The pathophysiology and clinical implications of neuromuscular changes following cerebrovascular accident

Australian Journal of Physiotherapy

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 139-147

  Gardiner, Robyn ^a,b  

^a ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cerebrovascular Disorders; Hemiplegia; Muscle Spasticity

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001156116     PISSN: 00049514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60446-3     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Anderson CS, Jamrozik KD, Burvill PW, Chakera TM, Johnson GA and Stewart-Wynne EG (1993): Ascertaining the true incidence of stroke: experience from the Perth community stroke study, 1989-1990. The Medical Journal of Australia 158: 80-84.
2. Bobath B (1983): Adult Hemiplegia: Evaluation and Treatment. (2nd ed.) London: William Heinemann Medical Books.
3. Bohannon RW (1987): Relative decreases in knee extension torque with increased knee extension velocities in stroke patients with hemiparesis. Physical Therapy 61: 1218-1220.
4. Bourbonnais D and Vanden Noven S (1989): Weakness in patients with hemiparesis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 43: 313-319.
5. Burke D (1988): Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. Advances in Neurology 47: 401-423.
6. Carey JR and Burghardt TP (1993): Movement dysfunction following central nervous system lesions: a problem of neurologic or muscular impairment? Physical Therapy 73: 538-547.
7. Chokroverty S, Reyes MG, Rubino FA and Barron KD (1976): Hemiplegic amyotrophy. Archives of Neurology 33: 104-110.
8. Chollet F, DiPiero V, Wise RJ, Brooks DJ, Dolan RJ and Frackowiak RS (1991): The functional anatomy of motor recovery after stroke in humans: a study with positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology 29: 63-71.
9. Colebatch JG, Gandevia SC and Spira PJ (1986): Voluntary muscle strength in hemiparesis: distribution of weakness at the elbow. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 49: 1019-1025.
10. Craik RL (1991a): Abnormalities of motor behaviour. In Lister M (Ed.): Contemporary Management of Motor Control Problems: Proceedings of the 2nd Step Conference. Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Physical Therapy Inc., pp. 155-164.
11. Craik RL (1991b): Recovery processes: maximizing function. In Lister M (Ed.): Contemporary Management of Motor Control Problems: Proceedings of the 2nd Step Conference. Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Physical Therapy Inc., pp. 165-173.
12. Dietz V, Ketelsen UP, Berger W and Quintern J (1986): Motor unit involvement in spastic paresis: relationship between leg muscle activation and histochemistry. Journal of Neurological Sciences 75: 89-103.
13. Dietz V, Trippel M and Berger W (1991): Reflex activity and muscle tone during elbow movements in patients with spastic paresis. Annals of Neurology 30: 767-779.
14. Duncan PW (1991): Stroke: physical therapy assessment and treatment. In Lister M (Ed.): Contemporary Management of Motor Control Problems: Proceedings of the 2nd Step Conference. Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Physical Therapy Inc., pp. 165-173.
15. Goldspink G and Williams PE (1990): Muscle fibre and connective tissue changes associated with use and disuse. In Ada L and Canning C (Eds): Key Issues in Neurological Physiotherapy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 197-218.
16. Gowland C, deBruin H, Basmajian JV, Plews N and Burcea I (1992): Agonist and antagonist activity during voluntary upper limb movement in patients with stroke. Physical Therapy 72: 624-633.
17. Giuliani CA, Light KE and Rose DK (1993): The effect of an isokinetic exercise program on gait patterns in patients with hemiparesis. Neurology Report 17:23.
18. Held JM (1987): Recovery of function after brain damage: theoretical implications for therapeutic intervention. In Carr JH and Shepherd RB (Eds): Movement Science. Foundations for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation. Maryland: Aspen Publisher, pp. 155-177.
19. Ibrahim IK, Berger W, Trippel M and Dietz V (1993): Stretch-induced electromyographic activity and torque in spastic elbow muscles. Brain 116: 971-989.
20. Katz RT and Rymer WZ (1989): Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 70: 144-155.
21. Knutsson E and Martensson A (1980): Dynamic motor capacity in spastic paresis and its relation to prime mover dysfunction, spastic reflexes and antagonist co-activation. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitative Medicine 12: 93-106.
22. Lakie M, Walsh EG and Wright GW (1984): Resonance at the wrist demonstrated by the use of a torque motor: an instrumental analysis of muscle tone in man. Journal of Physiology 353: 265-285.
23. Lance JW (1980): Symposium synopsis. In Feldman RG, Young RR and Koella WP (Eds): Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, pp. 485-494.
24. Lee WA, Boughton A and Rymer WZ (1987): Absence of stretch reflex gain enhancement in voluntarily activated spastic muscle. Experimental Neurology 98: 317-335.
25. LeVere TE (1980): Recovery of function after brain damage: a theory of the behavioural deficit. Physiological Psycholog 8: 297-308.
26. LeVere TE and LeVere ND (1983): Recovery of function after brain damage: an animal model of the behavioural deficit and its reversal. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 19: 290-297.
27. McComas AJ, Sica RE, Upton AR and Aquilera N (1973): Functional changes in motorneurones of hemiparetic patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 36: 183-193.
28. Powers RK, Campbell DL and Rymer WZ (1989): Stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles. Annals of Neurology 25: 32-42.
29. Sahrmann SA and Norton BJ (1977): The relationship of voluntary movement to spasticity in the upper motor neuron syndrome. Annals of Neurology 2: 460-465.
30. Sale DG (1988) Neural adaptation to resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20: 8135-5145.
31. Sinkjaer T and Magnussen I (1994): Passive, intrinsic and reflex-mediated stiffness in the ankle extensors of hemiparetic muscles. Brain 117: 355-363.
32. Taub E (1980): Somatosensory deafferentation research with monkeys: implications for rehabilitation medicine. In Ince LP (Ed.): Behavioural Psychology in Rehabilitation Medicine: Clinical Applications. Baltimore: Williams and Williams, pp. 371-401.
33. Thilmann AF, Fellows SJ and Garnis E (1990): Pathological stretch reflexes on the "good" side of hemiparetic patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 53: 208-214.
34. Watkins MP, Harris BA and Kozlowski BA (1984): Isokinetic testing in patients with hemiparesis. Physical Therapy 64: 184-189.
35. Weiller C, Chollet F, Friston KJ, Wise RJ and Frackowiak RS (1992): Functional reorganisation of the brain in recovery from striatocapsular infarction in man. Annals of Neurology 31: 463-472.
36. Williams PE and Goldspink G (1984): Connective tissue changes in immobilised muscle. Journal of Anatomy 2: 343-350.
37. Wolf SL, Catlin PA, Blanton S, Edelman J, Lehrer N and Schroeder D (1994): Overcoming limitations in elbow movement in the presence of antagonist hyperactivity. Physical Therapy 74: 825-835.
38. Wolf SL, LeCraw DE, Barton LA and Jann BB (1989): Forced use of hemiplegic upper extremities to reverse the effect of learned nonuse among chronic stroke and head-injured patients. Experimental Neurology 104: 125-132.
39. Young JL and Mayer RF (1982): Physiological alterations of motor units in hemiplegia. Journal of Neurological Sciences 54: 401-412.