Forecasting in the UK: 1997, Report prepared for the DETR, June 1998, on the Internet at http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/reports/ forecast/forhead.html.
    • (1998) 10 Concentrates in the UK
    • Stedamn, J.R.1    Lineham, E.2    Espenhahn, S.3    Conlan, B.4    Bush, T.5    Davies, T.6
  • 41
    • 0007643825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report prepared for the DETR, June on the Internet
    • 10 Concentrates in the UK. Report prepared for the DETR, December 1998, on the Internet at http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/ reports/pm10/phead.html; J. R. Stedman, S. Espenhahn, P. G. Willis, Air Pollution Forecasting in the UK: 1997, Report prepared for the DETR, June 1998, on the Internet at http://www.aeat.co.uk/netcen/airqual/reports/ forecast/forhead.html.
    • (1998) Air Pollution Forecasting in the UK: 1997
    • Stedman, J.R.1    Espenhahn, S.2    Willis, P.G.3
  • 42
    • 0042482690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COMEAP web site at http://www.doh.gov.uk/hef/airpol/airpol9.htm.
    • COMEAP Web Site
  • 46
    • 0003730853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: The Stationery Office
    • Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Setting Environmental Standards (London: The Stationery Office, 1998).
    • (1998) Setting Environmental Standards
  • 47
    • 0041982019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bailey et al., "Involving the public in local air pollution assessment"; J. Petts, "The public-expert interface in local waste management decisions: expertise, credibility and process," Public Understanding of Science 6 (1997): 359-381; F. Forrester, "The logistics of public participation in environmental assessment," International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11, no 3 (1999): 316-330.
    • Involving the Public in Local Air Pollution Assessment
    • Bailey1
  • 48
    • 2042536405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The public-expert interface in local waste management decisions: Expertise, credibility and process
    • Bailey et al., "Involving the public in local air pollution assessment"; J. Petts, "The public-expert interface in local waste management decisions: expertise, credibility and process," Public Understanding of Science 6 (1997): 359-381; F. Forrester, "The logistics of public participation in environmental assessment," International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11, no 3 (1999): 316-330.
    • (1997) Public Understanding of Science , vol.6 , pp. 359-381
    • Petts, J.1
  • 49
    • 0032631183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The logistics of public participation in environmental assessment
    • Bailey et al., "Involving the public in local air pollution assessment"; J. Petts, "The public-expert interface in local waste management decisions: expertise, credibility and process," Public Understanding of Science 6 (1997): 359-381; F. Forrester, "The logistics of public participation in environmental assessment," International Journal of Environment and Pollution 11, no 3 (1999): 316-330.
    • (1999) International Journal of Environment and Pollution , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 316-330
    • Forrester, F.1
  • 50
    • 0042983592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Setting Environmental Standards; O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995).
    • Setting Environmental Standards
  • 54
    • 0033026616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consulting the community for environmental health indicator development: The case of air quality
    • D. C. Cole, L. D. Pengelly, J. Eyles, D. M. Stieb, and R. Hustler, "Consulting the community for environmental health indicator development: the case of air quality," Health Promotion International 14, no 2 (1999): 145-154.
    • (1999) Health Promotion International , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-154
    • Cole, D.C.1    Pengelly, L.D.2    Eyles, J.3    Stieb, D.M.4    Hustler, R.5
  • 56
    • 0002452576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey investigation of perceptions of environmental issues in middlesbrough
    • H. F. Gavin, "A survey investigation of perceptions of environmental issues in Middlesbrough, Clean Air 26, no. 1 (1996): 10-15; R. Bhopal, S. Moffatt, P. Phillimore, P. T. Pless-Mulloli, C. Foy, C. Dunn, and J. Tate, "Does living close to a constellation of industries impair health? a study of health, illness and the environment in North East England," Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55 (1998): 812-822.
    • (1996) Clean Air , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-15
    • Gavin, H.F.1
  • 57
    • 0031729069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does living close to a constellation of industries impair health? A study of health, illness and the environment in North East England
    • H. F. Gavin, "A survey investigation of perceptions of environmental issues in Middlesbrough, Clean Air 26, no. 1 (1996): 10-15; R. Bhopal, S. Moffatt, P. Phillimore, P. T. Pless-Mulloli, C. Foy, C. Dunn, and J. Tate, "Does living close to a constellation of industries impair health? a study of health, illness and the environment in North East England," Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55 (1998): 812-822.
    • (1998) Occupational and Environmental Medicine , vol.55 , pp. 812-822
    • Bhopal, R.1    Moffatt, S.2    Phillimore, P.3    Pless-Mulloli, P.T.4    Foy, C.5    Dunn, C.6    Tate, J.7
  • 59
    • 0003424343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago: Aldine
    • B. Glaser and A. Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1967); A. Strauss and J. Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990).
    • (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory
    • Glaser, B.1    Strauss, A.2
  • 63
    • 0035139072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Even the birds round here cough': Stigma, health and place in Teesside
    • J. Bush, S. Moffatt, and C. E. Dunn, "'Even the birds round here cough': stigma, health and place in Teesside," Health and Place 7, no 1 (2001): 47-56.
    • (2001) Health and Place , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-56
    • Bush, J.1    Moffatt, S.2    Dunn, C.E.3
  • 72
    • 0042983589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bickerstaff and Walker, "Clearing the smog"; Beamont et al., "Social awareness of air quality information"; Bailey et al., "Involving the public in local air pollution assessment."
    • Clearing the Smog
    • Bickerstaff1    Walker2
  • 79
    • 0042983592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Setting Environmental Standards; Bailey et al., "Involving the public"; Petts, "The public-expert interface"; Forrester, "The logistics of public participation."
    • Setting Environmental Standards
  • 80
    • 0042983591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Setting Environmental Standards; Bailey et al., "Involving the public"; Petts, "The public-expert interface"; Forrester, "The logistics of public participation."
    • Involving the Public
    • Bailey1
  • 81
    • 0041480816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Setting Environmental Standards; Bailey et al., "Involving the public"; Petts, "The public-expert interface"; Forrester, "The logistics of public participation."
    • The Public-expert Interface
    • Petts1
  • 82
    • 0041982020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Setting Environmental Standards; Bailey et al., "Involving the public"; Petts, "The public-expert interface"; Forrester, "The logistics of public participation."
    • The Logistics of Public Participation
    • Forrester1
  • 84
    • 0041480816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Petts, "The public-expert interface"; Forrester, "The logistics of public participation"; O'Renn, Fairness and Competence.
    • The Public-expert Interface
    • Petts1
  • 86
    • 0042983590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Petts, "The public-expert interface"; Forrester, "The logistics of public participation"; O'Renn, Fairness and Competence.
    • Fairness and Competence
    • O'Renn1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.