Citizen engagement: Beyond the customer revolution

Canadian Public Administration

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 255-273

  Graham, Katherine A ^a   Phillips, Susan D ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0001201433     PISSN: 00084840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-7121.1997.tb01509.x     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. These include the special twentieth [20 (Special Issue 1978)] and twenty-fifth [25, no. 4 (Winter 1982)] anniversary editions and volumes thirty and thirty-five, which were not special editions. A representative sample of articles from the thirtieth and thirty-fifth volumes of the Journal includes G. Bruce Doern, "The political administration of government reorganization: the merger of DREE and ITC," [30, no. 1 (Spring 1987)], pp. 34-56; Timothy Plumptre, "New perspectives on the role of the deputy Minister" [30, no. 3, (Fall 1987)], pp. 376-98; Evert A. Lindquist, "Public managers and policy communities: learning to meet new challenges" [35, no. 2 (Summer 1992)], pp. 127-59; and Scott Bennett and Margaret McPhail, "Policy process perceptions of senior Canadian federal civil servants: a view of the state and its environment" [35, no. 3 (Fall 1992)], pp. 299-316.
2. These include the special twentieth [20 (Special Issue 1978)] and twenty-fifth [25, no. 4 (Winter 1982)] anniversary editions and volumes thirty and thirty-five, which were not special editions. A representative sample of articles from the thirtieth and thirty-fifth volumes of the Journal includes G. Bruce Doern, "The political administration of government reorganization: the merger of DREE and ITC," [30, no. 1 (Spring 1987)], pp. 34-56; Timothy Plumptre, "New perspectives on the role of the deputy Minister" [30, no. 3, (Fall 1987)], pp. 376-98; Evert A. Lindquist, "Public managers and policy communities: learning to meet new challenges" [35, no. 2 (Summer 1992)], pp. 127-59; and Scott Bennett and Margaret McPhail, "Policy process perceptions of senior Canadian federal civil servants: a view of the state and its environment" [35, no. 3 (Fall 1992)], pp. 299-316.
3. These include the special twentieth [20 (Special Issue 1978)] and twenty-fifth [25, no. 4 (Winter 1982)] anniversary editions and volumes thirty and thirty-five, which were not special editions. A representative sample of articles from the thirtieth and thirty-fifth volumes of the Journal includes G. Bruce Doern, "The political administration of government reorganization: the merger of DREE and ITC," [30, no. 1 (Spring 1987)], pp. 34-56; Timothy Plumptre, "New perspectives on the role of the deputy Minister" [30, no. 3, (Fall 1987)], pp. 376-98; Evert A. Lindquist, "Public managers and policy communities: learning to meet new challenges" [35, no. 2 (Summer 1992)], pp. 127-59; and Scott Bennett and Margaret McPhail, "Policy process perceptions of senior Canadian federal civil servants: a view of the state and its environment" [35, no. 3 (Fall 1992)], pp. 299-316.
4. These include the special twentieth [20 (Special Issue 1978)] and twenty-fifth [25, no. 4 (Winter 1982)] anniversary editions and volumes thirty and thirty-five, which were not special editions. A representative sample of articles from the thirtieth and thirty-fifth volumes of the Journal includes G. Bruce Doern, "The political administration of government reorganization: the merger of DREE and ITC," [30, no. 1 (Spring 1987)], pp. 34-56; Timothy Plumptre, "New perspectives on the role of the deputy Minister" [30, no. 3, (Fall 1987)], pp. 376-98; Evert A. Lindquist, "Public managers and policy communities: learning to meet new challenges" [35, no. 2 (Summer 1992)], pp. 127-59; and Scott Bennett and Margaret McPhail, "Policy process perceptions of senior Canadian federal civil servants: a view of the state and its environment" [35, no. 3 (Fall 1992)], pp. 299-316.
5. See for example James C. McDavid and Eric G. Clemens, "Contracting out local government services: the B.C. experience," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 177-94 and Kenneth Kernaghan, "Partnership and public administration: conceptual and practical considerations," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 36, no. 1 (Spring 1993), pp. 57-76.
6. See for example James C. McDavid and Eric G. Clemens, "Contracting out local government services: the B.C. experience," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 177-94 and Kenneth Kernaghan, "Partnership and public administration: conceptual and practical considerations," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 36, no. 1 (Spring 1993), pp. 57-76.
7. For a discussion of the new social union, see Margaret Biggs, Building Blocks for the New Social Union (Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network, 1996). Some of the implications of the New Social Union for social policy are discussed in Sandra Bach and Susan D. Phillips, "Constructing a New Social Union: Child Care Beyond Infancy?" in Gene Swimmer, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1997-98. Seeing Red (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1997).
8. For a discussion of the new social union, see Margaret Biggs, Building Blocks for the New Social Union (Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network, 1996). Some of the implications of the New Social Union for social policy are discussed in Sandra Bach and Susan D. Phillips, "Constructing a New Social Union: Child Care Beyond Infancy?" in Gene Swimmer, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1997-98. Seeing Red (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1997).
9. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 192.
10. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, "The Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory," Ethics 104 no. 2 (January 1994), pp. 370-2; Iris Marion Young, "Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship," Ethics 99, no. 2 (January 1989), pp. 250-74.
11. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, "The Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory," Ethics 104 no. 2 (January 1994), pp. 370-2; Iris Marion Young, "Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship," Ethics 99, no. 2 (January 1989), pp. 250-74.
12. Jane Jenson and Susan D. Phillips, "Regime Shift: New Citizenship Practices in Canada," International Journal of Canadian Studies 14 (Fall 1996), p. 4.
13. For more on citizenship regimes in an international context, see Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). It should be noted that the concept of citizenship and the development of citizenship regimes is not restricted to nation-states. Nations, such as aboriginal nations, can also have their own definitions of citizenship and citizenship regimes. For more on this, see Gerald R. Alfred, Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors (Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press Canada, 1995) and the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Volume 2. Restructuring the Relationship, Part One (Ottawa: Canada Communications Group, 1996).
14. For more on citizenship regimes in an international context, see Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). It should be noted that the concept of citizenship and the development of citizenship regimes is not restricted to nation-states. Nations, such as aboriginal nations, can also have their own definitions of citizenship and citizenship regimes. For more on this, see Gerald R. Alfred, Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors (Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press Canada, 1995) and the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Volume 2. Restructuring the Relationship, Part One (Ottawa: Canada Communications Group, 1996).
15. For more on citizenship regimes in an international context, see Yasemin Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). It should be noted that the concept of citizenship and the development of citizenship regimes is not restricted to nation-states. Nations, such as aboriginal nations, can also have their own definitions of citizenship and citizenship regimes. For more on this, see Gerald R. Alfred, Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors (Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press Canada, 1995) and the report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Volume 2. Restructuring the Relationship, Part One (Ottawa: Canada Communications Group, 1996).
16. The classics in this particular context are C.B MacPherson, Democracy in Alberta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950); and S.M. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953). A more recent probe of the salient contexts for the exercise of citizenship can be found in Roger Gibbins, "Another New West: Environmentalism and the New Policy Agenda," in Frances D. Abele, ed. How Ottawa Spends 1991-92. The Politics of Fragmentation. (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991), pp. 107-26.
17. The classics in this particular context are C.B MacPherson, Democracy in Alberta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950); and S.M. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953). A more recent probe of the salient contexts for the exercise of citizenship can be found in Roger Gibbins, "Another New West: Environmentalism and the New Policy Agenda," in Frances D. Abele, ed. How Ottawa Spends 1991-92. The Politics of Fragmentation. (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991), pp. 107-26.
18. The classics in this particular context are C.B MacPherson, Democracy in Alberta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950); and S.M. Lipset, Agrarian Socialism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953). A more recent probe of the salient contexts for the exercise of citizenship can be found in Roger Gibbins, "Another New West: Environmentalism and the New Policy Agenda," in Frances D. Abele, ed. How Ottawa Spends 1991-92. The Politics of Fragmentation. (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991), pp. 107-26.
19. Jenson and Phillips, "Regime Shift," International Journal of Canadian Studies.
20. For more on funding, see Leslie A. Pal, Interests of State: The Politics of Language, Multiculturalism, and Feminism in Canada. (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993).
21. For more on this, see Keith G. Banting, "Who 'R' Us?" Paper presented to the Canadian Association of Business Economists, Ottawa, May 1995; and Antonia Maioni, "Ideology and Process in the Politics of Social Reform," in Keith Banting and Ken Battle, eds., New Social Vision for Canada? (Kingston: Queen's University, School of Policy Studies, 1994), pp. 117-23.
22. For more on this, see Keith G. Banting, "Who 'R' Us?" Paper presented to the Canadian Association of Business Economists, Ottawa, May 1995; and Antonia Maioni, "Ideology and Process in the Politics of Social Reform," in Keith Banting and Ken Battle, eds., New Social Vision for Canada? (Kingston: Queen's University, School of Policy Studies, 1994), pp. 117-23.
23. Jane Jenson, "Citizenship and Equity: Variations across Space and in Time," in Jane Hiebert, ed., Political Ethics: A Canadian Perspective (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1991), pp. 195-264.
24. Thomas Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr., In Search of Excellence (New York: Warner Books, 1982).
25. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector from Schoolhouse to State House, City Hall to Pentagon (New York: Plume, 1993). Originally published in 1982 by Addison-Wesley.
26. For debates about the new public management in the pages of this journal, see, for example: Donald Savoie, "What is wrong with the new public management?"; Sandford Borins, "The new public management is here to stay"; Donald Savoie, "Just another voice from the pulpit"; and Sandford Borins, "A last word." This exchange occurred in CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 112-38.
27. For debates about the new public management in the pages of this journal, see, for example: Donald Savoie, "What is wrong with the new public management?"; Sandford Borins, "The new public management is here to stay"; Donald Savoie, "Just another voice from the pulpit"; and Sandford Borins, "A last word." This exchange occurred in CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 112-38.
28. For debates about the new public management in the pages of this journal, see, for example: Donald Savoie, "What is wrong with the new public management?"; Sandford Borins, "The new public management is here to stay"; Donald Savoie, "Just another voice from the pulpit"; and Sandford Borins, "A last word." This exchange occurred in CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 112-38.
29. For debates about the new public management in the pages of this journal, see, for example: Donald Savoie, "What is wrong with the new public management?"; Sandford Borins, "The new public management is here to stay"; Donald Savoie, "Just another voice from the pulpit"; and Sandford Borins, "A last word." This exchange occurred in CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 112-38.
30. See Peter Aucoin, "Political Science and Democratic Governance," Canadian Journal of Political Science 29, no. 4 (December 1996), pp. 643-60; and Jane Jenson, "The Costs of Political Elitism," in C.E.S. Franks et al., eds., Canada's Century. Governance in a Maturing Society: Essays in Honour of John Meisel (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995, pp. 217-37.
31. See Peter Aucoin, "Political Science and Democratic Governance," Canadian Journal of Political Science 29, no. 4 (December 1996), pp. 643-60; and Jane Jenson, "The Costs of Political Elitism," in C.E.S. Franks et al., eds., Canada's Century. Governance in a Maturing Society: Essays in Honour of John Meisel (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995, pp. 217-37.
32. Alexandra Dobrowolsky and Jane Jenson, "Reforming the Parties: Prescriptions for Democracy," in Susan D. Phillips, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1993-94. A More Democratic Canada ... ? (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1993), pp. 43-82.
33. Exclusion of the public from executive federalism was longstanding, however. See Richard Simeon, Federal-Provincial Diplomacy: The Making of Recent Policy in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972).
34. Robert Howse lays out and critiques the argument that decentralization will enhance democracy. See "Federalism, Democracy, and Regulatory Reform: A Sceptical View of the Case for Decentralization," in Karen Knop et al., eds., Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets, and Governments in a Changing World (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995), pp. 273-93.
35. For a review of federal consultations during this period, see Susan D. Phillips, "How Ottawa Blends: Shifting Government Relations with Interest Groups," in Frances Abele, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1991-92: The Politics of Fragmentation (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1991), pp. 183-227.
36. For a discussion of the Social Security Review process, see Keith G. Banting, "The social policy review: policy making in a semi-sovereign society," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, 38, no. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 283-90.
37. Criticisms of public participation have been quite public. See, for example, the editorial "Second Opinion on Consultation," The Ottawa Citizen, 13 February 1997, p. A10.
38. For a fuller discussion of citizen surveys at the local level, see Hari Das, Mallika Das and Francis McKenzie, "Assessing the 'will of the people': an investigation into town service delivery satisfaction," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 1, (Spring 1995), pp. 77-93; and Michael Fenn, "Expanding the Frontiers of Public Participation: Public Involvement in Municipal Budgeting and Finance," in Katherine Graham and Susan Phillips, eds., Citizen Engagement: Lessons from Local Government in Canada (Toronto: Institute of Public Administration of Canada and Intergovernmental Committee on Urban and Regional Research, 1997, forthcoming).
39. For a fuller discussion of citizen surveys at the local level, see Hari Das, Mallika Das and Francis McKenzie, "Assessing the 'will of the people': an investigation into town service delivery satisfaction," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 38, no. 1, (Spring 1995), pp. 77-93; and Michael Fenn, "Expanding the Frontiers of Public Participation: Public Involvement in Municipal Budgeting and Finance," in Katherine Graham and Susan Phillips, eds., Citizen Engagement: Lessons from Local Government in Canada (Toronto: Institute of Public Administration of Canada and Intergovernmental Committee on Urban and Regional Research, 1997, forthcoming).
40. Paul Pierson argues that a similar strategy was followed in the United States and the U.K. See Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment (London: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
41. Various poll results showing that a majority of the public would like to reinvestment in social programs once the goal of deficit reduction has been met are discussed in Gene Swimmer. "Seeing Red: a Liberal Report Card," in Swimmer, How Ottawa Spends 1997-98: Seeing Red (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1997).
42. Tom Spears, "10,000 Rally for Montfort," The Ottawa Citizen 23 March 1997, p. A1.
43. Ross Howard, "B.C. Election-fraud Ruling Deemed Watershed," The Globe and Mail [national edition] 1 March 1997, p. A4.
44. See Michael Walzer, "The Civil Society Argument," in Ronald Beiner, ed., Theorizing Citizenship (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), pp. 158-60; and David Prior, John Stewart and Kieron Walsh, Citizenship: Rights, Community and Participation (London: Pitman Publishing, 1995), pp. 48-69.
45. See Michael Walzer, "The Civil Society Argument," in Ronald Beiner, ed., Theorizing Citizenship (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), pp. 158-60; and David Prior, John Stewart and Kieron Walsh, Citizenship: Rights, Community and Participation (London: Pitman Publishing, 1995), pp. 48-69.
46. Fo more on the question of depoliticization of the state, see Jon Pierre, "The Marketization of the State: Citizens, Consumers, and the Emergence of the Public Market," in B. Guy Peters and Donald J. Savoie, eds., Governance in a Changing Environment (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1995), pp. 55-81. An indication of the pervasiveness of the concept of service is evidenced in the paper by Rob Dobell and Luc Bernier who, while advocating in favour of more citizen-centred government, refer to politics as "the delivery, visibly of services to citizens." See Rod Dobell and Luc Bernier, "Citizen-centered Governance: Implications for Inter-Governmental Canada," in Robin Ford and David Zussman, eds., Alternative Service Delivery (Toronto: KPMG Centre for Government Foundation and IPAC, 1997), pp. 250-65..
47. Fo more on the question of depoliticization of the state, see Jon Pierre, "The Marketization of the State: Citizens, Consumers, and the Emergence of the Public Market," in B. Guy Peters and Donald J. Savoie, eds., Governance in a Changing Environment (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1995), pp. 55-81. An indication of the pervasiveness of the concept of service is evidenced in the paper by Rob Dobell and Luc Bernier who, while advocating in favour of more citizen-centred government, refer to politics as "the delivery, visibly of services to citizens." See Rod Dobell and Luc Bernier, "Citizen-centered Governance: Implications for Inter-Governmental Canada," in Robin Ford and David Zussman, eds., Alternative Service Delivery (Toronto: KPMG Centre for Government Foundation and IPAC, 1997), pp. 250-65..
48. For a full discussion of co-production at the local level, see Katherine Graham and Susan Phillips Urban Governance in Canada: Representation, Resources and Restructuring (Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada, 1997, forthcoming). Co-production is conceptually distinct from corporatism, a term generally used to refer to the institutionalized management of public affairs by government business and labour. Co-production relationships are much more fluid and involve governments with a much wider range of organizations and interests.
49. During this time, co-production with the private sector has expanded enormously as well, raising some equally thorny issues. For example, business is increasingly arguing that if it is paying a bigger share of the costs of certain services, such as food inspection, it should have a greater say in the regulatory processes governing those services. For discussion of how local governments have dealt with some of these challenges, see Katherine Graham, "'Brought to you by...': Ethical Issues Surrounding Corporate Sponsorship of Municipal Government Activities," The Municipal Sourcebook (Ottawa: Canadian Association of Municipal Administrators and Federation of Canadian Municipalities, 1997).
50. Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, City of Toronto and Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 1995 Community Agency Survey, Metropolitan Toronto (Toronto: Municipalit,y 1996), p. 9. It is difficult to get an exact figure on corporate philanthropy for social-service organizations. In the case of the Metro Toronto study, five per cent of the agencies' total income came collectively from corporate donations, contributions from charitable foundations and business revenue. We estimate the corporate component to be about two per cent.
51. David Sharpe, A Portrait of Canada's Charities (Toronto: Canadian Centre for Philanthropy, 1994).
52. Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, City of Toronto and Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 1995 Community Agency Survey, pp. 14-17.
53. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993) and "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (January 1995), pp. 65-78.
54. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993) and "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (January 1995), pp. 65-78.
55. Michael Foley and Bob Edwards, "The Paradox of Civil Society," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 3, (July 1996), p. 41.
56. Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1991).
57. Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).