Light diffusion and diffusing-wave spectroscopy in nematic liquid crystals

Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 156-178

  Collings, P J ^b   Kao, M H ^a   Jester, K A ^a   Lubensky, T C ^a   Yodh, A G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b SWARTHMORE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001200628     PISSN: 10847529     EISSN: 15208532     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.14.000156     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Y. Kuga and A. Ishimaru, “Retroreflectance from a dense distribution of spherical particles, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 831–835 (1984);
2. M. P. van Albada and A. Lagendijk, “Observation of weak localization of light in a random medium, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2692–2695 (1985);
3. P. E. Wolf and G. Maret, “Weak localization and coherent backscattering of photons in disordered media, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2696–2699 (1985);
4. S. Etemad, R. Thompson, and M. J. An-drejco, “Weak localization of photons: universal fluctuations and ensemble averaging, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 575–578 (1986);
5. M. Kaveh, M. Rosenbluh, I. Edrei, and I. Freund, “Weak localization and light scattering from disordered solids, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2049–2052 (1986);
6. S. Etemad, “Weak localization of photons: termination of coherent random walks by absorption and confined geometry, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1420–1423 (1987);
7. M. Rosenbluh, I. Edrei, M. Kaveh, and I. Freund, “Precision determinations of the line shape for coherently backscattered light from disordered solids: comparison of vector and scalar theories, ” Phys. Rev. A 35, 4458–4460 (1987);
8. E. Akkermans and R. Maynard, “Weak localization of waves, ” J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 46, L-1045-L-1053 (1985);
9. E. Akkermans, P. E. Wolf, and R. Maynard, “Coherent backscattering of light by disordered media: analysis of the peak line shape, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1471–1474 (1986);
10. M. J. Stephen and G. Cwilich, “Rayleigh scattering and weak localization: effects of polarization, ” Phys. Rev. B 34, 7564–7572 (1986);
11. M. B. van der Mark, M. P. van Albada, and A. Lagendijk, “Light scattering in strongly scattering media: multiple scattering and weak localization, ” Phys. Rev. B 37, 3575–3592 (1988);
12. E. Akkermans, P. E. Wolf, R. Maynard, and G. Maret, “Theoretical study of the coherent backscattering of light by disordered media, ” J. Phys. (Paris) 49, 77–98 (1988);
13. F. C. MacKintosh and S. John, “Coherent backscattering of light in the presence of time-reversal-noninvariant and parity-nonconserving media, ” Phys. Rev. B 37, 1884–1897 (1988).
14. A. A. Golubentsev, “Suppression of interference effects in multiple scattering of light, ” Sov. Phys. JETP 59, 26–32 (1984).
15. S. Feng and P. A. Lee, “Mesoscopic conductors and correctionals in laser speckle patterns, ” Science 251, 633–639 (1991).
16. N. Garcia and A. Z. Genack, “Crossover to strong intensity correlation for microwave radiation in random media, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1678–1681 (1989);
17. M. P. van Albada, J. F. de Boer, and A. Lagendijk, “Observation of long-range intensity correlation in the transport of coherent light through a random medium, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2787–2790 (1990).
18. A. Genack and N. Garcia, “Observation of photon localization in a three-dimensional disordered system, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2064–2067 (1991);
19. S. John, “Localization of light, ” Phys. Today 41, 32–40 (1991);
20. P. Sheng, ed. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990).
21. E. Yablonovitch and T. J. Gmitter, “Photonic band structure: the face-centered-cubic case, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1950–1953 (1987).
22. N. M. Lawandy, R. Balachandran, A. Gomes, and E. Sau-vin, “Laser action in strongly scattering media, ” Nature (London) 368, 436–438 (1994);
23. D. S. Wierswa, M. P. Vanal-bada, and A. Lagendijk, “Coherent backscattering of light from amplifying random media, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1739–742 (1995).
24. D. J. Pine, D. A. Weitz, G. Maret, P. E. Wolf, E. Herbolz-heimer, and P. M. Chaikin, “Dynamical correlations of multiply scattered light, ” in Scattering and Localization of Classical Waves in Random Media, ” P. Sheng, ed., Vol. 8 of Directions in Condensed Matter Physics (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990), pp. 312–372.
25. F. C. MacKintosh and S. John, “Diffusing-wave spectroscopy and multiple scattering of light in correlated random media, ” Phys. Rev. B 40, 2383–2406 (1989).
26. G. Maret and P. E. Wolf, “Multiple light scattering from disordered media. The effect of Brownian motion of scat-terers, ” Z. Phys. B 65, 409–413 (1987);
27. M. Rosenbluh, M. Hoshen, I. Freund, and M. Kaveh, “Time evolution of universal optical fluctuations, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2754–2757 (1987);
28. D. J. Pine, D. A. Weitz, P. M. Chaikin, and E. Her-bolzheimer, “Diffusing-wave spectroscopy, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1134–1137 (1988);
29. M. J. Stephen, “Temporal fluctuations in wave propagation in random media, ” Phys. Rev. B 37, 1–5 (1988).
30. M. H. Kao, A. G. Yodh, and D. J. Pine, “Observation of Brownian motion on the time scale of hydrodynamic interactions, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 242–245 (1993);
31. P. D. Kaplan, A. G. Yodh, and D. J. Pine, “Diffusion and structure in dense binary suspensions, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 393–396 (1992);
32. A. J. C. Ladd, H. Gang, J. X. Zhu, and D. A. Weitz, “Time-dependent collective diffusion of colloidal particles, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 318–321 (1995);
33. S. J. Nilsen and A. P. Gast, “The influence of structure on diffusion in screened Coulombic suspensions, ” J. Chem. Phys. 101, 4975–4985 (1994);
34. X. Qiu, X. L. Wu, J. Z. Xue, D. J. Pine, D. A. Weitz, and P. M. Chaikin, “Hydrodynamic interactions in concentrated suspensions, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 516–519 (1990);
35. D. A. Weitz, D. J. Pine, P. N. Pusey, and R. J. A. Tough, “Nondiffusive Brownian motion studied by diffusing-wave spectroscopy, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1747–1750 (1989);
36. J. X. Zhu, D. J. Durian, J. Muller, D. A. Weitz, and D. J. Pine, “Scaling of transient hydrodynamic interactions in concentrated suspensions, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2559–2562 (1992).
37. D. J. Durian, D. A. Weitz, and D. J. Pine, “Multiple light-scattering probes of foam structure and dynamics, ” Science 252, 686–688 (1991);
38. A. D. Gopal and D. J. Durian, “Nonlinear bubble dynamics in a slowly driven foam, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 2610–2613 (1995).
39. H. Gang, A. H. Krall, and D. A. Weitz, “Shape fluctuations of interacting fluid droplets, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3435–3458 (1994).
40. D. G. Dalgleish and D. S. Horne, “Studies of gelation of acidified and renneted milks using diffusing-wave spectroscopy, ” Milchwissenschaft 46, 417–424 (1991);
41. P. D. Kaplan, A. G. Yodh, and D. F. Townsend, “Noninvasive study of gel formation in polymer-stabilized dense colloids using multiply scattered light, ” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 155, 319–324 (1993).
42. D. A. Boas, L. J. Campbell, and A. G. Yodh, “Scattering and imaging with diffusing temporal correlations, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1855–1859 (1995).
43. M. Cutler, “Transillumination as an aid in the diagnosis of breast lesions, with special reference to its value in cases of bleeding nipple, ” Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 49, 508–512 (1929).
44. A. G. Yodh and B. Chance, “Spectroscopy and imaging with diffusing light, ” Phys. Today 48, 34–40 (1995);
45. B. Chance and R. R. Alfano, eds., Optical Tomography: Photon Migration, and Spectroscopy of Tissue and Model Media: Theory, Human Studies, and Instrumentation, Proc. SPIE 2389 (1995).
46. M. S. Patterson, B. Chance, and B. C. Wilson, “Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the noninvasive measurement of tissue optical properties, ” Appl. Opt. 28, 2331–2336 (1989);
47. M. S. Patterson, J. D. Moulton, B. C. Wilson, K. W. Berndt, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Frequency-domain reflectance for the determination of the scattering and absorption properties of tissue, “ Appl. Opt. 30, 4474–4478 (1991).
48. E. Gratton, W. Mantulin, M. J. van de Ven, J. Fishkin, M. Maris, and B. Chance, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference: Peace through Mind/Brain Science, August 5–10, 1990 (Hamamatsu Corp., Hamamatsu, Japan, 1990), pp. 183–189.
49. D. A. Benaron and D. K. Stevenson “Optical time of flight and absorbance imaging of biologic media, ” Science 259, 1463–1466 (1993);
50. D. T. Delpy, M. Cope, P. van de Zee, S. Arridge, S. Wray, and J. Wyatt, “Estimation of optical path-length through tissue from direct time of flight measurement, ” Phys. Med. Biol. 33, 1433–1442 (1988);
51. S. L. Jacques, “Time resolved propagation of ultrashort laser pulses within turbid tissues, ” Appl. Opt. 28, 2223–2229
52. M. S. Patterson, B. Chance, and B. C. Wilson, “Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the noninvasive measurement of tissue optical properties, ” Appl. Opt. 28, 2331–2336 (1989).
53. D. A. Boas, M. A. O’Leary, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Scattering and wavelength transduction of diffuse photon density waves, ” Phys. Rev. E 47, R2999-R3003 (1993);
54. M. A. O’Leary, D. A. Boas, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Refraction of diffuse photon density waves, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2658–2661 (1992).
55. J. Fishkin and E. Gratton, “Propagation of photon density waves in strongly scattering media containing an absorbing semi-infinite plane bounded by a straight edge, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 127–140 (1993).
56. J. M. Schmitt, A. Knuttel, and J. R. Knudsen, “Interference of diffusive light waves, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1832–1843 (1992).
57. E. M. Sevick, J. Lakowicz, H. Szmacinski, K. Nowacyzk, and M. L. Johnson, “Frequency domain imaging of absorbers obscured by scattering, ” J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 16, 169–185 (1992);
58. B. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media, ” Appl. Opt. 32, 607–616 (1993).
59. S. P. Gopinath, C. Roberston, and B. Chance, “Near-infrared spectroscopic localization of intracranial hematomas, ” J. Neurosurg. 79, 43–47 (1993).
60. C. D. Kurth, J. M. Steven, and S. C. Nicolson, “Cerebral oxygenation during pediatric cardiac surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, ” Anesthesiology 82, 74–82
61. (1995).
62. W. Bank and B. Chance, “An oxidative defect in metabolic myopathies: diagnosed by non-invasive tissue oximetry, ” Ann. Neurol. 36, 830–837 (1994);
63. W. Bank and B. Chance, “Diagnosis of mitochondrial disease by NIRS, ” in Optical Tomography: Photon Migration, and Spectroscopy of Tissue and Model Media: Theory, Human Studies, and Instrumentation, B. Chance and R. R. Alfano, eds., Proc. SPIE 2389, 829–834;
64. B. Chance and W. Bank, “Genetic disease of mitochondrial function evaluated by NMR and NIR spectroscopy of skeletal tissue, ” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1271, 7–14 (1995).
65. S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, W. M. Mantulin, K. T. Moesta, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kashke, “Frequency-domain optical mammography: edge effect corrections, ” Med. Phys. 23, 1–9 (1996);
66. M. A. France-schini, K. T. Moesta, S. Fantini, G. Gaida, E. Gratton, H. Jess, M. Seeber, P. M. Schlag, and M. Kashke, “Frequency-domain techniques enhance optical mammography: initial clinical results, ” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (to be published).
67. H. Stark and T. C. Lubensky, “Multiple light scattering in nematic liquid crystals, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2229–2232
68. M. H. Kao, K. A. Jester, A. G. Yodh, and P. J. Collings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2233–2236 (1996).
69. H. Stark and T. C. Lubensky, “Multiple light scattering in anisotropic random media, ” Phys. Rev. E (to be published).
70. P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, 2nd ed. (Clarendon, Oxford, 1993).
71. S. Chandrasekhar, Liquid Crystals, 2nd ed. (Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, 1992).
72. D. V. Vlasov, L. A. Zubkov, N. V. Orekhova, and V. P. Romanov, “Weak localization due to scattering of light in non-oriented liquid crystals, ” JETP Lett. 48, 91–93 (1988)
73. D. V. Vlasov, L. A. Zubkov, N. V. Orekhova, and V. P. Romanov, [Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 48, 86–88 (1988)].
74. H. K. M. Vithana, L. Asfaw, and D. L. Johnson, “Coherent backscattering of light in a nematic liquid crystal, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3561–3564 (1993).
75. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifschitz, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, Vol. 8 of Course of Theoretical Physics, 1st English ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1960), Chap. 11.
76. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1980).
77. R. C. Haskell, L. O. Svaasand, T. Tsay, T. Feng, M. S. McAdams, and B. J. Tromberg, “Boundary conditions for the diffusion equations in radiative transfer, ” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, 2727–2741 (1994).
78. M. Lax and D. F. Nelson, in “Adventures in Green’s land: light scattering in anisotropic media, ” in Proceedings of the Third Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, L. Mandel and E. Wolf, eds. (Plenum, New York, 1973), pp. 415–445.
79. D. Forster, T. C. Lubensky, P. C. Martin, J. Swift, and P. S. Pershan, “Hydrodynamics of liquid crystals, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1016–1019 (1971).
80. D. Langevin and M.-A. Bouchiat, “Anisotropy of the turbidity of an oriented nematic liquid crystal, ” J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. 36, C1-197-C1-202 (1975).
81. U. Frisch, in “Wave propagation in random media, ” in Probabilistic Methods in Applied Mathematics, A. T. Barucha-Reid, ed. (Academic, New York, 1968), Vol. 1, pp. 75–198.
82. Ping Sheng, Introduction to Wave Scattering, Localization, and Mesoscopic Phenomena, 1st ed. (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1995).
83. S. Ramaswamy, “Multiple light scattering and photon diffusion in a nematic liquid crystal, ” J. Phys. C 98, 9318–9321 (1994).
84. D. A. Weitz and D. J. Pine, in “Diffusing-wave spectroscopy, ” in Dynamic Light Scattering, W. Brown, ed. (Oxford U. Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 652–720.
85. A. Y. Val’kov and V. P. Romanov, “Characteristics of propagation and scattering of light in nematic liquid crystals, ” Sov. Phys. JETP 63, 737–743 (1986)
86. A. Y. Val’kov and V. P. Romanov [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 90, 1264–1274 (1986)].
87. B. A. Tiggelen, R. Maynard, and A. Heiderich, “Anisotropic light diffusion in oriented nematic liquid crystals, ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 639–642 (1996).