Between Europe and unity: The case of the Swedish social democrats

West European Politics

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 119-136

  Aylott, Nicholas ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0001303977     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389708425194     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. The Treaty on European Union, which came into force in Nov. 1993, created the European Union, of which the European Community is one pillar. This study will refer to the EC or Community in contexts before Nov. 1993, and EU or Union thereafter. Other terms also demand definition. By leadership, the article refers chiefly to the seven full members of the party's Verkställande Utskott, its Executive Committee. They and seven non-voting members are elected by the party congress. Social democracy and social democrats are used generically, referring to the main left-of-centre party in western European countries. Eurosceptic, anti-EC/EU, anti-membership and anti-accessionist are used interchangeably.
2. Hillary Allen, Norway and Europe in the 1970s (Oslo: Universitetsförlag 1979) p.1.
3. 'Socialdemokraternas EU-kongress: Svaret är Ja! Men partiel är djupt splittrat', Veckans Affärer,13 June 1994.
4. Ingvar Carlsson, 'EG-medlemskap omöjliggörs', Dagens Nyheter, 27 May 1990; 'EG-hinder kan undanröjas', ibid. 5 July 1990.
5. Ingvar Carlsson, 'EG-medlemskap omöjliggörs', Dagens Nyheter, 27 May 1990; 'EG-hinder kan undanröjas', ibid. 5 July 1990.
6. 'Arbetslösheten tveklöst viktigaste frågan', Aktuellt i Politiken, 10 Sept. 1993.
7. 'Regeringens tidsplan for EG-beslutet är orealistik', ibid. 17 Sept. 1993.
8. SAP, Socialdemokratin inför EG-förhandlingarna, Politisk Redovisning Nummer 2 (Stockholm: SAP 1992).
9. Göran Färm, Sverige och EG. Den nya Europa - hot eller möjlighet? (Stockholm: Utbildningsbrevskolan 1992).
10. SAP, Verksamhetsberättelse (Stockholm: SAP 1993) p.221.
11. Aktuellt i Politiken, 23 June 1994.
12. Ulf Lindström, Euro-Consent, Euro-Contract or Euro-Coercion? Scandinavian Social Democracy, the European Impasse and the Abolition of Things Political (Oslo: Scandinavian UP 1994) p.72.
13. Lars Svåsand and Ulf Lindström, 'Scandinavian Political Parties and the European Union', in John Gaffney (ed.) Political Parties and the European Union (London: Routledge 1996) p.209.
14. Of course, de-linking the referendum from Carlsson's leadership must also be put in a broader political context. For every Eurosceptic Social Democratic voter that a threat of resignation might have brought back behind the leadership's line, a non-socialist voter - especially from the Centre and Christian Democrats - would probably have opted to vote No so as to undermine a Social Democratic prime minister.
15. 'Nej-sidan besviken efter beslutet', Aktuellt i Politiken, 24 Sept. 1993.
16. Stated in an interview with the author, Nov. 1994.
17. The trade unions' collective affiliation to SAP had been ended after 1991, but the high rate of trade-union membership amongst Swedish employers (80-90 per cent) meant that, as individual party members, trade unionists were still an important influence.
18. Allen (note 2), p. 105.
19. Cf. David Hine, 'Factionalism in West European Political Parties: A Framework for Analysis', West European Politics 5/1 (Jan. 1982) pp.36-53.
20. Lotta Gröning (ed.) Det nya riket? (Stockholm. Tidens förlag 1993).
21. This was given to the umbrella group on each side of the Swedish EU debate. It was so-called because Thorbjörn Fälldin, a former Centre Party prime minister, was in charge of its administration.
22. Lasse Eriksson, in an interview with the author, Nov. 1994.
23. 'LO-ledningen fick backa i EU-frågan', LO-tidningen, 17 June 1994.
24. 'LO tar inte ställning till EU', Aktuellt i Politiken, 10 June 1994.
25. In November 1993 Statistics Sweden estimated that 52.3 per cent of SAP sympathisers intended to vote No, with 31.0 per cent uncertain and just 15.7 per cent planning to vote Yes. By May 1994 these figures had not changed much, standing at 47.4 per cent, 33.0 per cent and 18.7 per cent respectively (SCB press release, 9 June 1994). Even an exit poll for the Sept. 1994 election, the first since 1992 to predict a Yes in the referendum the following November, still suggested that 52.4 per cent of Social-Democratic voters intended to vote No, to 38.6 per cent intending to vote Yes (see the Valu EU 94 survey in Dagens Nyheter, 19 Sept. 1994).
26. One, Margareta Winberg, who had stridently denounced the EU's common agricultural policy, was made minister of agriculture.
27. Stated in an interview with the author, Nov. 1993.