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Volumn 111, Issue 24, 1999, Pages 10934-10956

Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions

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EID: 0001097952     PISSN: 00219606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.480457     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (126)

References (161)
  • 20
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    • (1990) Optics, 2nd Ed.
    • Hecht, E.1
  • 35
    • 85034144797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The magnitude and sign of the momentum impulse imparted to a free charge by a short optical pulse should depend on the absolute phase of the pulse.
  • 47
    • 85034132883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The envelope phase of the above quasimonochromatic approximation to a pulse thus varies as the pulse propagates through the sample. At a single point in space, the quasimonochromatic field given above also has a constant carrier wave phase as the delay is varied (hence an envelope phase-shift).
  • 67
    • 85034145270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado
    • S. M. Gallagher Faeder, Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado, 1999.
    • (1999)
    • Gallagher Faeder, S.M.1
  • 78
    • 0004027982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford University Press, New York
    • This result can be derived by inserting a phase-shift φ in the derivation of the electric field diffracted by a sound wave given in Ch. 12 of A. Yariv, Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 5th ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1997). This result also holds for absorption coefficient gratings.
    • (1997) Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 5th Ed.
    • Yariv, A.1
  • 91
    • 0004112033 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • A. A. Michelson, Studies in Optics (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1927).
    • (1927) Studies in Optics
    • Michelson, A.A.1
  • 94
    • 0003434416 scopus 로고
    • University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA
    • A. E. Siegman, Lasers (University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1986).
    • (1986) Lasers
    • Siegman, A.E.1
  • 104
    • 85034134779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Random optical path length variations lead to random delay variations and not random variation of the constant term in the spectral phase which is called the phase of a pulse here.
  • 105
    • 85034148292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • d + φ) in the argument of the cosine in Eq. (4.35) of Ref. 12 and Eq. (3.6) of Ref. 13 identically zero (mod 2π) in the phase-locked pulse pair experiments.
  • 106
    • 0003605024 scopus 로고
    • edited by C. B. Harris, E. P. Ippen, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • E. J. Heller, in Ultrafast Phenomena VII, edited by C. B. Harris, E. P. Ippen, G. A. Mourou, and A. H. Zewail (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).
    • (1990) Ultrafast Phenomena VII
    • Heller, E.J.1
  • 120
    • 0346291846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • personal communication
    • J. A. Cina (personal communication, 1999).
    • (1999)
    • Cina, J.A.1
  • 135
    • 85034136004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Some discussions of FROG do not distinguish electric field from complex envelope. References 127 and 132-134 use the word "field" (often with complex conjugate notation) for complex envelope, while Refs. 128 through 131 explicitly use the complex envelope to calculate FROG signals. The equations for transient grating and self diffraction FROG signals in Ref. 134 are equal to the nonlinear polarization given by Eq. (13) when the response is instantaneous (i.e., the response function is a product of delta functions). Extensions of Eq. (14) may be useful for inverting interferometric FROG traces.
  • 141
    • 85034145727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As for linear experiments with phase-locked pulse pairs, a time domain analysis leads to the same conclusion if each member of both pulse pairs is treated symmetrically (e.g., pulse c should be included once as an excitation field in calculating the nonlinear polarization with pulse d as heterodyne field, and once as a heterodyne field when pulse d acts as a nonlinear excitation field).
  • 153
    • 85034135429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Dephasing can prevent molecules from seeing the global phase relationship between long or widely separated pulses. Harmonics have a locally periodic phase relationship which repeats every period of the lowest harmonic so that the global phase relationship is apparent on a very short time scale.
  • 156
    • 85034127117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a causal impulse response [e.g., χ(t) in Eq. (A2)], the unique even and odd extensions of that response are equal for positive times and may be substituted one for the other in truncated Fourier sine and cosine transforms to formally derive the Kramers-Kronig relations based only on linear response and causality (see Ref. 157). Subtleties associated with poles of χ(ω) in the complex analytic derivation of the Kramers-Kronig relations are hidden in the impulse response at t = O.


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