Implicit Memory and Aging: A Cognitive Neuropsychological Perspective

Developmental Neuropsychology

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 127-179

  Rybash, John M ^a  

^a HAMILTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001303181     PISSN: 87565641     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/87565649609540644     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Abbenhuis, M. A., Raaijmakers, W. M. G., Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & VanWoerden, G. M. J. (1990). Episodic memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type and in normal aging: Similar impairment of automatic processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42a, 569-583.
2. Baddeley, A. (1994). Working memory: The interface between memory and cognition. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 351-368). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3. Bondi, M. W., & Kasniak, A. W. (1991). Implicit and explicit memory in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 339-358.
4. Bowers, J. S., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Implicit memory and test awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 404-116.
5. Bowers, J. S., & Schacter, D. L. (1993). Priming of novel information in amnesic patients: Issues and data. In P. Graf & M. B. J. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology (pp. 303-326). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
6. Butters, N. (1987). Procedural learning in dementia: A double dissociation between Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease patients on verbal priming and motor skill learning. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 68-69.
7. Butters, N., Heindel, W. C., & Salmon, D. F. (1990). Dissociations of implicit memory in dementia: Neurological implications. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 359-366
8. Cave, C. B., & Squire, L. R (1992). Intact and longlasting priming in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 18, 509-520.
9. Cermak, L. S., Blackford, S. P., O'Connor, M., & Bleich, R. P. (1988). The implicit memory ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis Brain and Cognition, 7, 145-156.
10. Cermak, L. S., Bleich, R. P., & Blackford, S. P. (1988). Deficits in the implicit retention of new associations by alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Brain and Cognition, 7, 312-323.
11. Challis, B. H., & Brodbeck, D. R. (1992). Levels of processing affects priming in word fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 595-607.
12. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., Curran, T. E., & Miller, M. G. (1994). Do children and the elderly show heightened semantic priming? How to answer the question. Developmental Review, 14, 159-185.
13. Chiarello, C., & Hoyer W. J. (1988). Adult age differences in implicit memory: Time course and encoding effects. Psychology and Aging, 3, 358-366.
14. Corkin, S., Gabrieli, J. E. D., Stanger, B. Z., Mickel, S. F., Rosen, T. J., & Sullivan, E. V. (1986). Skill learning and priming in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 36, 296.
15. Curran, T., Schacter, D. L. (in press). Implicit memory and perceptual brain mechanisms. In D. J. Herrmann, M. K. Johnson, C. L. McEvoy, C. Hertzog, & P. T. Hertel (Eds.), Basic and applied memory: Research on practical aspects of memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
16. Diagneault, S. Braun, C. M. J., & Whitaker, H. A. (1992). Early effects of normal aging on perseverative and non-perseverative prefrontal measures. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 99-114.
17. Davis, H. P., Cohen, A., Gandy, M., Colombo, P., VanDusseldorp, G., Simolke, N., & Romano, J. (1990). Lexical priming as a function of age. Behavioral Neuroscience, 104, 288-297.
18. Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1986). Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 3006-3009.
19. Ferraro, F. R., Balota, D. A., & Connor, L. T. (1993). Implicit memory and the formation of new associations in nondemented Parkinson's Disease individuals and individuals with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: A serial reaction time (SRT) investigation. Brain and Cognition, 21, 163-180.
20. Fleischman, D. A., Gabrieli, J. E. D., Reminger, S., Rinaldi, J., Morrell, F., & Wilson, R. (1995). Conceptual priming in perceptual identification for patients with Alzheimer's Disease and a patient with a right occipital lobectomy. Neuropsychology, 9, 187-197.
21. Friedman, D., Hamberger, M., & Ritter, W. (1993). Event-related potentials as indicators of repetition priming in young and older adults: Amplitude, duration, and scalp distribution. Psychology and Aging, 8, 120-125.
22. Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1137-1148.
23. Gabrieli, J. E. D. (1991). Differential effects of aging and age-related neurological diseases on memory subsystems of the brain. In F. Boiler & J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (pp 149-166). Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland.
24. Gabrieli, J. E. D., Fleischrnan, D. A., Keane, M. M., Reminger, S., & Morrell, F. (1995). Double dissociation between memory systems underlying explicit and implicit memory in the human brain. Psychological Science, 6, 76-82.
25. Gabrieli, J. E. D., Keane, M. M., Stanger, B. Z., Kjelgaard, M. M., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J H. (1994). Dissociations among structural-perceptual, lexical-semantic, and event-fact memory systems in amnesics, Alzheimer's and normal subjects. Cortex, 30, 75-103.
26. Gabrieli, J. E. D., Milberg, W. Keane, M. M., & Corkin, S., (1990). Intact priming of patterns despite impaired memory. Neuropsychologia, 28, 417-427.
27. Graf, P., & Komatsu, S. (1994). Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution! European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 113-129.
28. Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory , and Cognition, 11, 501-518.
29. Graf, P., Squire, L. R., & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
30. Grosse, D. A., Wilson, R. S., & Fox, J. H. (1990). Preserved word-stem-completion priming of semantically encoded information in Alzheimer's disease. Psychology and Aging, 5, 304-306.
31. Harrington, D. L., & Haaland, K. Y. (1992). Skill learning in the elderly: Diminished implicit memory for a motor sequence. Psychology and Aging, 7, 425-434.
32. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 22, pp. 193-225). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
33. Hashtroudi, S., Chrosniak, L. D., & Schwartz, B. L. (1991). The effects of aging on priming and skill learning. Psychology and Aging, 4, 605-615.
34. Heindel, W. C., Butters, N., & Salmon, D. P. (1988). Impaired learning of a motor skill in patients with Huntington's disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 141-147.
35. Heindel, W. C., Salmon, D. P., Shults, C. W., Walicke, P. A., & Butters, N. (1989). Neuropsychological evidence for multiple memory systems: A comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's Disease patients. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 582-587.
36. Hintzman, D. L. (1990). Human learning and memory: Connections and dissociations. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 109-139.
37. Howard, D. V. (1988). Implicit and explicit assessment of cognitive aging. In M. L. Howe & C. J. Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive development in adulthood: Progress in cognitive development research (pp. 3-33). New York: Springer-Verlag.
38. Howard, D. V. (1991). Implicit memory: An expanding picture of cognitive aging. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, Vol. 11 (pp. 1-22.) New York: Springer.
39. Howard, D. V., Fry, A., & Brune, C. (1991). Aging and memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 779-792.
40. Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (1989). Age differences in learning serial patterns. Psychology and Aging, 4, 357-364.
41. Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (1992). Adult age differences in the rate of learning serial patterns: Evidence from direct and indirect tests. Psychology and Aging, 7, 232-241.
42. Howard, D. V., Mutter, S. A., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (1992). Serial pattern learning by event observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1029-1039.
43. Hultsch, D. F., Massen, M. E. J., & Small, B. J. (1991). Adult age differences in direct and indirect tests of memory. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 46, 22-30.
44. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
45. Jacoby, L. L. (1994, April). Separating automatic and intended uses of memory. Paper presented at the 1994 Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.
46. Jacoby, L. L. & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
47. Java, R. I., & Gardiner, J. M. (1991). Priming and aging: Further evidence of preserved memory function. American Journal of Psychology, 104, 89-100.
48. Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8, 283-293.
49. Keane, M. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Fennema, A. C., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (1991). Evidence for a dissociation between perceptual and conceptual priming in Alzheimer's Disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 326-342.
50. Knopman, D. S., & Nissen, M. J. (1987). Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 37, 784-788.
51. Knopman, D. S., & Nissen, M. J. (1991). Procedural learning is impaired in Huntington's Disease: Evidence from the serial reaction time task. Neuropsychologia, 29, 245-254.
52. LaVoie, D., & Light, L. L. (1994). Adult age differences in repetition priming. Psychology and Aging, 9, 539-553.
53. Libon, D. J., Glosser, G., Malamut, B. L., Kaplan, E., Goldberg, E., Swenson, R., & Sands, L. P. (1994). Age, executive functions, and visuospatial functioning in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology, 8, 38-43.
54. Light, L. L., & LaVoie, D. (1992, April). Repetition priming for nonwords in young and older adults: Evidence for formation of new associations? Paper presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.
55. Light, L. L., LaVoie, D., Valencia-Laver, D., Owens, S. A. A., & Mead, G. (1992). Direct and indirect measures of memory for modality in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1284-1297.
56. Light, L. L., & Singh, A. (1987). Implicit and explicit memory in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 531-541.
57. Light, L. L., Singh, A., & Capps, J. L. (1986). Dissociation of memory and awareness in young and older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 62-74.
58. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. San Francisco: Freeman.
59. Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (1992). Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 492-508.
60. Marsolek, C. J., Squire, L. R., Kosslyn, S. M , & Lulenski, M. E. (1994). Form-specific explicit and implicit memory in the right cerebral hemisphere. Neuropsychology, 1, 588-597.
61. Meiran, N. & Jelicic, M. (1995). Implicit memory and Alzheimer's Disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 9, 291-303.
62. Micco, A., & Masson, M. E. J. (1991). Implicit memory for new associations: An interactive process approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 1105-1123.
63. Mishkin, M., Malamut, B., & Bachevalier, J. (1984). Memories and habits: Two neural systems. In J. L. McGaugh, G. Lynch, & N. M. Weinberger (Eds.), Neurobiology of learning and memory (pp. 69-77). New York: Guilford.
64. Mitchell, D. B. (1989). How many memory systems? Evidence from aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 31-49.
65. Mitchell, D. B., Brown, A. S., & Murphy, D. R. (1990). Dissociations between procedural and episodic memory: Effects of time and aging. Psychology and Aging, 5, 264-276.
66. Monsch, A. U., Bondi, M. W., Butters, N., Paulsen, J. S., Salmon, D. P., Brugger, P., & Swenson, M. R. (1994). A comparison of category and letter fluency in Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Neuropsychology, 8, 25-30.
67. Moscovitch, M. (1982). A neutopsychological approach to perception and memory in normal and pathological aging. In F. 1. M. Craik & S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 55-79). New York: Plenum.
68. Moscovitch, M. (1992). Memory and working-with-memory: A component process model based on modules and central systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 257-267.
69. Moscovitch, M. (1994). Memory and working-with-memory: A component process model based on modules and central systems. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 269-311). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
70. Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1992). The neuropsychology of memory and aging. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 315-372). Hillsdale, N J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
71. Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., & McLachlan, D.(1986). Memory as assessed by recognition and reading time in normal and memory impaired people with Alzheimer's Disease and other neurological disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 331-347.
72. Musen, G., & Squire, L. R. (1993). On the implicit learning of novel associations by amnesic patients and normal subjects. Neuropsychology, 7, 119-135.
73. Myerson, J., Ferraro, F. R., Hale, S., & Lima, S. D. (1992). General slowing in semantic priming and word recognition. Psychology and Aging, 7, 257-270.
74. Nilsson, L. G., Bäckman, L., & Karlsson, T. (1989). Priming and cued recall in elderly, alcohol intoxicated and sleep deprived subjects: A case of functionally similar memory deficits. Psychological Medicine, 19, 423-433.
75. Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1-32.
76. Nissen, M. J., Knopman, D. S., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). Neurochemical dissociations of memory systems. Neurology, 37, 789-794.
77. Ostergaard, A. L. (1992). A method for judging measures of stochastic dependence: Further comments on the current controversy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 413-420.
78. Park, D. C., & Shaw, R. J. (1992). Effect of environmental support on implicit and explicit memory in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 7, 632-642.
79. Parkin, A. J., & Walter, B. M. (1992). Recollective experience, normal aging, and frontal dysfunction. Psychology and Aging, 7, 290-298.
80. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990). Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual and word-like stimuli. Science, 249, 1014-1044.
81. Petri, H. L., & Mishkin, M. (1994). Behaviorism, cognitivism and the neuropsychology of mind, American Scientist, 82, 30-37.
82. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (1991). Attentional mechanisms and conscious experience. In A. D. Milner & M. D. Rugg (Eds.), The neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 91-111). New York: Academic.
83. Rajaram, S., & Roediger, H. L., III. (1993). Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Perception, 19, 765-776.
84. Randolph, C., (1991). Implicit, explicit, and semantic memory functions in Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington's Disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 479-494.
85. Randolph, C., Braun, A. R., Goldberg, T. E., & Chase, T. N. (1993). Semantic fluency in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease: Dissociation of storage and retrieval failures. Neuropsychology, 7, 82-88.
86. Raz, N., Gunning, F. M., Head, D. P., Dupuis, J. H., & Acker, J. D. (1996, April). Age-related differences in executive abilities are mediated by age-dependent shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex. Paper presented at the 1996 Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.
87. Reingold, E. M., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (1996). Separating consciously controlled and automatic influences in memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 397-406.
88. Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.
89. Richardson-Klavehn, A., Gardiner, J M., & Java, R. I. (1994). Involuntary unconscious memory and the method of opposition. Memory, 2, 1-29.
90. Richardson-Klavehn, A., Lee, M. G., Joubran, R., & Bjork, R. A. (1994). Intention and awareness in perceptual identification priming. Memory & Cognition, 22, 293-312.
91. Roediger, H. L., III. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
92. Roediger, H. L., Rajaram, S., & Srinivas K. (1990). Specifying criteria for postulating memory systems. In A. Diamond (Ed.), Development and neural bases of higher cognitive function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 543-571.
93. Roediger, H. L., III, & Srinivas, K. (1993). Specificity of operations in perceptual priming. In P. Graf & M. E. J. Masson (Eds.), Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology (pp. 17-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
94. Rose, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., Hill, R. D., & Bower, G. H. (1986). Priming effects and recognition memory in young and elderly adults, Experimental Aging Research, 12, 31-37.
95. Rybas, J. M. (1994). Aging, associative priming and test awareness. Aging and Cognition, 1, 158-173.
96. Rybash, J. M., DeLuca, K. L., & Rubenstein, L. (1995). Conscious and unconscious influences on remembering information from the near and distant past. Journal of Adult Development, 2, 15-21.
97. Rybash, J. M., Liao, L. L., & Hoyer, W. J. (in press). Process dissociation procedure reveals age differences in conscious and unconscious influences on memory for possible and impossible objects. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition.
98. Salmon, D. P., Shimamura, A. P., Butters, N., & Smith, S. (1988). Lexical and semantic priming deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 477-494.
99. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 432-444.
100. Schacter, D. L. (1989). On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience. In H. L. Roediger & F.I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving (pp. 355-390). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
101. Schacter, D. L. (1990). Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit Knowledge and anosognosia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12., 155-178.
102. Schacter, D. L. (1992). Understanding implicit memory: A cognitive neuroscience approach. American Psychologist, 47, 559-569.
103. Schacter, D. L. (1994). Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 233-268). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
104. Schacter, D. L., Albert, M. S., Alpert, N. M., Rafferty, B. P., & Rauch, S. L. (1995). A positron emission tomography study of stem completion priming. Manuscript in preparation.
105. Schacter, D. L., Bowers, J., & Booker, J. (1989). Intention, awareness, and implicit memory: The retrieval intentionality criterion. In. J. C. Dunn & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp. 47-65), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
106. Schacter, D. L., Chu, C. Y. P., & Ochsner, K. N. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 159-182.
107. Schacter, D. L., Church, B., & Bolton, E. (1995). Implicit memory in amnesic patients: Impairment of voice-specific priming. Psychological Science, 6, 20-25.
108. Schacter, D. L., Church, B. A., & Osoweicki, D. M. (1994). Auditory priming in elderly adults: Impairment of voice-specific implicit memory. Memory, 2, 295-323.
109. Schacter, D. L., Cooper, L. A., Tharan, M., & Rubens, A. B. (1991). Preserved priming of novel objects in patients with memory disorders. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 117-130.
110. Schacter, D. L., Cooper, L. A., & Valdiserri, M. (1992). Implicit and explicit memory for novel objects in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 7, 299-308.
111. Schacter, D. L., & Graf, P. (1986). Preserved learning in amnesic patients: Perspectives from research on direct priming. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 727-743.
112. Schacter, D. L., & Graf, P. (1989). Modality specificity of implicit memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 3-12.
113. Schacter, D. L., & Tulving, E. (1994). Memory systems 1994. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
114. Schacter, D. L., & Tulving, E. (1994). What are the memory systems of 1994? In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 1-38). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
115. Sherry, D. F., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychological Review, 94, 439-454.
116. Shimamura, A. P., Salmon, D. P., Squire, L. R., & Butters, N. (1987). Memory dysfunction unique to Alzheimer's disease: Impairment of word priming. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 20.
117. Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1989). Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 721-728.
118. Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis of findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231.
119. Squire, L. R. (1994). Declarative and non-declarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 203-232). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
120. Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J. (1995). The organization of memory. In H. Morowitz & J. Singer (Eds.), The mind, the brain and CAS: SFI studies in the sciences of complexity, Vol XXII (pp. 63-97), New York: Addison-Wesley.
121. Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J., Miezen, F., Petersen, S., Videen, T., & Raichle, M. (1992). Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1837-1841.
122. Squire, L. R., Shimarnura, A. P., & Graf, P. (1985). Independence of recognition memory and priming effects: A neuropsychological analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 37-44.
123. Squire, L. R., Shimarnura, A. P., & Graf, P. (1987). Strength and duration of priming effects in normal subjects and amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 25, 195-210.
124. Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science, 253, 1380-1386.
125. Sugar, J., & McDowd, J. M. (1992). Memory and attention in aging. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 307-337). San Diego, CA: Academic.
126. Toth, J. P., Reingold, E. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Toward a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 290-303.
127. Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
128. Tulving, E. (1987). Multiple memory systems and consciousness. Human Neurobiology, 6, 67-80.
129. Tulving, E., Hayman, C. A. G., & MacDonald, C. A. (1991) Long-lasting priming in amnesia: A case experiment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 595-617.
130. Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
131. Weldon, M. S. (1991). Mechanisms underlying priming on perceptual test. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 526-541.
132. Weldon, M. S. (1993). The time course of perceptual and conceptual contributions to word fragment completion priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1010-1023.
133. Wiggs, C. L., & Martin, A. (1994). Aging and feature-specific priming of familiar and novel stimuli. Psychology and Aging, 9, 578-588.