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Although the term “self-protonation” is, stricto sensu, incorrect since it does not refer to a proton-transfer reaction between two identical molecules, it is commonly employed by electrochemists to describe the proton-transfer reaction between an electrogenerated base and the parent compound.11a Although the occurrence of such a mechanism has been often reported or can be suspected on the basis of the electrochemical results, detailed kinetic studies have been reported only recently11c on the basis of pertinent theoretical treatments.11b,d-f
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Although the term “self-protonation” is, stricto sensu, incorrect since it does not refer to a proton-transfer reaction between two identical molecules, it is commonly employed by electrochemists to describe the proton-transfer reaction between an electrogenerated base and the parent compound.11a Although the occurrence of such a mechanism has been often reported or can be suspected on the basis of the electrochemical results, detailed kinetic studies have been reported only recently11c on the basis of pertinent theoretical treatments.11b,d-f (a) Amatore, C.; Capobianco, G.; Farnia, G.; Sandonà, G.; Savéant, J. M.; Severin, M. G.; Vianello, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 1815–1824.
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84873592413
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In line with the general electroreduction behavior of organic hal-ides,13a,b the overall reduction (1) is actually a multistep process, the rate being determined by the uptake of the first electron. The reductive bond cleavage reaction affords a radical which is reduced at the electrode as soon as it is produced, with formation of the carbanion. Bard, A. J., Lund, H., Eds.; Dekker: New York
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In line with the general electroreduction behavior of organic hal-ides,13a,b the overall reduction (1) is actually a multistep process, the rate being determined by the uptake of the first electron. The reductive bond cleavage reaction affords a radical which is reduced at the electrode as soon as it is produced, with formation of the carbanion. (a) Hawley, M. D. In Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements; Bard, A. J., Lund, H., Eds.; Dekker: New York, 1980; Vol. XIV.
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Bordwell, F. G.; Fried, H. E.; Hughes, D. L.; Lynch, T.-Y.; Satish, A. V.; Whang, Y. E. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 3330–3336.
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Lynch, T.-Y.4
Satish, A.V.5
Whang, Y.E.6
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35
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0040664359
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The pKa of formanilide in DMSO originally reported 20a to be 19.7 has been corrected to Bordwell's scale according to Petrov. 20b
-
The pKa of formanilide in DMSO originally reported 20a to be 19.7 has been corrected to Bordwell's scale according to Petrov. 20b (a) Kravtsov, D. N.; Peregudov, A. S.; Petrov, E. S.; Terekhova, M. I.; Shatenshtein, A. I. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. 1981, 1259.
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Shatenshtein, A.I.5
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37
-
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85023341285
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-
The proton transfer 6 between the bromo amide anion and the NH-acids of Table II proceeds in the thermodynamically favorable direction at almost diffusional rates so that the forward rate constants are in the 104−107 M−1 s−1 range, depending on the ΔpKa. On the other hand, when both rate constants are significantly smaller, as we found for instance with CH-acids such as 2-bromofluorene and phenylacetonitrile, the overlapping of the experimental and simulated curves becomes inaccurate. In fact, with acids of this type, high λ values cannot be attained and thus high γ values are required in order to observe significant third peak effects. Under these experimental conditions, the resulting voltammograms are rather featureless because the third peak effect is more spread out along the voltammogram.
-
The proton transfer 6 between the bromo amide anion and the NH-acids of Table II proceeds in the thermodynamically favorable direction at almost diffusional rates so that the forward rate constants are in the 104−107 M−1 s−1 range, depending on the ΔpKa. On the other hand, when both rate constants are significantly smaller, as we found for instance with CH-acids such as 2-bromofluorene and phenylacetonitrile, the overlapping of the experimental and simulated curves becomes inaccurate. In fact, with acids of this type, high λ values cannot be attained and thus high γ values are required in order to observe significant third peak effects. Under these experimental conditions, the resulting voltammograms are rather featureless because the third peak effect is more spread out along the voltammogram.
-
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-
38
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0001030014
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Bordwell, F. G.; Branca, C. J.; Hughes, D. L.; Olmstead, W. N. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 3305–3313.
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Olmstead, W.N.4
-
39
-
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85023389866
-
-
The accessible pKa ranges for compounds 4, 5, and 6 are indeed slightly reduced on the right hand side with respect to the range 1.4 ≤ ΔpKa ≤ 4.2 depicted in Figure 6. This is due to the fact that the bromo amide anions of 4, 5, and 6 are stable only for scan rates higher than ca. 1, 1, and 2 V/s, respectively, and thus measurements with exogenous acids providing ΔpKa values higher than ca. 3.8 are precluded.
-
The accessible pKa ranges for compounds 4, 5, and 6 are indeed slightly reduced on the right hand side with respect to the range 1.4 ≤ ΔpKa ≤ 4.2 depicted in Figure 6. This is due to the fact that the bromo amide anions of 4, 5, and 6 are stable only for scan rates higher than ca. 1, 1, and 2 V/s, respectively, and thus measurements with exogenous acids providing ΔpKa values higher than ca. 3.8 are precluded.
-
-
-
40
-
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85023389181
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-
Accordingly, we performed some explorative third peak measurements with bromo amide 3 using an inert electrode surface such as that provided by the glassy carbon electrode. With this electrode, the difference between the potential of the first and second peak is significantly reduced with respect to the behavior at mercury, in particular owing to a negative shift of the first peak. Nevertheless, the results obtained with mercury were reproduced within the experimental error. However, the use of glassy carbon is unpractical because the potential difference between the two main peaks must be as large as possible in order to have a third peak current unaffected by the foot of the second peak. We also performed some measurements with bromo amides 2 and 3 using tetra-butylammonium perchlorate in place of TEAP. Although the nature of the supporting electrolyte affects the positions of both peaks, the outcome of the measurements reported in Table III was not altered, at least within the overall error on pKa.
-
The fact that the reduction of α-bromo amides is affected to some degree by the mercury electrode was taken into consideration. Accordingly, we performed some explorative third peak measurements with bromo amide 3 using an inert electrode surface such as that provided by the glassy carbon electrode. With this electrode, the difference between the potential of the first and second peak is significantly reduced with respect to the behavior at mercury, in particular owing to a negative shift of the first peak. Nevertheless, the results obtained with mercury were reproduced within the experimental error. However, the use of glassy carbon is unpractical because the potential difference between the two main peaks must be as large as possible in order to have a third peak current unaffected by the foot of the second peak. We also performed some measurements with bromo amides 2 and 3 using tetra-butylammonium perchlorate in place of TEAP. Although the nature of the supporting electrolyte affects the positions of both peaks, the outcome of the measurements reported in Table III was not altered, at least within the overall error on pKa.
-
The fact that the reduction of α-bromo amides is affected to some degree by the mercury electrode was taken into consideration.
-
-
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43
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0004284088
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45
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0001057833
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The originally reported ptC, values in DMSO27 have been corrected to Bordwell's scale19 by adding 0.9 pKa unit
-
The originally reported ptC, values in DMSO27 have been corrected to Bordwell's scale19 by adding 0.9 pKa unit, (a) Ludwig, M.; Pytela, O.; Vecera, M. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1984, 49, 2593–2601.
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