Current issues in spasticity management

Neurologist

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 261-

  Young, Robert R ^a   Emre, Murat ^b   Nance, Patricia W ^c   Schapiro, Randall ^d   Barnes, Michael ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^e Hunters Moor Regional Rehabilitation Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Baclofen; Botulinum toxin; Dantrolene; Diazepam; Multiple sclerosis; Spasticity; Spinal cord injury; Tizanidine

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001140755     PISSN: 10747931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00127893-199707000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Maynard FM, Kraunas RS, Waring WP. Epidemiology of spasticity following traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:566-9.
2. Brar SP, Smith MB, Nelson LM, Franklin GM, Cobble ND. Evaluation of treatment protocols on minimal to moderate spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:186-9.
3. Cervera-Deval J, Morant-Guillen MP, Fenollosa-Vasques P, Serra- Escorihuela M, Vilchez-Padilla J, Burguera J. Social handicaps of multiple sclerosis and their relation to neurological alterations. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:1223-7.
4. Lance JW. Symposium synopsis. In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, editors. Spasticity: Disordered motor control. Chicago: Yearbook Medical, 1980:485—94.
5. Young RR. Treatment of spastic paresis. N Engl J Med 1989;320: 1553-5.
6. Burke D, Andrews C, Ashby P. Autogenic effects of static muscle stretch in spastic man. Arch Neurol 1971;25:367-72.
7. Guissard N, Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Muscle stretching and motoneuron excitability. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988;58:47-52.
8. Petajan JH. Spasticity: Effects of physical interventions. J Neurol Rehabil 1990;4:219-25.
9. Development Trust for the Young Disabled. The management of traumatic brain injury. London: Medical Disability Society, 1988. Stolp-Smith KA, Wainberg M. Anti depressant exacerbation of spasticity [abstract]. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1993; 16:140.
10. Young RR. Spasticity: A review. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 9):S12— 20.
11. Delwaide PJ. Spasticity: Motor control. Presented at the 45th annual meeting of the 1993 American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting, April 1993, New York, NY.
12. Ashby P, Wiens M. Reciprocal inhibition following lesions of the spinal cord in man. J Physiol (Lond) 1989;414:145-57.
13. Delwaide PJ, Gerard P. Reduction of non-reciprocal (lb) inhibition: A key factor for interpreting spastic muscle stiffness. Berlin: International Congress on Stroke Rehabilitation, 1993.
14. Dahlstrom A, Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine- containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol Scand 1964;62(Suppl 232): 1-55.
15. Westlund KN, Bowker RM, Ziegler MG, Coulter JD. Organization of descending noradrenergic systems. In: Ziegler MG, Lake CR, editors. Norepinephrine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984:55-73.
16. Naftchi NE, Kirschner AK, Demeny M, Viau A. Changes in the CNS biogenic amines and tyrosine hydroxylase activity after spinal cord transection in the rat. In: Naftchi NE, editor. Spinal cord injury. New York: Spectrum, 1982:67-82.
17. Cannon WB, Rosenblueth A. The supersensitivity of denervated structures: A law of denervation. New York: Macmillan, 1949. Kehne JH, Gailager DW, Davis M. Spinalization unmasks cloni- dine’s alpha-1 adrenergic mediated excitation of the flexor reflex in rats. J Neurosci 1985;5:1583-90.
18. Jankowska E. Monoaminergic inhibitory control of spinal intemeurons. In: Thilmann AF, Burke DJ, Rymer WZ, editors. Spasticity mechanisms and management. Berlin: Springer-Veriag, 1993:222-32.
19. Skoog B. A comparison of the effects of two antispastic drugs, ti- zanidine and baclofen, on synaptic transmission from muscle spindle afferents to spinal intemeurons in cats. Acta Physiol Scand 1996; 156: 81-90.
20. Conway BA, Hultbom H, Kiehn O, Mintz I. Plateau potentials in alpha-motoneurones induced by intravenous injection of L-dopa and clonidine in the spinal cat. J Physiol (Lond) 1988;405:369-84.
21. Eken T, Kiehn O. Bistable firing properties of soleus motor units in unrestrained rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1989;136:383-94.
22. 3H-GABA bind to bicu- culline-insensitive GABAb sites in rat brain. Nature 1981;290:149— 52.
23. Davidoff RA. Antispasticity drugs: Mechanisms of action. Ann Neurol 1985;17:107-16.
24. Jerusalem F. A double-blind study on the antispastic action of beta- (4-chlophenyl)-gamma-amino butyric acid (CIBA) in multiple sclerosis. Nervenarzt 1968;39:515-7.
25. Pedersen E, Arlien-Soborg P, Grynderup V, Henriksen O. GABA derivative in spasticity. Acta Neurol Scand 1970;46:257-66.
26. Jones RF, Burke D, Marosszeky JE, Giles JD. A new agent for the control of spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:464-8.
27. Duncan GW, Shahani BT, Young RR. An evaluation of baclofen treatment for certain symptoms in patients with spinal cord lesions. Neurology 1976;26:441-6.
28. Shahani BT, Young RR. Management of flexor spasms with Lio- resal. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974;55:465-7.
29. Knutsson E, Lindblom U, Martensson A. Differences in effects in gamma and alpha spasticity induced by the GABA derivative baclofen (Lioresal). Brain 1973;96:29-46.
30. Feldman RG, Kelly-Hayes M, Conomy JP, Foley JM. Baclofen for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Double-blind crossover and three- year study. Neurology 1978;28:1094-8.
31. Hinderer SR, Lehmann JF, Price R, White O, DeLateur BJ, Deitz J. Spasticity in spinal cord injured persons: Quantitative effects of baclofen and placebo treatments. AmJ Phys Med Rehabil 1990;69: 311-7.
32. Kirklan LR. Baclofen dosage: A suggestion [letter]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:214.
33. Smith CR, LaRocca NG, Giesser BS, Scheinberg L. High-dose oral baclofen: Experience in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1991;41:829-31.
34. Herman R, Mayer N, Mecomber SA. Clinical pharmaco-physiology of dantrolene sodium. AmJ Phys Med Rehabil 1972;51:296-311.
35. Pinder RM, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Dantrolene sodium: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects. Drugs 1977;13:2-23.
36. Utili R, Boitnott JK, Zimmerman HJ. Dantrolene-associated hepatic injury: incidence and character. Gastroenterology 1977;72:610-6.
37. Ward A, Chaffinan MO, Sorkin EM. Dantrolene: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in malignant hyperthermia, the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and an update of its use in muscle spasticity. Drugs 1986;32:130-68.
38. Sayers AC, Burki HR, Eichenberger E. The pharmacology of 5- chloro-4-(2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DS 103- 282), a novel myotonolytic agent. Drug Res 1980;30:793-803.
39. Coward DM. Selective muscle relaxation properties of tizanidine and an examination of its mode of action. Triangle 1981;20:151-8.
40. Davies J, Johnston SE, Lovering R. Inhibition by DS 103-282 of D-(3H) aspartate release from spinal cord slices. Br J Pharmacol 1983;78(Suppl):2P.
41. Curtis DR, Leah JD, Peet MJ. Spinal interneuron depression by DS 103-282. Br J Pharmacol 1983;79:9-11.
42. Palmeri A, Wiesendanger M. Concomitant depression of locus ceru- leus neurons and of flexor reflexes by an alpha2-adrenergic agonist in rats: A possible mechanism for an alpha2-mediated muscle relaxation. Neuroscience 1990;34:177-87.
43. Davies J, Johnston SE, Hill DR, Quinlan JE. Tizanidine (DS 103- 282), a centrally acting muscle relaxant, selectively depresses excitation of feline dorsal horn neurons to noxious peripheral stimuli by an action at alpha2-adrenoceptors. Neurosci Lett 1984;48:197-202.
44. Hassan N, McLellan DL. Double-blind comparison of single doses of DS 103-282, baclofen and placebo for suppression of spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:1132-6.
45. Heazlewood V, Symoniw P, Maruff P, Eadie MJ. Tizanidine: Initial pharmacokinetic studies in patients with spasticity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983;25:65-7.
46. Emre M, Leslie M, Muir C, et al. Correlations between dose, plasma concentrations and antispastic action of tizanidine (Siralud). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1355-9.
47. Roberts RC, Part NJ, Pokorny R, Muir C, Leslie GC, Emre M. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tizanidine. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 9):S29-31.
48. Smolenski C, Mull S, Smokenski-Kautz S. A double-blind comparative trial of new muscle relaxant, tizanidine (DS 103-282), and baclofen in the treatment of chronic spasticity in multiple sclerosis.Curr Med Res Opin 1981;7:374-83.
49. Eyssette M, Rohmer F, Serratrice G, et al. Multi-centre, doubleblind trial of a novel antispastic agent, tizanidine, in spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Res Opin 1988;10:699-70.
50. Knutsson E, Martensson A, Gransberg L. Antiparetic and antispastic effects induced by tizanidine in patients with spastic paresis. J Neurol Sci 1982;53:187-204.
51. Rinne UK. Tizanidine treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis and chronic myelopathy. Curr Ther Res 1980;28:827-36.
52. Sie OG, Lakke PWF. The spasmolytic properties of 5-chloro-4-(2- imidazolin-2yL-amino)-2, l,3-benzothiadiazole hydrochloride (DS 103-282): A pilot study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1980;82:273-9.
53. Newman P, Nogues M, Neuman PK, Weightman D, Hudgson P. Tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;23:31-5.
54. Stein R, Nordal HJ, Oftedal SI, Slettebo M. The treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: A double-blind clinical trial of a new anti-spasticity drug tizanidine compared with baclofen. Acta Neurol Scand 1987;75:190-4.
55. La Pierre Y, Bouchard S, Tansey D, Gendron D, Barkas WJ, Francis GS. Treatment of spasticity with tizanidine in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1987;14:513-7.
56. Rice GPA. Pharmacotherapy of spasticity: Some theoretical and practical considerations. Can J Neurol Sci 1987;14:510-2.
57. Bass B, Weinshenker B, Rice BP A, et al. Tizanidine versus baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1988;15:15-9.
58. Hoogstraten MC, van der Ploeg RJO, vanden Burg W, Vreeling A, van Mane S, Minderhoud JM. Tizanidine versus baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1988;77:224-30.
59. Smith C, Birnbaum G, Carter JL, Greenstein J, Lublin FD, US Tizanidine Study Group. Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 9):S34—43.
60. The United Kingdom Tizanidine Trial Group. A double-blind, pla- cebo-controlled trial of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 9):S70-8.
61. Wallace JD. Summary of combined clinical analysis of controlled clinical trials with tizanidine. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 9):S60—9.
62. Mathias CJ, Luckitt J, Desai P, Baker H, Masri WE, Frankel HL. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the oral antispastic agent tizanidine in patients with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 1989;26:9-16.
63. Nance J, Bugaresti J, Shellenberger K, Sheremata W, Martinez- Arizala A, North American Tizanidine Study Group. Efficacy and safety of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 9):S44—52.
64. Medici M, Pebet M, Ciblis D. A double-blind, long-term study of tizanidine (Sirdalud) in spasticity due to cerebrovascular lesions. Curr Med Res Opin 1989;11:398-407.
65. Bes A, Eyssette M, Pierrot-Deseilligny E, et al. A multi-centre, double-blind trial of tizanidine, a new antispasticity agent, in spasticity associated with hemiplegia. Curr Med Res Opin 1988; 10:709-18.
66. Pedersen E. Clinical assessment and pharmacologic therapy of spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974;55:344-54.
67. Nance PW, Shears AH, Nance DM. Reflex changes induced by clonidine in spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 1989;27:296-301.
68. Donovan WH, Carter RE, Rossi CD, Wilkerson MA. Clonidine effect on spasticity: A clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69:193-4.
69. Nance PW, Shears AH, Nance DM. Clonidine in spinal cord injury. Can Med Assoc J 1985;133:41-2.
70. Barbeau H, Richards CL, Bedard PJ. Action of cyproheptadine in spastic paraparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45: 923-6.
71. Nance P. A comparison of clonidine, cyprohepatidine, and bacloten in spastic spinal cord injured patients. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1994; 17: 151-7.
72. Cohan SL, Raines A, Panagakos J, et al. Phenytoin and chlorpro- maizine in the treatment of spasticity. Arch Neurol 1980;37:360-4.
73. Matthews WB, Rushworth G, Wakefield GS. Dimethothiazine in spasticity. Acta Neurol Scand 1972;48:635-44.
74. Mai J. Depression of spasticity by alpha-adrenergic blockade. Acta Neurol Scand 1978;57:65-76.
75. Erickson DL, BlacklockJB, Michaelson M, et al. Control of spasticity by implantable continuous flow morphine pump. Neurosurgery 1985;16:215-7.
76. Petro DJ, Ellenberger C. Treatment of human spasticity with delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Clin Pharmacol 1981:21:413S-6S.
77. Snow BJ, Tsui JK, Bhatt MH, Varelas M, Hashimoto SA, Caine DB. Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: A double-blind study. Ann Neurol 1990;28:512-5.
78. Dykstra DD, Sidi AA. Treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with botulinum A toxin: A double-blind study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:24-6.
79. Wood KM. The use of phenol as a neurolytic agent: A review. Pain 1978;5:205-29.
80. Penn RD, KnonJS. Continuous intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity. Lancet 1985;2:125-7.
81. Penn RD, Savoy SM, Corcos DC, et al. Intrathecal baclofen for severe spinal spasticity. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1517-8.
82. Nance PW, Schryvers OI, Schmidt BJ, Dubo HI, Loveridge B, Fewer HD. Intrathecal baclofen therapy for adults with spinal spasticity: Therapeutic efficacy and effect on hospital admissions. Can J Neurol Sci 1995;22:22-9.
83. Becker W, Letts L. Intrathecal baclofen for adults with spinal spasticity. Can J Neurol Sci 1995;22:122-9.
84. Savoy SM, Gianino J. Intrathecal baclofen infusion: An innovative approach for controlling spinal spasticity. Rehabil Nurs 1993; 18: 105-13.
85. Coffey RJ, Cahill D, Steers W, et al. Intrathecal baclofen for intractable spasticity of spinal origin: Results of a long-term multicenter study. J Neurosurg 1993;78:226-32.
86. Lee AC, Patterson V. A double-blind study of L-threonine in patients with spinal spasticity. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;88:334-8.
87. Schwartz M, Block F. Muscle relaxant action of excitatory amino acid antagonists. In: Thilinan AF, Burke KJ, Rymer WZ, editors. Spasticity: Mechanisms and management. Berlin: Sprmger-Verlag, 1993:85-97.
88. Muir KW, Lees KR. Clinical experience with excitatory amino acid antagonist drugs. Stroke 1995;26:503-13.
89. Hallenborg SC. Positioning. In: Glenn MB, Whyte J, editors. The practical management of spasticity in children and adults. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:34-43.
90. McQuilton G, Johnson GR. Cost effective moulded seating for the handicapped child. Prosthet Orthot Int 1981;5:37-41.
91. Feldman PA. Upper extremity casting and splinting. In: Glenn MB, Whyte J, editors. The practical management of spasticity in children and adults. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:149-66.
92. Giebler KB. Physical modalities. In: Glenn MB, Whyte J, editors. The practical management of spasticity in children and adults. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:118-48.
93. Halstead LS, Seager SWJ, Houston JM, Whitesell K, Dennis M, Nance PW. Relief of spasticity in SCI men and women using rectal probe electrostimulation. Paraplegia 1993;31:715-21.
94. Bajd T, Gregororic M, Vodovmk L, Benko H. Electrical stimulation in treating spasticity resulting from spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985;6:515-7.
95. Levine MG, Knott M, Kabat H. Relaxation of spasticity by electrical stimulation of antagonist muscles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1952; 33:668-73.
96. Levine MF, Hui-Chan CWY. Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions. Electroenchepalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992;85:131- 42.
97. Seib T, Price R, Reyes MR, Lehmann JF. The quantitative measurement of spasticity: Effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:746-50.
98. Yarkony GM, Roth EJ, Cybulski GR, Jaeger RJ. Neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury. II. Prevention of secondary complications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:195-200.
99. Robinson CJ, Kett NA, Bolam JM. Spasticity in spinal cord injured patients. I. Short-term effects of surface electrical stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:598-604.
100. Robinson CJ, Kett NA, Bolam JM. Spasticity in spinal cord injured patients. II. Initial measures and long-term effects of surface electrical stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988;69:862-8.
101. Alheri V. Electrical treatment of spasticity. Scand J Rehabil Med 1982;14:177-82.
102. Potissk KP, Gregoric M, Vodovnik L. Effects ot transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on spasticity in patients with paraplegia. Scand J Rehabil Med 1995;27:169-74.
103. Sindou M. Microsurgical DREZ-tomy for the treatment of pain and spasticity. In: Young RR, Delwaide PJ, editors. Principles and practice of restorative neurology. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992:144-51.
104. Kasdon DL, Lath ES. A prospective study of radio frequency rhizotomy in the treatment of post-traumatic spasticity. Neurosurgery 1984;15:526-9.
105. McBride GG. Dorsal column stimulation to control severe spasticity in spinal cord injury patients. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1993; 16:134.
106. Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of cansoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner 1964;192:540-2.
107. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987;67:206-7. Wartenberg T. Pendulousness of the legs as a diagnostic test. Neurology 1951;1:18-24.
108. Delwaide PJ. Electrophysiological testing of spastic patients: Its potential usefulness and limitations. In: Delwaide PJ, Young RR, editors. Clinical neurophysiology in spasticity. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985:185-203.
109. Powers RK, Marder-Meyer J, Rymer WZ. Quantitative relations between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemipa- resis. Ann Neurol 1988;23:115-24.