Chromogenic materials for transmittance control of large-area windows

Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 1990, Pages 291-308

  Granqvist, C G ^a  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001148813     PISSN: 10408436     EISSN: 15476561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408439008242184     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Lampert, C. M. and Granqvist, C. G., Eds., Large-Area Chromogenics: Materials and Devices for Transmittance Control SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, 1990.
2. Wyszecki, G. and Stiles, W. S., Color Science, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1982.
3. Thekaekara, M. P., in Solar Energy Engineering, Sayigh, A. A. M., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1977, 37.
4. Brown, G. H., Ed., Photochromism, Wiley, New York, 1971.
5. Durr, H. and Bouas-Laurent, H., Eds., Photochromic Materials and Systems, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
6. Araujo, R. J., Contemp. Phys., 21, 77, 1980; J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 47, 69, 1982.
7. Day, J. H., Chem. Rev., 63, 65, 1963.
8. Day, J. H., Chem. Rev., 68, 649, 1968.
9. Sone, K. and Fukuda, Y., Inorganic Thermochromism, Springer, Berlin, 1987.
10. Faughnan, B. W. and Crandall, R. S., in Display Devices, Vol. 40, Pankove, J. I., Ed., Springer, Berlin, 1980, 181.
11. Beni, G. and Shay, J. L., Adv. Image Pickup Display, 5, 83, 1982.
12. Dautremont-Smith, W. C., Displays, January, 3; April, 67, 1982.
13. Lampert, C. M., Solar Energy Mat., 11, 1, 1984.
14. Oi, T., Annu. Rev. Mat, Sci., 16, 185, 1986.
15. Heilmeier, G. H. and Zanoni, L. A., Appl. Phys. Lett., 13,91, 1968.
16. Drzaic, P. S., J. Appl. Phys., 60, 2142, 1986.
17. Hoffmann, H. J., Photochromic glass, in Ref. 1.
18. Hoffmann, H. J., The use of silver salts for photochromic glasses, in Ref. 5.
19. Chu, N. Y. C., Solar Mat., 14, 215, 1986.
20. Chu, N. Y. C., Photochromic plastics, in Ref. 1.
21. Weyl, A., Coloured Glasses, Society of Glass Technology, Sheffield, U.K., 1951.
22. Swarts, E. L. and Pressau, J., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 48, 333, 1965.
23. Meiling, G. S., Phys. Chem. Glasses, 14, 118, 1973.
24. Araujo, R.J., Borrelli, N. F., and Nolan, D. A., Phil. Mag. B, 44, 453, 1981.
25. Smith, G. P., J. Mat. Sci., 2, 139, 1967.
26. Glimeroth, G. and Mader, K.-H., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 9, 434, 1970.
27. Commercial information provided by Corning Glass Works, Corning, USA.
28. Novinson, T., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instr. Eng., 823, 138, 1987.
29. Perveyev, A. F. and Mikhaylov, A. V., Soviet J. Opt. Technol., 39, 112,1972.
30. Abe, Y., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 13, 1295, 1974.
31. Glimeroth, G., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 57, 332, 1974.
32. Mizuhashi, M. and Furunchi, S., Thin Solid Films, 30, 259, 1975.
33. Hayashida, S., Sato, H., and Sugawara, S., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 24, 1436, 1985.
34. Matsui, K. and Yoshida, S., J. Appl. Phys., 64, 2607, 1988.
35. Bloomqvist, D. R. and Willett, R. D., Coord. Chem. Rev., 47, 125, 1982.
36. Miller, R. D., Rabolt, J. F., Sooriyakumaran, R., Fleming, W., Flckes, G. N., Farmer, B. L., and Kuzmany, H., Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., 360, 43, 1988.
37. Batchelder, D. N., Contemp. Phys., 29, 3, 1988.
38. Heber, H., Farbe und Lack, 94, 438, 1988.
39. Day, J. H. and Willett, R. D., Science and technology of thermochromic materials, in Ref. 1.
40. Jorgenson, G. V. and Lee, J. C., Solar Energy Mat., 14, 205, 1986.
41. Babulanam, S. M., Eriksson, T. S., Niklasson, G. A., and Granqvist, C. G., Solar Energy Mat., 16, 347, 1987.
42. Jorgenson, G. V. and Lee, J. C., Thermochromic materials and devices: Inorganic systems, in Ref.1.
43. Boy, E. and Meinhardt, S., in Proc. Second Int. Workshop on Transparent Insulation Materials in Solar Energy Conversion for Buildings and Other Applications, Freiburg, Germany, 24–25 March, 1988.
44. Adler, D., Rev. Mod., Phys., 40, 714, 1968.
45. Goodenough, J. B., Prog. Solid State Chem., 5, 145, 1971.
46. Mott, N. F., Metal Insulator Transitions, Taylor and Francis, London, 1974.
47. Morin, F. J., Phys. Rev. Lett., 3, 34, 1959.
48. MacChesney, J. M. and Guggenheim, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 30, 225, 1969.
49. Bruckner, W., Wieser, E., Moldenhauer, W., and Reichelt, W., Phys. Stat. Solidi, A44, K 95, 1975.
50. Goodenough, J. B., Annu. Rev. Mat. Sci., 1, 101, 1971.
51. Zylberstejn, A. and Mott, N. F., Phys. Rev. B, 11, 4383, 1975.
52. Chudnovskii, F. A., Soviet Phys. Tech. Phys., 20, 999, 1976.
53. Greenberg, C. B., Thin Solid Films, 110, 73, 1983.
54. Fukuma, M., Zembutsu, S., and Miyasawa, S., Appl. Opt., 22, 265, 1983.
55. Chamberland, B. L., Mat. Res. Bull., 6, 425, 1971.
56. Bayard, M. L. F., Reynolds, T. G., Vlasse, M., McKinzie, H. L., Arnott, A. J., and Wold, A., J. Solid State Chem., 3, 484, 1971.
57. Bayard, M., Pouchard, M., Hagenmuller, P., and Wold, A., J. Solid State Chem., 12, 341, 1975.
58. Khan, K. A., Niklasson, G. A., and Granqvist, C. G., J. Appl. Phys., 64, 3327, 1988.
59. Khan, K. A. and Granqvist, C. G., Appl. Phys. Lett., 55, 4, 1989; Thermochromism of Sputter-Deposited Vanadium Oxyfluoride Coatings, in Ref. 1.
60. Babulanam, S. M., Estrada, W., Hakim, M. O., Yatsuya, S., Andersson, A. M., Stevens, J. R., Svensson, J.S.E.M., and Granqvist, C. G., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 64, 1987.
61. Singh, A., Thompson, R. B., and Schnur, J. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 2785, 1985.
62. Hadjoudis, E., Vittorakis, M., and Moustakali-Mavridis, J., Tetrahedron, 43, 1345, 1987.
63. Trefonas, P., Damwood, J. R., West, R., and Miller, R., Organometallics, 4, 1318, 1985.
64. Hinckley, D. A., Seybold, P. G., and Borris, D. V., Spectrochim. Acta, 42A, 747, 1986.
65. Reusch, G., Glaswelt, 21(1), 16, 1968.
66. Germer, J., Solar Age, October 1984, p. 20.
67. Andersson, A., Niklasson, G. A., and Granqvist, C. G., Appl. Opt., 26, 2164, 1987.
68. Maheu, B., Letoulouzan, J. N., and Gousebet, G., Appl. Opt., 23, 3353. 1984.
69. Maheu, B. and Gousebet, G., Appl. Opt., 25, 1122, 1986.
70. Kerker, M., The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation, Academic Press, New York, 1969.
71. Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R., Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley, New York, 1983.
72. Niklasson, G. A. and Eriksson, T. S., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 89, 1988.
73. Agnihotry, S. A., Saini, K. K., and Chandra, S., Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 24, 19, 1986; 24, 34, 1986.
74. Deb, S. K., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 692, 19, 1986.
75. Svensson, J. S. E. M. and Granqvist, C. G., Solar Energy Mat., 12, 391, 1985.
76. Andersson, A. M., Granqvist, C. G., and Stevens, J. R., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 41, 1988; Appl. Opt., 28, 3295, 1989.
77. Granqvist, C. G., Spectrally Selective Surfaces for Heating and Cooling Applications, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, 1989.
78. Haas, T. E. and Goldner, R. B., Fundamentals of electrochromism in metal oxide bronzes, in Ref. 1.
79. Deb, S. K., Appl. Opt., Suppl., 3, 192, 1969.
80. Deb, S. K., Philos. Mag., 27, 801, 1973.
81. Sahle, W. and Sundberg, M., Phys. Scripta, 16, 163, 1980.
82. Bursill, L. A., J. Solid State Chem., 48, 256, 1983.
83. Goldner, R. B., Chapman, R. L., Foley, G., Goldner, E. L., Haas, T., Norton, P., Seward, G., and Wong, K. K., Solar Energy Mat., 14, 195, 1986.
84. Seward, G., Goldner, R. B., Wong, K., Haas, T., Foley, G. H., Chapman, R., and Schultz, S., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 90, 1987.
85. Goldner, R. B., Seward, G., Wong, K., Berera, G., Haas, T., and Norton, P., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 101, 1987.
86. Svensson, J. S. E. M. and Granqvist, C. G., Appl. Phys. Lett., 45, 828, 1984.
87. Hamberg, I. and Granqvist, C. G.,J. Appl. Phys., 60, R123, 1986.
88. Berkowitz, J., Chupka, W. A., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 27, 85, 1957.
89. Wittwer, V., Schirmer, O. F., and Schlotter, P., Solid State Commun., 25, 977, 1978.
90. Bottger, H. and Bryksin, V. V., Hopping Conduction in Solids, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. Weinheim, East Germany, 1985.
91. Salje, E. and Hoppman, G., Philos. Mag., B43, 105, 1981.
92. Gehlig, R. and Salje, E., Philos. Mag., B47, 229, 1983.
93. Salje, E. and Gittler, B., Philos. Mag., B50, 607, 1984.
94. Yoshimura, T., J. Appl. Phys., 57, 911, 1985.
95. Donnadieu, A., Studies of polycrystalline WO3, and MoO3, coatings prepared by chemical vapor deposition, in Ref. 1.
96. Benson, D. K. and Svensson, J. S. E. M., Plasma enhanced CVD of W and Mo oxides, in Ref. 1.
97. 3, in Ref. 1.
98. Lagzdons, J. L., Bajars, G. E., and Lusis, A. R., Phys. Stat. Solidi, A84, K 197, 1984.
99. Lampert, C. M., Omstead, T. R., and Yu, P. C., Solar Energy Mat., 14, 161, 1986.
100. Svensson, J. S. E. M. and Granqvist, C. G., Solar Energy Mat., 16, 19, 1987; Appl. Opt., 26, 1554, 1987.
101. Yu, P. C., Nazri, G., and Lampert, C. M., Solar Energy Mat., 16, 1, 1987.
102. Yu, P. C. and Lampert, C. M., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 113, 1987; Solar Energy Mat. 19, 1, 1989.
103. Carpenter, M. K., Conell, R. S., and Corrigan, D. A., Solar Energy Mat., 16, 333, 1987.
104. Fantini, M. and Gorenstein, A., Solar Energy Mat., 16, 487, 1987.
105. Yamada, S., Yoshioka, T., Miyashita, M., Urabe, K., and Kitao, M., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 34, 1988.
106. Lynam, N. R. and Habibi, H. R., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 63, 1988.
107. Pennisi, A. and Lampert, C. M., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 131, 1988.
108. Delichere, P., Joiret, S., Hugot-Le Goff, A., Bange, K., and Metz, B., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Engr., 1016, 165, 1988.
109. Bange, K., Baucke, F. G. K., and Metz, B., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 170, 1988.
110. Passerini, S., Scrosati, B., Gorenstein, A., Andersson, A. M., and Granqvist, C.G., J. Electrochem. Soc., to be published
111. Dautremont-Smith, W. C., Schiavone, L. M., Hackwood, S., Beni, G., and Shay, J. L., Solid State Ionics, 2, 13, 1981.
112. Burke, L. D. and Scannell, R. A., Platinum Metals Rev., 28(2), 56, 1984.
113. Sato, Y., Ono, K., Kobayashi, T., Wakabayashi, H., and Yamanaka, H., J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, 570, 1987.
114. Cogan, S. F. and Rauh, R. D., The a-WO3/a-IrO2 electrochromic system, in Ref. 1.
115. Yang, S. C., Conducting polymer as electrochromic material: Polyaniline, in Ref. 1.
116. Kamimori, T., Nagai, J., and Mizuhashi, M., Solar Energy Mat., 16, 27, 1987.
117. Estrada, W., Andersson, A. M., and Granqvist, C. G., J. Appl. Phys., 64, 3678, 1988.
118. Deneuville, A., Gerard, P., and Billat, R., Thin Solid Films. 70, 203, 1980.
119. Yoshimura, T., Watanabe, M., Koike, Y., Kiyota, K., and Tanaka, M., Thin Solid Films, 101, 141, 1983.
120. Benson, D. K. and Tracy, C. E., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 562,46, 1985.
121. Truong, V.-V., Girouard, F. E., and Ashrit, P. V., Inorganic ion conductors, in Ref. 1.
122. Armand, P., Annu. Rev. Mat. Sci., 16, 245, 1986.
123. MacCallum, J. R. and Vincent, C. A., Eds., Polymer Electrolyte Reviews — 1, Elsevier, London, 1987.
124. Nagai, J., Mizuhashi, M., and Kamimori, T., Polymeric ion conductors, in Ref. 1.
125. Yamamoto, O., Takeda, Y., Kanno, R., and Tone, K., in Materials for Solid State Batteries, Chowdari, B. V. R. and Radhakrishna, S., Eds., World Scientific, Singapore, 1986, 475.
126. Slade, R. C. T., Baker, J., and Halstead, T. K., Solid State Ionics, 24, 147, 1987.
127. Roth, W. L. and Farrington, C. G., Science, 196, 1332, 1977.
128. Ashrit, P. V., Girouard, F. E., Truong, V.-V., and Bader, G., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 562, 53, 1985.
129. Oi, T. and Miyauchi, K., Mat. Res. Bull., 16, 1281, 1981.
130. Oi, T., Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 451, 1984.
131. Ito, Y., Miyauchi, K., and Kudo, T., Hyomen, 24, 669, 1986; cited in Ref. 124.
132. Stevens, J. R. and Wixwat, W., to be published.
133. Cogan, S. F., Nguyen, N. M., Perrotti, S. J., and Rauh, R. D., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1016, 57, 1988.
134. Cogan, S. F., Electrochromic vanadium pentoxide, in Ref. 1.
135. Andersson, A. M., Talledo, A., Granqvist, C. G., and Stevens, J. R., in Proc. Electrochem. Soc. 176th Meeting, Hollywood, Florida, Oct. 15–20, 1989, to be published.
136. Hub, A., Tranchant, A., and Messina, R., Electrochim. Acta, 33, 997, 1988.
137. Viennet, R., Randin, J. P., and Raistrick, I. D., J. Electrochem. Soc., 129, 2451, 1982.
138. Randin, J. P., Response time of large-scale electrochromic devices, in Ref. 1.
139. Mizuhashi, M., Nagai, J., and Kamimori, T., Electrochromic device design towards large-scale applications, in Ref. 1.
140. Randin, J. P., in Proc. First European Display Research Conf., Eurodisplay '81, VDE-Verlag, Berlin, 1981, 94.
141. Craigen, D., Mackintosh, A., Hickman, J., and Colbow, K., J. Electrochem. Soc., 133, 1529, 1986.
142. Benson, D. K., Tracy, C. E., Svensson, J. S. E. M., and Liebert, B. E., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 72, 1987.
143. Davazoglou, D., Donnadieu, A., Fourcade, R., Hugot-Le Goff, A., Delichere, A., and Perez, A., Rev. Phys. Appl., 23, 265, 1988.
144. Unuma, H., Tonooka, K., Suzuki, Y., Furusaka, T., Kodaira, K., and Matsushita, T., J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 1248, 1986.
145. Lynam, N. R., Moser, F. H., and Hichwa, B. P., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 130, 1987.
146. Johnson, R., Connell, D., Selkowitz, S., and Arasteh, D., Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL - 20080, 1985.
147. De Gennes, P. G., The Physics of Liquid Crystals, Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1974.
148. Chandrasekhar, S., Liquid Crystals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K., 1977.
149. Blinov, L. M., Electro-optical and Magneto-Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals, Wiley, New York, 1983.
150. Basturk, N. and Grupp, J., Liquid crystal guest host devices and their use as light shutters, in Ref. 1.
151. Gharadjedaghi, F., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 68, 127, 1981.
152. Niklasson, G. A. and Granqvist, C. G., J. Appl. Phys., 55, 3382, 1984.
153. Anjaneyulu, Y. and Yoon, D. W., Solar Energy Mat., 14, 223, 1986.
154. Van Konynenburg, P., Marsland, S., and McCoy, J., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 823, 143, 1987; Solar Energy Mat., 19, 27, 1989.
155. Montgomery, G. P., Jr., Polymer-dispersed and encapsulated liquid crystal Films, in Ref. 1.
156. Clahk, N. A. and Lagerwall, S. T.,Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 899, 1980.