Environmental degradation and rehabilitation of the landscape around Sudbury, a major mining and smelting area

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 185-224

  Winterhalder, Keith ^a  

^a LAURENTIAN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Copper; Nickel; Pollution; Revegetation; Sudbury; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001134024     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/a96-011     Document Type: Article

References (269)

1. Aber, J.D. 1987. Restored forests and the identification of critical factors in species-site interactions. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 241-250.
2. Adamo, P., Dudka, S., Wilson, M.J., and McHardy, W.J. 1996. Chemical and mineralogical forms of Cu and Ni in contaminated soils from the Sudbury mining and smelting region, Canada. Environ. Pollut. 91(1): 11-19.
3. Allum, J.A.E., and Dreisinger, B.R. 1986. Remote sensing of vegetation change near Inco's Sudbury mining complexes. Int. J. Remote Sens. 8(3): 399-416.
4. Amiro, B.D. 1979. The patterns of vegetation in an industrially disturbed ecosystem, Sudbury, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
5. Amiro, B.D., and Courtin, G.M. 1981. Patterns of vegetation in the vicinity of an industrially disturbed ecosystem, Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 59(9): 1623-1639.
6. Archambault, D.J.-P. 1989. Metal tolerance studies on populations of Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. (wavy hair grass) from northern Ontario. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
7. Archambault, D.J.-P. 1991. Metal tolerance studies on populations of Agrostis scabra Willd (tickle grass) from the Sudbury area. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
8. Archambault, D.J.-P., and Winterhalder, K. 1995. Metal tolerance in Agrostis scabra from the Sudbury, Ontario, area. Can. J. Bot. 73: 766-775.
9. Archibold, O.W. 1978 Vegetation recovery following pollution control at Trail, British Columbia. Can. J. Bot. 56: 1625-1637.
10. Ashby, W.C. 1987. Forests. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 89-108.
11. Ashby, W.C., Kolar, C., and Rodgers, N.F. 1980. Results of 30-year old plantations on surface mines in the Central States. In Trees for Reclamation in the Eastern United States Symposium, 27-29 October 1980, Lexington, Ky. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-61. pp. 99-107.
12. Aubert, H., and Pinta, M. 1977. Trace elements in soils. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., New York.
13. Bagatto, G., and Shorthouse, J.D. 1991. Accumulation of copper and nickel in plant tissues and an insect gall of lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, near an ore smelter at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 69: 1483-1490.
14. Balsillie, D., McIlveen, W.D., and Winterhalder, K. 1978. Problems of regeneration of stressed ecosystems. In Proceedings of the 71st Annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, 25-30 June 1978, Houston, Tex. Pap. 78-44.6.
15. Beadle, N.C.W., and Burges, A. 1949. Working capital in a plant community. Aust. J. Sci. 11: 207-208.
16. Beamish, R.J., and Harvey, H.H. 1972. Acidification of the La Cloche Mountain lakes, Ontario, and resulting fish mortalities. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 1131-1143.
17. Beckett, P.J. 1984. Using plants to monitor atmospheric pollution. Laurentian Univ. Rev. 16(2): 49-66.
18. Beckett, P.J. 1986. Pohlia moss tolerance to the acidic, metal- contaminated substrate of the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada mining and smelting region. In Environmental Contamination - 2nd International Conference, September 1986, Amsterdam. CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 30-32.
19. Beckett, P.J. 1995. Lichens: sensitive indicators of improving air quality. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 81-91.
20. Beckett, P.J., and Negusanti, J. 1990. Using land reclamation practices to improve tree condition in the Sudbury smelting area, Ontario, Canada. In Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 April 1990, Charleston. Vol. 1. W.V. Edited by J. Skousen, J. Scencindiver, and D. Samuel. West Virginia University Publication Services, Morgantown, W. Va. pp. 307-320.
21. Beckett, P.J., Lautenbach, W., Miller, J., Negusanti, J., Peters, T., and Vining, J. 1995a. Tree and shrub enrichment as part of the municipal reclamation program in Sudbury, Ontario. In Proceedings of the 1995 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 5-8 June 1995, Gillette, Wy. Edited by G.E. Schuman and G.F. Vance. ASSMR, Princetown, W. Va. pp. 801-810.
22. Beckett, P.J., Negusanti, J., Peters, T., Vining, J., Miller, J., and Lautenbach, W. 1995b. The Sudbury Regional Land Reclamation Program - tree and shrub enhancement. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 1103-1112.
23. Belzile, N., and Morris, J.R. 1995. Lake sediments: sources or sinks of industrially mobilized elements? In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 183-193.
24. Blainey, G. 1967. The Peaks of Lyell. 3rd ed. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
25. Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., Bain, J.G., Waybrant, K.R., and Robertson, W.D. 1995. Treatment of mine drainage water using in situ permeable reactive walls. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 979-987.
26. Blundon, R.A. 1976. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in industrially denuded soils. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
27. Boldt, J.R., Jr. 1967. The winning of nickel. Longmans Canada Ltd., Toronto, Ont.
28. Bolton, D.M. 1987. Stabilization of stressed lands in the Sudbury Basin by Inco Limited. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 7-11 June 1987, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by P.J. Beckett. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 93-97.
29. Booth, W.E. 1941. Algae as pioneers in plant succession and their importance in erosion control. Ecology, 22: 38-46.
30. Boring, L.R., and Swank, W.T. 1984. The role of black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) in forest succession. J. Ecol. 72(3): 749-766.
31. Bormann, F.H., Bowden, W.B., Pierce, R.S., Hamburg, S.P., Voight, G.K., Ingersoll, R.C., and Likens, G.E. 1987. The Hubbard Brook sandbox experiment. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 251-256.
32. Bouillon, D.F. 1995. Developments in emission control technologies/strategies: a case study. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 275-285.
33. Bowler, P.A. 1992. Biodiversity conservation in Europe and North America II. Shrublands - in defense of disturbed land. Restor. Manage. Notes, 10(2): 144-149.
34. Bradshaw, A.D. 1987a. Restoration: an acid test for ecology. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 23-29.
35. Bradshaw, A.D. 1987b. The reclamation of derelict land and the ecology of ecosystems. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 53-74.
36. Bradshaw, A.D. 1988. Alternative endpoints for reclamation. In Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. Vol. 2. Edited by J. Cairns. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 69-85.
37. Bradshaw, A.D. 1993. Restoration ecology as a science. Restor. Ecol. 1: 71-73.
38. Bradshaw, A.D., and Chadwick, M.J. 1980. The restoration of land. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
39. Brady, N.C. 1974. The nature and properties of soils. 8th ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
40. Burns, L.V., and Parker, G.H. 1988. Metal burdens in two species of fiddleheads growing near the ore smelters at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 40: 717-723.
41. Bush, E.J., and Barrett, S.C.H. 1993. Genetics of mine invasions by Deschampsia cespitosa (Poaceae). Can. J. Bot. 71: 1336-1348.
42. Cairns, J. 1981. Restoration and management: an ecologist's perspective. Restor. Manage. Notes, 1(1): 6-8.
43. Cairns, J. 1995. Research topics in restoration ecology. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 169-172.
44. Carter, D.B., Loewenstein, H., and Pitkin, F.H. 1977. Amelioration and revegetation of smelter-contaminated soils in the Coeur d'Alene mining district of northern Idaho. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 17-20 August 1977, Edmonton. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. Pap. 13.
45. Chan, W.H., Ro, C., Lusis, M.A., and Vet, R.J. 1980. Sudbury environmental study. An analysis of the impact of Inco emissions on precipitation quality in the Sudbury area. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ont. Sudbury Environ. Study Rep. SES 012/82.
46. Courtin, G.M. 1994. The last 150 years: a history of environmental degradation in Sudbury. Sci. Total Environ. 148: 99-102.
47. Courtin, G.M. 1995. Birch coppice woodlands near the Sudbury smelters: dynamics of a forest monoculture. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 233-245.
48. Courtin, G.M., and Naumenko, N. 1987. The hardening-off and performance of mine-grown coniferous seedlings in the reclamation of anthropogenically disturbed and stressed lands. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 7-11 June 1987, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by P.J. Beckett. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 98-107.
49. Cox, G.L. 1975. The effects of smelter emissions on the soils of the Sudbury area. M.Sc. thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.
50. Cox, J.D. 1993. Survival strategies of lichens and bryophytes in the mining region of Sudbury. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
51. Cox, R.M., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1980. Multiple metal tolerances in the grass Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. from the Sudbury smelting area. New Phytol. 84: 631-647.
52. Cox, R.M., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1981. Environmental factors influencing the rate of spread of the grass Deschampsia cespitosa invading areas around the Sudbury nickel-copper smelters. Water Air Soil Pollut. 16: 83-106.
53. Crombie, D. 1992. Regeneration. Toronto's Waterfront and the Sustainable City: Final Report. Royal Commission on the Future of the Toronto Waterfront. Queen's Printer of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.
54. Crowder, A.A., McLaughlin, B.E., Rutherford, G.K., and van Loon, G.W. 1982. Site factors affecting semi-natural herbaceous vegetation on tailings at Copper Cliff, Ontario. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 1: 177-193.
55. Daft, M.J., and Hacskaylo, E. 1976. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in the anthracite and bituminous coal wastes of Pennsylvania. J. Appl. Ecol. 13: 523-531.
56. Dale, V.H. 1992. The recovery of Mount St. Helens. World & I, 7(6): 262-267.
57. Dancer, W.S., Handley, J.F., and Bradshaw, A.D. 1977. Nitrogen accumulation in kaolin mining wastes in Cornwall. I. Natural communities. Plant Soil, 48: 153-167.
58. Dansereau, P. 1966. Ecological impact and human ecology. In Future environments of North America, Edited by F.F. Darling and J.P. Milton. Natural History Press, New York, pp. 425-462.
59. Davé, N.K., and Michelutti, R.E. 1991. Field evaluation of wet cover alternatives for high sulphide tailings. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Abatement of Acidic Drainage, 16-20 September 1991, Montréal, Qué. MEND, Bibliothèque Nationale du Québec, Québec, pp. 61-82.
60. de Catanzaro, J.B. 1983. Effects of nickel contamination on nitrogen cycling in boreal forests in Northern Ontario. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
61. DeClerck, R. 1984. The ecology of two leaf-mining sawflies on white birch in Sudbury, Ontario. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
62. DeLestard, J.P.G. 1967. A history of the Sudbury forest district. Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ont. District Hist. Ser. 21.
63. Department of Lands and Forests. 1973. Sudbury Environmental Enhancement Programme summary report, 1969-1973. Department of Lands and Forests, Sudbury, Ont.
64. Dimma, D.E. 1981. The pedological nature of mine tailings near Sudbury, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
65. Dixit, A.S., Dixit, S.S., and Smol, J.P. 1992. Algal microfossils provide high temporal resolution of environmental trends. Water Air Soil Pollut. 62: 75-87.
66. Dixit, S.S., Dixit, A.S., Smol, J.P., and Keller, W. 1995. Reading the records stored in the lake sediments: a method of examining the history and extent of industrial damage to lakes. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 33-44.
67. Dreisinger, B.R. 1965. Sulphur dioxide levels and the effects of the gas on vegetation near Sudbury, Ontario. 58th Annual Meeting Air Pollution Control Association, Toronto, Ont. Pap. 65-121.
68. Dreisinger, B.R. 1970. Sulphur dioxide levels and vegetation injury in the Sudbury area during the 1969 season. Ontario Ministry of Mines, Sudbury, Ont.
69. Dreisinger, B.R., and McGovern, P.C. 1964. Sulphur dioxide levels in the Sudbury area and some effects of the gas on vegetation in 1963. Ontario Department of Mines, Sudbury, Ont.
70. Dreisinger, B.R., and McGovern, P.C. 1969. Sulphur dioxide levels and resultant injury to vegetation in the Sudbury area during the 1968 season. Ontario Department of Mines, Sudbury, Ont.
71. Dudka, S., Ponce-Hernandez, R., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1995. Current level of total element concentrations in the surface layer of Sudbury's soils. Sci. Total Environ. 162: 161-171.
72. Franklin, J.F., Frenzen, P.M., and Swanson, F.J. 1988. Recreation of ecosystems at Mount St. Helens: contrasts in artificial and natural approaches. In Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. Vol. 2. Edited by J. Cairns. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 1-37.
73. Fransen, K. 1991. The effects of land reclamation liming practices on phosphate fixation and release in acid, metal- contaminated Sudbury-region soils. B.Sc. thesis, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
74. Freedman, B., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1980a. Pollutant inputs from the atmosphere and accumulation in soils and vegetation near a copper-nickel smelter at Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 58: 108-132.
75. Freedman, B., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1980b. Long-term effects of smelter pollution at Sudbury, Ontario, on forest community composition. Can. J. Bot. 58: 2123-2140.
76. Freedman, B., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1980c. Effects of smelter pollutants on forest leaf litter decomposition near a nickel- copper smelter at Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 58: 1722-1736.
77. Fyson, A., Kalin, M., and Smith, M.P. 1995. Microbially-mediated metal removal from acid mine drainage. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment, 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 459-466.
78. Genovese, G. 1978. Toxicity of copper and nickel to some coniferous seedlings. M.Sc. thesis, School of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
79. Glass, S. 1989. The role of soil seed banks in restoration and management. Restor. Manage. Notes, 7(1): 24-29.
80. Gordon, A.G., and Gorham, E. 1963. Ecological aspects of air pollution from an iron-sintering plant at Wawa, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 41: 1063-1078.
81. Gorham, E., and Gordon, A.G. 1960a. Some effects of smelter pollution north-east of Falconbridge, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 38: 307-312.
82. Gorham, E., and Gordon, A.G. 1960b. The influence of smelter fumes upon the chemical composition of lake waters near Sudbury, Ontario, and upon the surrounding vegetation. Can. J. Bot. 38: 477-487.
83. Graham, M. 1973. A natural ecology. Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, N.J.
84. Gundermann, D.G., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1993. Changes in soil chemistry 20 years after the closure of a nickel-copper smelter near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. In Heavy metals in the environment. Vol. 2. Edited by R.J. Allan and J.O. Nriagu. CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 559-562.
85. Gunn, J.M. 1995. International experience with catchment liming for the improvement of water quality. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 659-665.
86. Gunn, J.M., and Keller, W. 1990. Biological recovery of an acid lake after reductions in industrial emissions of sulphur. Nature (London), 345: 431-433.
87. Gunn, J.M., Conroy, N., Lautenbach, W.E., Pearson, D.A.B., Puro, M.J., Shorthouse, J.D., and Wiseman, M.E.. 1995. From restoration to sustainable ecosystems. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 335-344.
88. Gunn, J.M., Keller, W., Negusanti, J., Potvin, R., Beckett, P., and Winterhalder, K. 1996. Ecosystem recovery after emission reductions: Sudbury, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85(3): 1783-1788.
89. Hall, I.V., Aalders, L.E., Nickerson, N.L., and Vander Kloet, S.P. 1979. The biological flora of Canada. I. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., sweet lowbush blueberry. Can. Field-Nat. 93: 414-430.
90. Harper, J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London.
91. Hazlett, P.W., Rutherford, J.K., and vanLoon, G.W. 1983. Metal contaminants in surface soils and vegetation as a result of nickel/copper smelting at Coniston, Ontario, Canada. Reclam. Reveg. Res. 2: 123-137.
92. Heale, E.L. 1987. Growing underground - Sudbury's subterranean seedling nursery. Agrologist, 16(3): 11.
93. Heale, E.L. 1991. Reclamation of tailings and stressed lands at the Sudbury, Ontario operations of Inco Limited. In Proceedings 2nd International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, 16-18 September 1991, Montréal, Que.
94. Heale, E.L. 1995. Integrated management and progressive rehabilitation of industrial lands. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer- Verlag, New York. pp. 287-298.
95. Hedin, R.S. 1992. Colonization bottlenecks on acidic mine spoils. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting, American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 14-18 June 1992, Duluth, Minn. Edited by Daniel R. Jordan. ASSMR, Princeton, W. Va. pp. 170-179.
96. Hedin, R.S., and Hedin, E.R. 1990. Stimulation of aspen establishment on unreclaimed mine spoils. In Proceedings of the 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 April 1990, Charleston. Vol. 2. Edited by J. Skousen, J. Sencindiver, and D. Samuel. West Virginia University Publication Services, Morgantown, W. Va. pp. 589-594.
97. Hillis, T.L., and Parker, G.H. 1993. Age and proximity to local ore-smelters as determinants of tissue metal levels in beaver (Castor canadensis) of the Sudbury (Ontario) area. Environ. Pollut. 80: 67-72.
98. Hogan, G.D., and Rauser, W.E. 1979. Tolerance and toxicity of cobalt, copper, nickel and zinc in clones of Agrostis gigantea. New Phytol. 83: 665-670.
99. Hogan, G.D., Courtin, G.M., and Rauser, W.E. 1977. Copper tolerance in clones of Agrostis gigantea from a mine waste site. Can. J. Bot. 55: 1043-1050.
100. Howson. M. 1984. Comparative ecology of two Deschampsia species at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
101. 2 fixation with Azospirillum. In Biological nitrogen fixation. Edited by M. Alexander. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 201-224.
102. Hutchinson, T.C. 1979. Copper contamination of ecosystems caused by smelter activities. In Copper in the environment. Part 1. Ecological cycling. Edited by J.O. Nriagu. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. pp. 451-502.
103. Hutchinson, T.C. 1980. Effects of acid leaching on cation loss from soils. In Effects of acid precipitation on terrestrial ecosystems. Edited by T.C. Hutchinson and M. Havas. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 481-497.
104. 2+ on the toxicity of metals in the environment. Environ. Health Perspect. 25: 47-52.
105. Hutchinson, T.C., and Whitby, L.M. 1974a. Heavy-metal pollution in the Sudbury mining and smelting region of Canada. I. Soil and vegetation contamination by nickel, copper and other metals. Environ. Conserv. 1: 123-132.
106. Hutchinson, T.C., and Whitby, L.M. 1974b. A study of air- borne contamination on vegetation and soils by heavy metals from the Sudbury, Ontario copper-nickel smelters. In Trace elements in environmental health VII. A symposium. June 1974, Columbia, Mo. Edited by D.D. Hemphill. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, pp. 175-178.
107. Hutchinson, T.C., and Whitby, L.M. 1976. The effects of acid rainfall and heavy metal particulates on a boreal forest ecosystem near the Sudbury smelting region of Canada. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Acid precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem, May 1975, Columbus, Ohio. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-23. pp. 745-765.
108. Hutchinson, T.C., and Whitby, L.M. 1977. The effects of acid rainfall and heavy metal particulates on a boreal forest ecosystem near the Sudbury smelting region of Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut. 7: 421-438.
109. Hutchinson, T.C., Nakatsu, C., and Tam, D. 1981. Multiple metal tolerance and co-tolerance in algae. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Amsterdam, September 1981. Edited by W.H.O. Ernest. CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 300-304.
110. Hutson, B.R. 1980. The influence on soil development of the invertebrate fauna colonizing industrial reclamation sites. J. Appl. Ecol. 17: 277-286.
111. James, G.I. 1982. Factors influencing the birch transition community of the industrial barrens. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
112. James, G.I., and Courtin, G.M. 1985. Stand structure and growth form of the birch transition community in an industrially damaged ecosystem, Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. For. Res. 15(5): 809-817.
113. Jeffries, D.S. 1984. Atmospheric deposition of pollutants in the Sudbury area. In Environmental impacts of smelters. Edited by J.O. Nriagu. John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, Ont. pp. 117-154.
114. Johnson, D. 1994. Determination of the presence of rhizobia residing in Sudbury barren soil capable of effectively nodulating Trifolium hybridum and Lotus corniculatus. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
115. Johnson, M.S. 1978. Land reclamation and the botanical significance of some former mining and manufacturing sites in Britain. Environ. Conserv. 5(3): 223-228.
116. Jones, M.D., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1986. The effect of mycorrhizal infection on the response of Betula papyrifera to nickel and copper. New Phytol. 102: 429-442.
117. Jones, M.D., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1988a. Nickel toxicity in mycorrhizal birch seedlings infected with Lactarius rufus or Scleroderma flavidum. I. Effects on growth, photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration. New Phytol. 108: 451-459.
118. Jones, M.D., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1988b. Nickel toxicity in mycorrhizal birch seedlings infected with Lactarius rufus or Scleroderma flavidum. II. Uptake of nickel, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron. New Phytol. 108: 461-470.
119. Jones, M.D., Browning, M.H.R., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1986. The influence of mycorrhizal associations on paper birch and jack pine seedlings when exposed to elevated copper, nickel or aluminum. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31: 441-448.
120. 63Ni by paper birch. Can. J. Bot. 66: 934-940.
121. Jordan, M.J. 1975. Effects of zinc smelter emission and fire on a chestnut-oak woodland. Ecology, 56: 78-91.
122. Kalin, M., and Smith, M.P. 1991. Biological amelioration of acidic seepage streams. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Abatement of Acidic Drainage, 16-20 September 1991, Montréal, Que. MEND, Bibliothèque Nationale du Québec, Quebec, pp. 357-368.
123. Keever, C. 1983. A retrospective view of old-field succession after 25 years. Am. Midl. Nat. 110(2): 397-404.
124. Keller, W. 1992. Introduction and overview to aquatic acidification studies in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada area. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49(Suppl. 1): 3-7.
125. Keller, W., and Gunn, J.M. 1995a. Lake water quality improvements and recovering aquatic communities. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 67-80.
126. Keller, W., and Gunn, J.M. 1995b. Chemical and biological recovery of Sudbury area lakes: responses to smelter emission controls. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 725-733.
127. Khan, A.G. 1978. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in plants colonizing black wastes from bituminous coal mining in the Illawarra region of New South Wales. New Phytol. 81: 53-63.
128. Kozlov, M.V., Haukioja, E., Bakhtiarov, A.V., and Stroganov, D.N. 1995. Heavy metals in birch leaves around a nickel- copper smelter at Monchegorsk, northwestern Russia. Environ. Pollut. 90(3): 291-299.
129. Kryuchkov, V.V. 1993. Degradation of ecosystems around the "Severonikel" smelter complex. In Aerial pollution in the Kola Peninsula: Proceedings of the International Workshop, 14-16 April 1992, St. Petersburg. Edited by M.V. Kozlov, E. Haukioja, and V.T. Yarmishko. Kola Science Centre, Apatity, Russia, pp. 35-46.
130. Labine, C.L. 1971. The influence of certain seeded grasses on the evolution of mining tailings. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
131. Larcher, W. 1975. Physiological plant ecology. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
132. Laroche, G., Sirois, G., and McIlveen, W.D. 1979 Early roasting and smelting operations in the Sudbury area - an historical outline. Experience '79 Programme Report. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont.
133. Lautenbach, W.E. 1985. Land Reclamation Program 1978-1984. Vegetation Enhancement Technical Advisory Committee, Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Sudbury, Ont.
134. Lautenbach, W.E. 1987a. The Sudbury Regional Land Reclamation Program - a planner's perspective. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 7-11 June 1987, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by P.J. Beckett. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 22-31.
135. Lautenbach, W.E. 1987b. The greening of Sudbury. J. Soil Water Conserv. 42(4): 228-231.
136. Lautenbach, W.E., Miller, J., Beckett, P. , Negusanti, J., and Winterhalder, K. 1995. Municipal land restoration program: the regreening process. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer- Verlag, New York. pp. 109-122.
137. LeBlanc, F., and Rao, D.N. 1966. Réaction de quelques lichens et mousses épiphytiques à l'anhydride sulfureux dans la région de Sudbury, Ontario. Bryologist, 69: 338-346.
138. LeBlanc, F., and Rao, D.N. 1973. Effects of sulphur dioxide on lichen and moss transplants. Ecology, 54(3): 612-617.
139. LeBlanc, F., Rao, D.N., and Comeau, G. 1972. The epiphytic vegetation of Populus balsamifera and its significance as an air pollution indicator in Sudbury, Ontario. Can J. Bot. 50: 519-528.
140. Leisman, G.A. 1957. A vegetation and soil chronosequence on the Mesabi iron range soil banks, Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 27: 221-245.
141. Lepage, P., and G.H. Parker. 1988. Copper, nickel, and iron levels in pelage of red squirrels living near the ore smelters at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 66(7): 1631-1637.
142. Linzon, S.N. 1958. The influence of smelter fumes on the growth of white pine in the Sudbury region. Department of Mines and Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ont. Tech. Rep.
143. Lozano, F.C., and Morrison, I.K. 1981. Disruption of hardwood nutrition by sulphur dioxide, nickel and copper air pollution near Sudbury, Canada. J. Environ. Qual. 10(2): 198-204.
144. MacMahon, J.A. 1987. Disturbed lands and ecological theory: an essay about a mutualistic association. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 221-237.
145. Major, J. 1974. Nitrogen accumulation in successions. In Vegetation dynamics. Edited by R. Knapp. Junk, The Hague, pp. 207-213.
146. Maxwell, C.D. 1991. Floristic changes in soil algae and cyanobacteria in reclaimed metal-contaminated land at Sudbury, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut. 60: 381-393.
147. Maxwell, C.D. 1995. Acidification and heavy metal contamination: implications for the soil biota of Sudbury. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York pp. 219-231.
148. McCall, J., Gunn, J., and Struik, H. 1995. Photo interpretive study of recovery of damaged lands near the metal smelters of Sudbury, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 847-852.
149. McGovern, P.C., and Balsillie, D. 1972. Sulphur dioxide levels and environmental studies in the Sudbury area during 1971. Air Quality Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont. Tech. Rep.
150. McGovern, P.C., and Balsillie, D. 1973. Sulphur dioxide (1972) - heavy metal (1971) levels and vegetative effects in the Sudbury area. Air Management Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont.
151. McGovern, P.C., and Balsillie, D. 1974. Effects of sulphur dioxide and heavy metals on vegetation in the Sudbury area (1973). Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont.
152. McGovern, P.C., and Balsillie, D. 1975. Effects of sulphur dioxide and heavy metals on vegetation in the Sudbury area (1974). Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Northeast Region, Sudbury, Ont.
153. McHale, D., and Winterhalder, K. 1996. The relative merits of dolomitic ahd calcitic limestone in detoxifying and revegetating acidic, metal-contaminated soils in the Sudbury mining and smelting region of Canada. In Proceedings, 1996 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 18-23 May 1996. Knoxville, Tenn. Edited by W.L. Daniels, J.A. Burger, and Zipper, C.E. Virginia Tech Research Division, Powell River Project, Blacksburg. pp. 504-515.
154. McHale, D.E., Kraker, E.A., Courtin, G.M., and Winterhalder, E.K. 1974. Sudbury Environmental Enhancement Programme. Progress Report 1969-1974. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sudbury, Ont.
155. McHarg, I.L. 1971. Design with nature. Doubleday & Co., Garden City, N.Y.
156. McIlveen, W.D. 1990. Terrestrial effects study. In Acidic precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS) Annual Program Report 1988/1989. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ont. pp. 13-21.
157. McIlveen, W.D. 1991. Terrestrial effects studies. In Acidic precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS) Annual Program Report 1989/1990. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ont. pp. 40-48.
158. McIlveen, W.D., and Balsillie, D. 1978. Air quality assessment studies in the Sudbury area. Vol. 2. Effects of sulphur dioxide and heavy metals on vegetation and soils 1970-1977. Technical Support Section, Northeastern Region, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont.
159. McIlveen, W.D. and Negusanti, J.J. 1984. Marginal chlorosis of white birch in the Sudbury area, 1978-1983. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont. Prog. Rep. NER-AQTM 11-84.
160. McLaughlin, B.E. 1983. The relationship of two grasses, Agrostis gigantea and Poa pratensis, to environmental factors of a reclaimed tailings area near Copper Cliff, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
161. McNaughton, S.J., Folsom T.C., Lee, T., Park, F., Price, C., Roeder, D., Schitz, J., and Stockwell, C. 1974. Heavy metal tolerance in Typha latifolia without the evolution of tolerant races. Ecology, 55: 1163-1165.
162. McNeilly, T. 1987. Evolutionary lessons from degraded ecosystems. In Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research. Edited by W.R. Jordan III, M.E. Gilpin, and J.D. Aber. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. pp. 271-286.
163. Michelutti, R.E. 1974. How to establish vegetation on high iron-sulphur mine tailings. Can. Mining J. 1994(Oct.): 55-58.
164. Michelutti, R.E. 1978. The establishment of vegetation on high
165. Michelutti, R.E., and Wiseman, M. 1995. Engineered wetlands as a tailings rehabilitation strategy. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 135-141.
166. Miller, G. 1978. A method of establishing native vegetation on disturbed sites, consistent with the theory of nucleation. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 29 May - 1 June 1978, Sudbury, Ont. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 322-327.
167. Myslik, G. 1973. Heavy metal pollution of Sudbury lakes. M.Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
168. Naeern, S., Thompson, L.J., Lawler, S.P., Lawton, J.H., and Woodfin, R.M. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature (London), 368: 734-737.
169. Naumenko, N. 1986. The hardening-off and performance of mine-grown coniferous forest seedlings in the reclamation of anthropogenically disturbed and stressed lands. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
170. Negusanti, J.J. 1978. Revegetation of deteriorated Sudbury sites through tree plant trials. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 29 May - 1 June 1978, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by S.B. Lowe. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 14-24.
171. Negusanti, J.J. 1995. Terrestrial metal trends in the Sudbury area. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 1143-1150.
172. Negusanti, J.J., and McIlveen, W.D. 1990. Studies of the terrestrial environment in the Sudbury area, 1978-1987. Northeastern Region, Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Queen's Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Ont.
173. Nieboer, E., Ahmed, H.M., Puckett, K.J., and Richardson, D.H.S. 1972. Heavy metal content of lichens in relation to distance from a nickel smelter in Sudbury, Ontario. Lichenologist, 5: 292-303.
174. Niering, W.A. 1987. Vegetation dynamics (succession and climax) in relation to plant community management. Conserv. Biol. 1(4): 287-295.
175. Odum, J.S. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science (Washington, D.C.), 164: 262-270.
176. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1982. Sudbury Environmental Study Synopsis: 1973-1980. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont.
177. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1990. Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). Annual Program Report 1988-1989. Queen's Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Ont.
178. Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1991. Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). Annual Programme Report, 1989-1990. Acidic Precipitation Office, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Queen's Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Ont. PIBS 1534.
179. Parkinson, D. 1978. Microbes, mycorrhizae and mine soil. In Ecology and soil resource development. Vol. 2. Edited by M.K. Wali. Pergamon Press, New York. pp. 634-642.
180. Pearce, A.J. 1976a. Geomorphic and hydrologic consequences of vegetation destruction, Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 13(1): 188-193.
181. Pearce, A.J. 1976b. Contemporary rates of bedrock weathering, Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 13: 1358-1373.
182. Peters, T.H. 1970. Using vegetation to stabilize mine tailings. J. Soil Water Conserv. 25: 65-66.
183. Peters, T.H. 1978. INCO metals reclamation program. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 29 May - 1 June, 1978, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by S.B. Lowe. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 31-38.
184. Peters, T.H. 1984. Rehabilitation of mine tailings: a case of complete ecosystem reconstruction and revegetation of industrially stressed lands in the Sudbury area, Ontario. In Effects of pollutants at the ecosystem level. Edited by P.J. Sheehan, D.R. Miller, G.C. Butler, and P. Bourdeau. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 403-421.
185. Peters, T.H. 1988. Mine tailings reclamation. Inco Limited's experience with the reclaiming of sulphide tailings in the Sudbury area, Ontario, Canada. In Environmental management of solid wastes. Edited by W. Salomons and U. Forstner. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 152-165.
186. Peters, T.H. 1995. Revegetation of the Copper Cliff tailings area. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 123-133.
187. Pierpoint, G., and Hills, G.A. 1963. The land resources of the Sudbury Basin. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ont. Res. Rep. 50.
188. Pitblado, J.R., and Amiro, B.D. 1982. Landsat mapping of the industrially disturbed vegetation communities of Sudbury, Canada. Can. J. Remote Sens. 8(1): 17-28.
189. Pitblado, J.R., and Gallie, E.A. 1995. Remote sensing and geographic information systems: technologies for mapping and monitoring environmental health. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 299-311.
190. Potvin, R.R., and Balsillie, D. 1976. Air quality monitoring report for the Sudbury area (1975). Northeastern Region, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont.
191. Potvin, R.R., and Negusanti, J.J. 1995. Declining industrial emissions, improving air quality, and reduced damage to vegetation. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 51-61.
192. Puro, M.J., Kipkie, W.B., Knapp, R.A., McDonald, T.J., and Stuparyk, R.A. 1995. Inco's Copper Cliff tailings area. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 181-191.
193. Rapport, D.J. 1989. What constitutes ecosystem health? Perspect. Biol. Med. 33(1): 120-132.
194. Rauser, W.E., and Winterhalder, E.K. 1985. Evaluation of copper, nickel, and zinc tolerances in four grass species. Can. J. Bot. 63: 58-63.
195. Reeves, F.B., Wagner, D., Moorman, T., and Kiel, J. 1979. The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west. I. A comparison of incidence of mycorrhizae in severely disturbed vs. natural environments. Am. J. Bot. 66: 6-13.
196. Regional Municipality of Sudbury. 1991. Junction Creek Waterway Park Community Improvement Plan. Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Sudbury, Ont.
197. Regional Municipality of Sudbury. 1992. Ramsey Lake Community Improvement Plan. Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Sudbury, Ont.
198. Rose, G.A., and Parker, G.H. 1982. Effects of smelter emissions on metal levels in the plumage of ruffed grouse near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 60(11): 2659-2667.
199. Rose, G.A., and Parker, G.H. 1983. Metal content of body tissues, diet items, and dung of ruffed grouse near the copper- nickel smelters at Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 61(3): 505-511.
200. Roshon, R. 1988. Genecological studies on two populations of Betula pumila var. glandulifera, with special reference to their ecology and metal tolerance. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
201. Roshon, R.D., Negusanti, J.J., and Winterhalder, E.K. 1988. Comparison of elemental content and bioaccumulation of Betula pumila var. glandulifera and soil collected from Sudbury and Manitoulin Island, 1987. Northeastern Region, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Sudbury, Ont. Rep. AQTM-NER-10-88.
202. Rowe, J.S. 1959. Forest regions of Canada. Publ. 1300. Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service, Information Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
203. Rutherford, G.K., and Bray, C.R. 1979. Extent and distribution of soil heavy metal contamination near a nickel smelter at Coniston, Ontario. J. Environ. Qual. 8: 219-222.
204. Rutherford, G.K., and Van Loon, G.W. 1980. The ecological qualities of some tailings in the Sudbury rim area and the composition of vegetation associated with them. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 18-20 August 1980, Timmins, Ont. Edited by K. Winterhalder. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 43-55.
205. Sahi, S.V. 1983. Frost heaving and needle ice formation and their effect upon seedling survival at selected sites in Sudbury, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
206. Sargent, D.G. 1996. The response of the terrestrial ecosystem at Sudbury, Ontario to 20 years of reduced smelter pollution. M.Sc. thesis, Trent University, Peterborough, Ont.
207. Schramm, J. 1966. Plant colonization on black wastes from anthracite mining in Pennsylvania. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 56: 1-194.
208. Schultze, E.-D., and Freer-Smith, P.H. 1991. An evaluation of forest decline based on field observations focussed on Norway spruce, Picea abies. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 97B: 155-168.
209. Scurfield, G. 1954. Biological flora of the British Isles. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. J. Ecol. 42: 225-233.
210. Shorthouse, J.D., and Bagatto, G. 1995a. Potential role of low- bush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) in colonizing metal-contaminated ecosystems. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 247-2055.
211. Shorthouse, J.D., and Bagatto, G. 1995b. Diversity of carabid ground beetles as bioindicators of mine tailings restoration. Report to Inco Ltd., Sudbury, Ont.
212. Shtina, E.A., Neganova, L.B., Yel'shina, T.A., Shilova, I., and Andonova, M.F. 1985. Soil algae in polluted soils. Sov. Soil Sci. 17: 18-27.
213. Silverberg, B.A., Stokes, P.M., and Ferstenberg, L.B. 1976. Intra-nuclear complexes in a copper tolerant green alga. J. Cell Biol. 69: 210-214.
214. Sinclair, A. 1996. Floristics, structure and dynamics of plant communities on acid, metal-contaminated soils. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
215. Skaller, P.M. 1981. Vegetation management by minimal interference: working with succession. Landscape Plann. 8: 149-174.
216. Skraba, D. 1989. Effects of surface liming of soils on streamflow chemistry in a denuded, acid, metal-contaminated watershed near Sudbury, Ontario. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
217. Skraba, D., and Winterhalder, K. 1987. A conceptual model of streamflow chemistry in an acid metal-contaminated watershed treated with limestone. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 7-11 June, 1987, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by P.J. Beckett. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 11-21.
218. Smith, W.H. 1981. Air pollution and forests. Springer-Verlag, New York.
219. Spires, A.C. 1975. Studies on the use of overburden soils in facilitating vegetative growth on high sulphide tailings. M.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
220. Sprent, J. 1979. The Biology of nitrogen-fixing organisms. McGraw-Hill, London.
221. Stogran, S.W., and Wiseman, M.E. 1995. A comparison of organic and inorganic covers for long term prevention or amelioration of acid mine drainage. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 555-563.
222. Stokes, P.M. 1975. Adaptation of green algae to high levels of copper and nickel in aquatic environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, 27-31 October 1975, Toronto, Ont. Vol. 2. Part 1. Edited by T.C. Hutchinson and A.L. Page. Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. pp. 137-154.
223. Stokes, P.M. 1981. Multiple metal tolerance in copper tolerant green algae. J. Plant Nutr. 3(1-4): 667-678.
224. Stokes, P.M., Hutchinson, T.C., and Krauter, K. 1973. Heavy metal tolerance in algae isolated from contaminated lakes near Sudbury, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 51: 2155-2168.
225. Street, M.E., and Goodman, G.T. 1967. Techniques of revegetation in the Lower Swansea Valley. In The Lower Swansea Valley Project. Edited by K.J. Hilton. Longmans Green, London, pp. 71-110.
226. Struik, H. 1973. Photo interpretive study to assess and evaluate the vegetational and physical state of the Sudbury area subject to industrial emissions. In Sudbury Environmental Enhancement Programme Summary Report, 1969-1973. Ontario. Department of Lands and Forests, Sudbury, Ont. pp. 6-11.
227. Tang, A.J.S., Chan, W.H., and Lusis, M.A. 1984. An analysis of the effects of the Sudbury emission sources on wet and dry deposition in Ontario. Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Report. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ont.
228. Taylor, J.G., and Crowder, A.A. 1983a. Uptake and accumulation of heavy metals by Typha latifolia in wetlands of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Can. J. Bot. 61: 63-73.
229. Taylor, J.G., and Crowder, A.A. 1983b. Uptake and accumulation of copper, nickel, and iron by Typha latifolia grown in solution culture. Can. J. Bot. 61: 1825-1830.
230. Taylor, J.G., and Crowder, A.A. 1983c. Accumulation of atmospherically deposited metals in wetland soils of Sudbury, Ontario. Water Air Soil Pollut. 19: 29-42.
231. Taylor, J.G., and Crowder, A.A. 1984. Copper and nickel tolerance in Typha latifolia clones from contaminated and uncontaminated environments. Can. J. Bot. 62: 1304-1308.
232. Tomassini, F.D.K., Puckett, K.J., Nieboer, E., and Richardson, D.H.S. 1976. Determination of copper, nickel, iron, nickel and sulphur by X-ray fluorescence analysis in lichens from the Mackenzie Valley and the Sudbury District, Ontario. Can. J. Bot. 54: 1591-1603.
233. Trépanier, M. 1985. Stem analysis of white birch in the birch transition community, Sudbury, Ontario. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
234. Trevett, M.F. 1956. Observations on the decline and rehabilitation of lowbush blueberry fields. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. Misc. Publ. 626.
235. Turcotte, C.K. 1981. A comparative study of soils and vegetation in the vicinity of two roast yards in Sudbury, Ontario. B.Sc. thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont.
236. Twiss, M.R. 1990. Copper tolerance of Chlamydomonas acidophila (Chlorophyceae) isolated from acidic, copper- contaminated soils. J. Phycol. 26: 655-659.
237. Waito, R., and Gregory, R.C. 1973. The effect of copper on the germination and growth of jack pine seedlings. B.Sc.F. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
238. Wallace, C.F., and Thompson, A. (Editors). 1993. Sudbury: rail town to regional capital. Dundurn Press, Toronto, Ont.
239. Warren, H.V., Delavault, R.E., and Fletcher, K.W. 1971. Metal pollution - a growing problem in industrial and urban areas. CIM Bull. 64: 1-12.
240. Watson, W.Y., and Richardson, D.H.S. 1972. Appreciating the potential of a devastated land. For. Chron. 48: 312-315.
241. Waybrant, K.R., Blowes, D.W., and Ptacek, C.J. 1995. Selection of reactive mixtures for the prevention of acid mine drainage using porous reactive walls. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 945-953.
242. Weston, R.L., Gadgil, P.G., Salter, B.R., and Goodman, G.T. 1965. Problems of revegetation in the Lower Swansea Valley, an area of industrial dereliction. In Ecology and the industrial society. Edited by G.T. Goodman, R.W. Edwards, and J.M. Lambert. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 297-325.
243. Whitby, L.M. 1974. The ecological consequences of airborne metallic contaminants from the Sudbury smelters. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
244. Whitby, L.M., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1974. Heavy-metal pollution in the Sudbury mining and smelting region of Canada. II. Soil toxicity tests. Environ. Conserv. 1: 191-200.
245. Whitby, L.M., Stokes, P.M., Hutchinson, T.C., and Myslik, G. 1976. Ecological consequence of acidic and heavy-metal discharges from the Sudbury smelters. Can. Mineral. 14: 47-57.
246. Wilson, W.R. 1976. Master plan for the development of the Copper Cliff Wildlife Management Area. Inco Ltd., Sudbury, Ont.
247. Winterhalder, K. 1974. Reclamation studies on industrial barrens in the Sudbury area. In Proceedings, 4th Annual Workshop, Dec. 1974, Guelph, Ont. Edited by J.E. Winch and E.M. Watkin. Ontario Cover Crop Committee, Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. pp. 2-3.
248. Winterhalder, K. 1975. Reclamation of industrial barrens in the Sudbury area. In Transactions, Annual Meeting, Ontario Chapter, Canadian Society of Environmental Biologists, 13-15 February 1975, Sudbury, Ont. Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont. pp. 64-72.
249. Winterhalder, K. 1983a. The use of manual surface seeding, liming and fertilization in the reclamation of acid metal- contaminated land in the Sudbury, Ontario mining and smelting region of Canada. Environ. Technol. Lett. 4: 209-216.
250. Winterhalder, K 1983b. Limestone application as a trigger factor in the revegetation of acid, metal-contaminated soils of the Sudbury area. In Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 21-24 August 1983, Waterloo, Ont. Edited by W.E. Welch. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph Ont. pp. 201-212.
251. Winterhalder, K. 1984. Environmental degradation and rehabilitation in the Sudbury area. Laurentian Univ. Rev. 16(2): 15-47.
252. Winterhalder, K. 1987. The Sudbury Regional Land Reclamation Programme - an ecologist's perspective. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting, Canadian Land Reclamation Association, 7-11 June 1987, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by P.J. Beckett. Canadian Land Reclamation Association, Guelph, Ont. pp. 81-92.
253. Winterhalder, K. 1988a. Trigger factors initiating natural revegetation processes on barren, acid, metal-toxic soils near Sudbury, Ontario smelters. In Proceedings of a Conference on Mine Drainage and Surface Mine Reclamation, 19-21 April, 1988, Pittsburgh, Pa. U.S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 9184. pp. 118-124.
254. Winterhalder, K. 1988b. Spatial heterogeneity in an industrially attenuated landscape before and after revegetation. In Landscape Ecology and Management. Proceedings of the First Symposium of the Canadian Society for Landscape Ecology and Management, May 1987, Guelph, Ont. Edited by M.R. Moss. Polyscience Publications Inc., Montréal, Que. pp. 203-210.
255. Winterhalder, K. 1993a. The roles of colonization and succession in the reclamation of mine sites. In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, 16-19 May 1993, Spokane, Wash. Edited by B.A. Zamora and R.E. Connolly. ASSMR, Princeton, W. Va. pp. 30-53.
256. Winterhalder, K. 1993b. The regreening of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury - community initiative to revegetate a degraded landscape and to change the image of a mining town. In Proceedings of the First Canadian Urban Forests Conference, 30 May - 2 June 1993, Winnipeg, Man. Edited by G. Blouin and R. Comean. Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 117-123.
257. Winterhalder, K. 1995a. Early history of human activities in the Sudbury area and ecological damage to the landscape. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 17-31.
258. Winterhalder, K. 1995b. Natural recovery of vascular plant communities on the industrial barrens of the Sudbury area. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 93-102.
259. Winterhalder, K. 1995c. Dynamics of plant communities and soils in revegetated ecosystems - a Sudbury case study. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 173-182.
260. Winterhalder, K. 1995d. Minimal soil amelioration and native sod transplanting as a means of restoring biodiversity on smelter-affected land. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95 - Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 1189-1198.
261. Winterhalder, K., Reynolds, P.J., and Kett, B.H. 1975. Vegetation, soils and proposed reclamative measures for the main road and rail arteries into the Regional Municipality of Sudbury. Report to the Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Sudbury, Ont.
262. Winterhalder, K., Beckett, P.J., and Todd, M.R. 1984. Metal dynamics in a revegetated ecosystem at Sudbury, Canada. In Proceedings of an International Conference on Environmental Contamination, July 1984, London, U.K. CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, U.K. pp. 499-504.
263. Woyshner, M.R., St.-Arnaud, L.C. and Wiseman, M.E. 1995. Neutralization potential and the porous envelope effect: two favourable conditions for the decommissioning of the Fault Lake tailings site, Falconbridge, Ontario. In Proceedings of Sudbury '95-Mining and the Environment. 28 May - 1 June 1995, Sudbury, Ont. Edited by T.P. Hynes and M.C. Blanchette. CANMET, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 785-793.
264. Wu, T-C., and Lautenbach, W.E. 1995. Planning for the environmentally friendly city. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer- Verlag, New York. pp. 325-333.
265. Yan, N., Keller, W., and Gunn, J. 1995. Liming of Sudbury area lakes: lessons for recovery. In Environmental restoration and recovery of an industrial region. Edited by J. Gunn. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 195-204.
266. Yap, D. 1984. Emission inventory of Ontario and eastern North America during 1980-1983 with emphasis on the Sudbury shut-down period. Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Report. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ont.
267. Yap, D., and Kurtz, J. 1984. Meteorological studies to quantify the effects of Sudbury emissions on precipitation quality and air quality during 1980-1983 with emphasis on the shut-down period. Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Report. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ont.
268. Yarranton, G.A., and Morrison, R.G. 1974. Spatial dynamics of a primary succession: nucleation. J. Ecol. 62(2): 417-428.
269. Young, J.A., and Young, C.G. 1992. Seeds of woody plants in North America. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oreg.