Fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny

Botanical Review

Volumn 65, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 188-218

  Rothwell, Gar W ^a  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMBRYOPHYTA; EQUISETOPHYTA; FILICALES; FILICOPHYTA; HYDROPTERIDALES; MARATTIALES; OPHIOGLOSSALES; PSILOTOPHYTA; PSILOTUM; TMESIPTERIS; TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 0001077722     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf02857629     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Andrews, H. N. 1961. Studies in paleobotany. Wiley, New York.
2. _ & T. L. Phillips. 1968. Rhacophyton from the Upper Devonian of West Virginia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 61: 38-64.
3. Bateman, R. M. 1991. Palaeobiological and phylogenetic implications of anatomically-preserved Archaeocalamites from the Dinantian of Oxroad Bay and Loch Humphrey Burn, Scotland. Palaeontographica 223B: 1-67.
4. Beck, C. B. & D. D. Wight. 1988. Progymnosperms. Pp. 1-84 in C. B. Beck (ed.), Origin and evolution of gymnosperms. Columbia University Press, New York.
5. Bertrand, P. 1909. Étude de la fronde des Zygoptéridées. L. Danel, Lille.
6. Bierhorst, D. W. 1968. On the Stromatopteridaceae (fam. nov. and the Psilotaceae. Phytomorphology 18: 232-268.
7. _. 1971. Morphology of vascular plants. Macmillan, New York.
8. _. 1977. The systematic position of Psilotum and Tmesipteris. Brittonia 29: 3-13.
9. Binney, E. W. 1872. Notes. Mem. Lit. Soc. Manchester 11: 69.
10. Bower, F. O. 1923-1928. The ferns. Vols. I-III. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
11. Chaloner, W. G. 1958. Isolated megaspore tetrads of Stauropteris burntislandica. Ann. Bot. 22: 197-204.
12. Cichan, M. A. & T. N. Taylor. 1990. Evolution of cambium in geologic time - a reappraisal. Pp. 213-228 in M. Iqbal (ed.), The vascular cambium. John Wiley & Sons (Research Studies Press Ltd.), Somerset, England.
13. Cleal, C.J. 1993. Pteridopohyta. Pp. 779-794 in M. J. Benton (ed.), The fossil record 2. Chapman and Hall, London.
14. Collinson, M. E. 1996. "What use are fossil ferns?" 20 years on: With a review of the fossil history of extant pteridophyte families and genera. Pp. 349-394 in J. Camus, M. Gibby & R. J. Johns (eds.), Pteridology in perspective. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
15. Conant, D. S., L. A. Raubeson, D. K. Attwood & D. B. Stein. 1995. The relationships of papuasian Cycatheaceae to New World tree ferns. Amer. Fern J. 85: 328-340.
16. Copeland, E. B. 1947. Genera Filicum - The genera of ferns. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, MA.
17. Cornet, B., T. L. Phillips & H. N. Andrews Jr. 1976. The morphology and variation in Rhacophyton ceratangium from the Upper Devonian and its bearing on frond evolution. Palaeontographica 158B: 105-129.
18. Crane, E. H., D. R. Farrar & J. F. Wendel. 1995. Phylogeny of the Vittariaceae: Convergent simplification leads to a polyphyletic Vittaria. Amer. Fern J. 85: 283-305.
19. Crane, P. R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 716-793.
20. Delevoryas, T. & J. Morgan. 1954. A further investigation of the morphology of Anachoropteris clavata. Amer. J. Bot. 41: 192-198.
21. DeMason, D. A. 1983. The primary thickening meristem: Definition and function in monocotyledons. Amer. J. Bot. 70: 955-962.
22. Dennis, R. L. 1974. Studies of Paleozoic ferns: Zygopteris from the Middle and Late Pennsylvanian of the United States. Palaeontographica 148B: 95-136.
23. Dittrich, H. S., L. C. Matten & T. L. Phillips. 1983. Anatomy of Rhacophyton ceratangium from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of West Virginia. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 40: 127-147.
24. Donoghue, M. J., J. A. Doyle, J. Gauthier, A. G. Kluge & T. Rowe. 1989 The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 431-460.
25. Dorn, J. 1980. A new species of Psilophyion from the Lower Devonian of northern New Brunswick. Canad. J. Bot. 58: 2241-2262.
26. Doyle, J. A. & M. J. Donoghue. 1992. Fossils and seed plant phylogeny reanalyzed. Brittonia 44: 89-106.
27. Eames, A. J. 1936. Morphology of vascular plants, lower groups. McGraw-Hill, New York.
28. Edwards, D. S. 1986. Aglaophyton major, a non-vascular land-plant from the Devonian Rhynie Chert. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 93: 173-204.
29. Eggert, D. A. 1964. The question of the phylogenetic position of the Coenopteridales. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 38-57.
30. _ & T. Delevoryas. 1967. Studies of Paleozoic ferns: Sermaya, gen. nov. and its bearing on filicalean evolution in the Paleozoic. Palaeontographica 120B: 169-180.
31. Erwin, D. M. & G. W. Rothwell. 1989. Gillespiea randolphensis gen. et sp. nov. (Stauropteridales), from the Upper Devonian of West Virginia. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3063-3077.
32. Esau, K. 1943. Origin and development of primary vascular tissues in seed plants. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 9: 125-206.
33. Galtier, J. 1967. Les sporanges de Botryopteris antiqua Kidston. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., ser. D 264: 897-900.
34. _. 1981. Structures foliaires de fougeres et Pteridospermales du Carbonifere Inferieur et leur signification evolutive. Palaeontographica 180B: 1-38.
35. _ & T. L. Phillips. 1996. Structure and evolutionary significance of Paleozoic ferns. Pp. 417-434 in J. Camus, M. Gibby & R. J. Johns (eds.), Pteridology in perspective. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
36. _ & A. C. Scott. 1985 Diversification of early ferns. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 86B: 289-301.
37. _ & T. N. Taylor. 1994. The first record of ferns from the Permian of Antarctica. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 83: 227-239.
38. Gastony, G. J. & D. R. Rollo. 1995. Phylogeny and generic circumscription of cheilanthoid ferns (Pteridaceae: Chelanthoideae) inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences. Amer. Fern J. 85: 341-360.
39. Gauthier, J., A. G. Kluge & T. Rowe. 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4: 105-209.
40. Gensel, P. G. & H. N. Andrews. 1984. Plant life in the Devonian. Praeger, New York.
41. Gifford, E. M. & A. S. Foster. 1989. Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. Ed. 3. W. H. Freeman, New York.
42. Good, C. W. 1975. Pennsylvanian-age calamitean cones, elater-bearing spores, and associated vegetative organs. Palaeontographica 153B: 28-99.
43. _. 1979. Botryopteris pinnules with abaxial sporangia. Amer. J. Bot. 66: 19-25.
44. _. 1981. A petrified sporangium from the British Carboniferous. Palaeontology 24: 483-492.
45. _ & G. W. Rothwell. 1988. A reinterpretation of the Paleozoic fern Norwoodia angustum. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 56: 199-204.
46. _ & _. 1991. A new genus of the Psalixochlaenaceae (Filicales) with Botryopteris vascular anatomy. Amer. J. Bot. 76(6): 114.
47. Hamer, J. J. & G. W. Rothwell. 1988. The vegetative structure of Medullosa endocentrica (Pteridopspermopsida). Canad. J. Bot. 66: 375-387.
48. Hasebe, M. T., T. Omori, M. Nakazawa, T. Sano, M. Kato & K. Iwatsuki. 1994. RbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 91: 5730-5734.
49. _, P. G. Wolf, K. M. Pryer, K. Ueda, M. Ito, R Sano, G. J. Gastony, J. Yokoyama, J. R. Manhart, N. Murakami, E. H. Crane, C. H. Haufler & W. D. Hauk. 1995. A global analysis of fern phylogeny based on rbcL nucleotide sequences. Amer. Fern J. 85: 134-181.
50. Haufler, C. H. & T. A. Ranker. 1995. RbcL sequences provide phylogenetic insights among sister species of the fern genus Polypodium. Amer. Fern J. 85: 361-374.
51. Hauk, W. D. 1995. A molecular assessment of relationships among cryptic species of Botrychium subgenus Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). Amer. Fern J. 85: 375-394.
52. Hewitson, W. 1962. Comparative morphology of the Osmundaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 49: 57-93.
53. Hill, C. R. & J. M. Camus. 1986. Evolutionary cladistics of marattialean ferns. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 14: 219-300.
54. Holden, H. S. 1962. The morphology of Botryopteris antiqua. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 5: 361-380.
55. Holmes, J. 1977. The Carboniferous fern Psalixochlaena cylindrica as found in Westphalian A coal balls from England. Part 1. Structure and development of the cauline system. Palaeontographica 164B: 33-75.
56. _. 1981. The Carboniferous fern Psalixochlaena cylindrica as found in Westphalian A coal balls from England. Part II. The frond and fertile parts. Palaeontographica 176B: 147-173.
57. _. 1989. Anomalous branching patterns in some fossil Filicales: Implications in the evolution of the megaphyll and the lateral branch, habit and growth pattern. Pl. Syst. Evol. 165: 137-158.
58. Holttum, R. E. 1973. Posing the problems. Pp. 1-10 in A. C. Jermy, J. A. Crabbe & B. A. Thomas (eds.), The phylogeny and classification of ferns. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 67 (Suppl. 1).
59. Huelsenbeck, J. P. 1991. When are fossils better than extant taxa in phylogenetic analysis? Syst. Zool. 40: 458-469.
60. Kato, M. 1988. The phylogenetic relationship of Ophioglossaceae. Taxon 37: 381-386.
61. Kenrick, P. & P. R. Crane. 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
62. Kramer, K. U. 1990. Notes on the higher level classification of the recent ferns. Pp. 49-52 in K. Kubitzki (ed.), The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
63. Kräusel, R. & H. Weyland. 1926. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Devonflora, II. Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 41: 317-359.
64. Lang, W. H. 1913. Studies on the morphology and anatomy of the Ophioglossaceae. I. On the branching of Botrychium lunaria, with notes on the anatomy of the young and old rhizomes. Ann. Bot. 27: 203-242.
65. Leclercq, S. 1951. Étude morphologique et anatomique d'une fourère du Dèvonien supèrieur, le Rhacophyton zygopteroides nov. sp. ann. Mem. Soc. Gèol. Belgique, ser. 4, 9: 1-62.
66. _. 1954. An Upper Devonian zygopterid showing clepsydropsoid and etapteroid features. Amer. J. Bot. 41: 488-492.
67. Maddison, D. R. 1991. The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees. Syst. Zool. 40: 315-328.
68. Maddison, M. J. & D. R. Maddison. 1992. MacClade: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 3.01. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
69. Manhart, J. R. 1995. Chloroplast 16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic relationships of fern allies and ferns. Amer. Fern J. 85: 182-192.
70. Mickel, J. T. 1974. Phyletic lines in the modern ferns. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 474-482.
71. Mickle, J. E. 1980. Ankyropteris from the Pennsylvanian of eastern Kentucky. Bot. Gaz. 141: 230-243.
72. Millay, M. A. 1979. Studies of Paleozoic marattialeans: A monograph of the American species of Scolecopteris. Palaeontographica 169B: 1-69.
73. _. 1982. Studies of Paleozoic marattialeans: An evaluation of the genus Cyathotrachus. Palaeontographica 180B: 65-81.
74. _ & G. W. Rothwell. 1983. Fertile pinnae of Biscalitheca (Zygopteridales) from the Upper Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian Basin. Bot. Gaz. 144: 589-599.
75. _ & T. N. Taylor. 1980. An unusual botryopterid sporangial aggregation from the Middle Pennsylvanian of North America. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 758-773.
76. Morgan, J. 1959. The morphology and anatomy of American species of the genus Psaronius. Illinois Biological Monographs, No. 27. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
77. Nixon, K. C. 1996. Paleobotany in cladistics and cladistics in paleobotany: Enlightenment and uncertainty. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 90: 363-373.
78. _ & J. M. Carpenter. 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics 9: 413-426.
79. Ogura, Y. 1972. Comparative anatomy of vegetative organs of the pteridophytes. Ed. 2. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin.
80. Phillips, T. L. 1974. Evolution of vegetative morphology in coenopterid ferns. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61: 427-461.
81. Pichi Sermolli, R. E. G. 1977. Tentamen pteridophytorium genera in taxonomicum ordinem redigendi. Webbia: 31: 313-512.
82. Pryer, K. M., A. R. Smith & J. E. Skog. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of extant pteridophytes based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. Amer. Fern J. 85: 205-282.
83. Raubeson, L. A. & D. B. Stein. 1995. Insights into fern evolution from mapping chloroplast genomes. Amer. Fern. J. 85: 193-204.
84. Remy, W. & H. Hass. 1996. New information on gametophytes and sporophytes of Aglaophyton major and inferences about possible environmental adaptations. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 90: 175-194.
85. _, P. Gensel & H. Hass. 1993. The gametophyte generation of some Early Devonian land plants. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 154: 35-58.
86. Rothwell, G. W. 1976. Primary vasculature and gymnosperm systematics. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 22: 193-206.
87. _. 1986. Classifying the earliest gymnosperms. Pp. 137-162 in R. A. Spicer & B. A. Thomas (eds.), Systematic and taxonomic approaches in palaeobotany. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 31, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
88. _. 1987. Complex Paleozoic Filicales in the evolutionary radiation of ferns. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 458-461.
89. _. 1988. Upper Pennsylvanian Steubenville coal-ball flora. Ohio J. Sci. 88: 61-65.
90. _. 1991. Botryopteris forensis (Botryopteridaceae), a trunk epiphyte of the tree fern Psaronius. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 782-788.
91. _. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among ferns and gymnosperms: An overview. J. Pl. Res. 107: 411-416.
92. _. 1995. The fossil history of branching: Implications for the phylogeny of land plants. Pp. 71-86 in P. C. Hoch & A. G. Stephenson (eds.), Experimental and molecular approaches to plant biosystematics. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
93. _. 1996a. Phylogenetic relationships of ferns: A palaeobotanical perspective. Pp. 395-404 in J. Camus, M. Gibby & R. J. Johns (eds.), Pteridology in perspective. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
94. _. 1996b. Pteridophytic evolution: An often underappreciated phytological success story. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 90: 209-222.
95. _ & E. E. Karrfalt. 1996. Origin and ontogeny of tissues in the ophioglossaceous fern Botrychium. Amer. J. Bot. 83 (Abstracts): 48.
96. _ & J. S. Pryor. 1991. Developmental dynamics of arborescent lycophytes - apical and lateral growth in Stigmaria ficoides. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1740-1745.
97. _ & R. Serbet. 1994. Lignophyte phylogeny and the evolution of spermatophytes: A numerical cladistic analysis. Syst. Bot. 19: 443-482.
98. _ & R. A. Stockey. 1994. The role of Hydropteris pinnata gen. et sp. nov. in reconstructing the cladistics of heterosporous ferns. Amer. J. Bot. 81: 479-492.
99. Schmid, R. 1982. The terminology and classification of steles: Historical perspective and outlines of a system. Bot. Rev. (Lancaster) 48: 817-931.
100. Schweitzer, H.-J. & P. Geisen. 1980. Über Taeniophyton inopinatum, Protolycopodites devonicus und Cladoxylon scoparium aus dem Mitteldevon von Wuppertal. Palaeontographica 173B: 1-25.
101. Serbet, R. & G. W. Rothwell. 1994. Lignophyte phylogeny and the evolution of spermatophytes: A numerical cladistic analysis. Syst. Bot. 19: 443-482.
102. Skog, J. E. 1992. The Lower Cretaceous ferns in the genus Anemia (Schizaeaceae), Potomac Group of Virginia, and relationships within the genus. Rev. Palaeobot. & Palynol. 70: 279-295.
103. Smith, A. R. 1995. Non-molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for ferns. Amer. Fern J. 85: 104-122.
104. Stein, D. B., D. S. Conant, M. E. Ahearn, E. T. Jordan, S. A. Kirch, M. Hasebe, K. Iwatsuki & M. K. Tan. 1992. Structural rearrangements of the chloroplast genome provide an important phylogenetic link in ferns. Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 89: 1856-1860.
105. Stevenson, D. W. & H. Loconte. 1996. Ordinal and familial relationships of pteridophyte genera. Pp. 435-467 in J. M. Camus, M. Gibby & R. J. Johns (eds.), Pteridology in perspective. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
106. Stewart, W. N. & G. W. Rothwell. 1993. Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. Ed. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
107. Stidd, B. M. 1971. Morphology and anatomy of the frond of Psaronius. Palaeontographica 134B: 88-123.
108. Surange, K. R. 1952a. The morphology of Stauropteris burntislandica P. Bertrand and its megasporangium Bensonites fusiformis R. Scott. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 237B: 73-91.
109. _. 1952b. The morphology of Botryopteris antiqua with some observations on Botryopteris ramosa. Palaeobotanist 1: 420-434.
110. Swofford, D. L. 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 3.1.1 Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign.
111. Taylor, T. N. & E. L. Taylor. 1993. The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
112. Tidwell, W. D. & S. R. Ash. 1994. A review of selected Triassic and Early Cretaceous ferns. J. Pl. Res. 107: 417-442.
113. Trivett, M. L. 1986. Reconstructing zygopterid ferns - the Corynepteris-type plant. Amer. J. Bot. 73: 712.
114. _ & G. W. Rothwell. 1988. Modeling the growth architecture of fossil plants: A Paleozoic filicalean fern. Evol. Trends Pl. 2: 25-29.
115. Tryon, A. F. & B. Lugardon. 1990. Spores of the Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York.
116. Tryon, R. M. & A. F. Tryon. 1982. Ferns and allied plants with special reference to tropical America. Springer-Verlag, New York.
117. Wagner, W. H., Jr. 1969. The construction of a classification. Pp. 230-256 in U.S. Natl. Acad. Sci. Publ. No. 1692. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
118. _. 1989. Evolutionary diagram. P. 299 in E. M. Gifford & A. S. Foster, Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. Ed. 3. W. H. Freeman, New York.
119. Wolf, P. G. 1995. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences in Dennstaedtiaceae. Amer. Fern J. 85: 306-327.
120. _, P. S. Soltis & D. E. Soltis. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of dennstaedtioid ferns: Evidence from rbcL sequences. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 3: 383-392.