Secret combinations and collusive agreements: The scripps newspaper empire and the early roots of joint operating agreements

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 195-205

  Adams, Edward E ^a  

^a ANGELO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001063672     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300117     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of A Social Instrument (NY: The MacMillan Company, 1937), 214.
2. Vance Trimble, appendix I in Scripps-Howard Handbook (Cincinnati: E.W. Scripps Company, 1981).
3. See Committee on the Judiciary, Newspaper Preservation Act: Hearings before the Antitrust Subcommittee on House Resolution 279 and Related Bills, 91st Cong., 1st sess., 1969, 10-85, for descriptions of joint operating agreements, and United States v. Citizen Publishing Company, 280 F. Supp. 978 (D Ariz. 1968), 394 US 131 (1969), for legal definition of joint operating agreements, and "Rival Dailies Printed in Same Plant," Editor & Publisher, 25 February 1933, for details on the formation of the joint operating agreement in Albuquerque. According to the hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, the first joint operating agreements formed were in Albuquerque, NM, 1933; El Paso, TX, 1936; Nashville, TN, 1937; Evansville, IN, 1938; Tucson, AZ, 1940; Tulsa, OK, 1948; Madison, WI, 1948; Fort Wayne, IN, 1950; Bristol, TN-VA, 1950; Birmingham, AL, 1950; Lincoln, NE, 1950; Salt Lake City, UT, 1953; and Shreveport, LA, 1953.
4. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
5. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
6. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
7. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
8. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
9. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
10. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
11. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
12. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
13. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
14. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
15. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
16. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
17. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
18. See J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power (NY: Longman Inc., 1984); and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Agreements" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1971), 7-10; and Birthney Ardoin, "A Comparative Analysis of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts," Journalism Quarterly 50 (summer 1973): 340-49; and Edward E. Adams, "A Comparative Analysis of Local Editorial Issues in Competitive, Joint Monopoly, and Joint Operating Agreement Newspapers (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Montreal, Canada, 1992); and Ben H. Bagdikian, Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press Books, 1983), and Walter S. Baer, Henry Geller, Joseph A. Grundfest, and Karen B. Possner, Concentration of Mass Media Ownership: Assessing the State of Current Knowledge (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1984); and Gail Lund Barwis, "The Newspaper Preservation Act: A Retrospective Analysis," Newspaper Research Journal 1 (summer 1980): 27-38; and John C. Busterna, "Commentary: Improving Editorial and Economic Competition with a Modified Newspaper Preservation Act," Newspaper Research Journal 8 (summer 1987): 71-81; and John C. Busterna and Robert Picard, Joint Operating Agreements: The Newspaper Preservation Act and its Application (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1993); and Benjamin M. Compaine, Christopher H. Sterling, Thomas Guback, J. Kendrick Noble Jr., Who Owns the Media? Concentration of Ownership in the Mass Communications Industry (White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry, 1982); and George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, and Phillip J. Tichenor, "Reporting Conflict by Pluralism, Newspaper Type and Ownership," Journalism Quarterly 57 (winter 1985): 488-99, 507; and Stephen Lacy, "The Effects of Ownership and Competition on Daily Newspaper Content" (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas at Austin, 1986); and Stephen Lacy, "Content of Joint Operating Agreements," in Press Concentration and Monopoly, ed. Robert G. Picard, Maxwell E. McCombs, Stephen Lacy, and James P. Winter, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1988), 148-51; and Alf Pratte, "Terms of Endearment: Owner Ethics, JOA's, and Editorial Independence," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 2 (fall/winter 1987): 30-40; and Royal H. Ray, "Concentration of Ownership and Control in the American Daily Newspaper Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1950).
19. See Carol Smith and Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper, Journalism Monographs, no. 132 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1992); and Jon Bekken, "The Most Vindictive and Most Vengeful Power: Labor Confronts the Chicago Newspaper Trust," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 11-17; and Tim A. Pilgrim, "Newspapers as Natural Monopolies: Some Historical Considerations," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993):3-10; and Minko Soitron, "Concentration and Collusion in the Canadian Newspaper Industry, 1895-1920," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 26-32; and Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercialization of the News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
20. See Carol Smith and Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper, Journalism Monographs, no. 132 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1992); and Jon Bekken, "The Most Vindictive and Most Vengeful Power: Labor Confronts the Chicago Newspaper Trust," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 11-17; and Tim A. Pilgrim, "Newspapers as Natural Monopolies: Some Historical Considerations," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993):3-10; and Minko Soitron, "Concentration and Collusion in the Canadian Newspaper Industry, 1895-1920," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 26-32; and Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercialization of the News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
21. See Carol Smith and Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper, Journalism Monographs, no. 132 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1992); and Jon Bekken, "The Most Vindictive and Most Vengeful Power: Labor Confronts the Chicago Newspaper Trust," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 11-17; and Tim A. Pilgrim, "Newspapers as Natural Monopolies: Some Historical Considerations," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993):3-10; and Minko Soitron, "Concentration and Collusion in the Canadian Newspaper Industry, 1895-1920," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 26-32; and Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercialization of the News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
22. See Carol Smith and Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper, Journalism Monographs, no. 132 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1992); and Jon Bekken, "The Most Vindictive and Most Vengeful Power: Labor Confronts the Chicago Newspaper Trust," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 11-17; and Tim A. Pilgrim, "Newspapers as Natural Monopolies: Some Historical Considerations," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993):3-10; and Minko Soitron, "Concentration and Collusion in the Canadian Newspaper Industry, 1895-1920," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 26-32; and Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercialization of the News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
23. See Carol Smith and Carolyn Stewart Dyer, Taking Stock, Placing Orders: A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper, Journalism Monographs, no. 132 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1992); and Jon Bekken, "The Most Vindictive and Most Vengeful Power: Labor Confronts the Chicago Newspaper Trust," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 11-17; and Tim A. Pilgrim, "Newspapers as Natural Monopolies: Some Historical Considerations," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993):3-10; and Minko Soitron, "Concentration and Collusion in the Canadian Newspaper Industry, 1895-1920," Journalism History 18 (winter 1993): 26-32; and Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercialization of the News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
24. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
25. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
26. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
27. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
28. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
29. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
30. See Milton A. McRae, Forty Years in Newspaperdom (NY: Bretano's, 1924); and Gilson Gardner, Lusty Scripps (NY: Vanguard Press, 1932); and Negley D. Cochran, E.W. Scripps (NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933); and Charles McCabe, Damned Old Crank: A Self Portrait of E.W. Scripps (NY: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and Oliver Knight, I Protest (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966); and Vance Trimble, The Astonishing Mr. Scripps: The Turbulent Life of America's Penny Press Lord (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992); and Jack Casserly, Scripps, the Divided Dynasty: A History of the First Family of American Journalism (NY: Donald I. Fine, Inc., 1993).
31. E.W. Scripps writings, series 4, box 9, Archive Collection, Alden Library, Ohio University, Athens, OH, hereafter referred to as E.W. Scripps papers.
32. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps, 23 Oct. 1894, subseries 1.1, box 7, folder 9, E.W. Scripps papers.
33. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps, 23 Oct. 1895, subseries 1.1, box 9, folder 1, E.W. Scripps papers. McRae writes to Scripps, "I note what you say about cooperating with Carvalho. The main proposition he made to me was to make the papers in the country ten cents, it would make the Chronicle high and dry and make it a paying property. I shall attempt while in St. Louis this week, to get closer to Carvalho."
34. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps, 23 Oct. 1895, subseries 1.1, box 9, folder 1, E.W. Scripps papers.
35. The Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C.A. 2., as listed in Gillmor and Barron, Mass Communication Law (St. Paul: West Publishing Company, 1969), 525.
36. Milton A. McRae to Eugene H. Perdue (general manager of the Cleveland Leader), 13 Aug. 1895, subseries 3.1, box 2, folder 3, E.W. Scripps papers.
37. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps and George Scripps, 27 Dec. 1895, subseries 1.1, box 9, folder 2, E.W. Scripps papers.
38. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps, 4 Jan. 1896, subseries 1.1, box 10, folder 1, E.W. Scripps papers.
39. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps and George Scripps, 27 Dec. 1895, subseries 3.1, box 2, folder 3, E.W. Scripps papers. "We have finally closed the matter up with the Post Dispatch and on January 1st the price of the Chronicle in the country will be ten cents a week or two cents for a single copy. Our rate for mail subscribers will be $4.00 a year or forty cents for one single month. The Star Sayings would not join the Post Dispatch and Chronicle and we are going ahead regardless of the Star Sayings.
40. Herbert M. Young to Milton A. McRae, 4 Jan. 1896, subseries 3.1, box 2, folder 4. E.W. Scripps papers.
41. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism (NY: The Macmillan Company, 1962), 565.
42. Newspaper clippings from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis Star-Sayings, and St. Louis Chronicle, undated, subseries 3.2, box 3, folder 6, E.W. Scripps Papers.
43. Report of conversation with Colonel Charles H. Jones, author unknown, 15 May 1896, subseries 3.1, box 2, folder 4, E.W. Scripps Papers.
44. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps, 21 Jan. 1896, subseries 1.1, box 10, folder 1, E.W. Scripps papers.
45. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps and George Scripps, undated, subseries 1.1, box 10, folder 2, E.W. Scripps papers.
46. Charles Knapp to Milton A. McRae, 24 Jan. 1896, subseries 3.1, box 2, folder 4, E.W. Scripps papers.
47. George A. Shives to Milton A. McRae, 4 May 1896, subseries 1.2, box 3, folder 1, E.W. Scripps papers.
48. Lewis Leonard Alexander, Greater Cincinnati and Its People vol. 2 (Cincinnati: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927), 569-70.
49. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps and George Scripps, 24 Feb. 1896, subseries 1.1, box 10, folder 2, E.W. Scripps papers.
50. Trimble, Astonishing Mr. Scripps, 229.
51. Lincoln Steffens, "Ohio: A Tale of Two Cities," McClure's, July 1904.
52. E.W. Scripps to Lemuel Atwood, 1 Jun. 1898, subseries 1.2, box 3, folder 9, page 3, E.W. Scripps papers.
53. E.W. Scripps to Lemuel Atwood, 1 Jun. 1898, subseries 1.2, box 3, folder 9, page 6, E.W. Scripps papers.
54. E.W. Scripps to Lemuel Atwood, 1 Jun. 1898, subseries 1.2, box 3, folder 9, page 7, E.W. Scripps papers.
55. William Woodward, "The Formation of Trusts," Bankers Magazine 42, 1887, 5.
56. E.W. Scripps to Lemuel Atwood, 1 Jun. 1898, subseries 1.2, box 3, folder 9, page 11, E.W. Scripps papers.
57. E.W. Scripps to Lemuel Atwood, 2 Oct. 1898, subseries 1.2, box 3, folder 10, E.W. Scripps papers.
58. Lemuel Atwood to E.W. Scripps, 10 Oct. 1898, subseries 1.1, box 11, folder 8, page 2, E.W. Scripps papers.
59. Lemuel Atwood to E.W. Scripps, 10 Oct. 1898, subseries 1.1, box 11, folder 8, page 5, E.W. Scripps papers.
60. Lemuel Atwood to E.W. Scripps, 10 Oct. 1898, subseries 1.1, box 11, folder 8, page 6, E.W. Scripps papers.
61. Lemuel Atwood to E.W. Scripps, 10 Oct. 1898, subseries 1.1, box 11, folder 8, page 7, E.W. Scripps papers.
62. Lemuel Atwood to E.W. Scripps, 16 Nov. 1898, subseries 1.1, box 11, folder 8, E.W. Scripps papers.
63. Lemuel Atwood to Charles A. Taft, 17 Nov. 1898, subseries 3.1, box 3, folder 10, E.W. Scripps papers.
64. See February 1899 income statement, circulation revenue line, compared to January 1899 income statement, circulation revenue line, in business report from Lemuel Atwood to E.W. Scripps, February and March reports, 1899, subseries 1.1, box 12, folder 6, E.W. Scripps papers.
65. Willis W. Thornton to Milton A. McRae, 28 Dec. 1899, subseries 3.1, box 5, folder 9, E.W. Scripps papers.
66. Willis W. Thornton to Milton A. McRae, 30 Dec. 1899, subseries 3.1, box 5, folder 9, E.W. Scripps papers.
67. Milton A. McRae to E.W. Scripps and George Scripps, 19 Mar. 1896, subseries 1.1, box 10, folder 2, E.W. Scripps papers.