Sizing of amino acid based dendrimers in Langmuir monolayers

Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions 2

Volumn , Issue 7, 1998, Pages 1535-1538

  Mulders, Suzanne J E ^a   Brouwer, Arwin J ^a   Kimkes, Peter ^b,c   Sudhölter, Ernst J R ^b   Liskamp, Rob M J ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c Avery Dennison   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001013739     PISSN: 03009580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/a801541d     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. For recent reviews see, e.g. D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor and W. A. Goddard III, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1990, 29, 138; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and G. R. Baker, Aldrichim. Acta, 1992, 25, 31; F. H.-B. Mekelburger, W. Jaworek and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1992, 31, 1571; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and F. Vögtle, Dendritic Molecules Concepts, Synthesis, Perspectives, VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
2. For recent reviews see, e.g. D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor and W. A. Goddard III, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1990, 29, 138; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and G. R. Baker, Aldrichim. Acta, 1992, 25, 31; F. H.-B. Mekelburger, W. Jaworek and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1992, 31, 1571; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and F. Vögtle, Dendritic Molecules Concepts, Synthesis, Perspectives, VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
3. For recent reviews see, e.g. D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor and W. A. Goddard III, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1990, 29, 138; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and G. R. Baker, Aldrichim. Acta, 1992, 25, 31; F. H.-B. Mekelburger, W. Jaworek and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1992, 31, 1571; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and F. Vögtle, Dendritic Molecules Concepts, Synthesis, Perspectives, VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
4. For recent reviews see, e.g. D. A. Tomalia, A. M. Naylor and W. A. Goddard III, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1990, 29, 138; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and G. R. Baker, Aldrichim. Acta, 1992, 25, 31; F. H.-B. Mekelburger, W. Jaworek and F. Vögtle, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1992, 31, 1571; G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and F. Vögtle, Dendritic Molecules Concepts, Synthesis, Perspectives, VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
5. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
6. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
7. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
8. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
9. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
10. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
11. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
12. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
13. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
14. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
15. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
16. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
17. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
18. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
19. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, Macromolecules, 1986, 19, 2466; A. M. Naylor, W. A. Goddard III, G. E. Kiefer and D. A. Tomalia, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2339; D. A. Tomalia, Adv. Matter., 1994, 6, 529; P. R. Dvornic and D. A. Tomalia, Macromol. Symp., 1994, 88, 123; G. R. Newkome, X. Lin and C. D. Weis, Tetrahedron Asymm., 1991, 2, 957; K. E. Uhrich and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1992, 1623; C. Rao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6975; J. Shao and J. P. Tam, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 3893; L. J. Twymam, A. E. Beezer and J. C. Mitchell, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 4423; J. C. Spetzler and J. P. Tam, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 1995, 45, 78; R. Roy, W. K. C. Park, Q. Wu and S.-N. Wang, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4377; D. Zanini, W. K. C. Park and R. Roy, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7383; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, M. Gross, C. B. Knobler, A. Louati and E. M. Sanford, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1739; P. J. Dandliker, F. Diederich, J.-P. Gisselbrecht, A. Louati and M. Gross, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 2725; S. Mattei, P. Seiler, F. Diederich and V. Gramlich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 1904.
20. (a) S. J. E. Mulders, A. J. Brouwer, P. van der Meer and R. M. J. Liskamp, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 631;
21. (b) S. J. E. Mulders, A. J. Brouwer and R. M. J. Liskamp, ibid., 1997, 38, 3085.
22. To our best knowledge there are only three other studies of dendrimer behaviour at the air-water interface: P. M. Saville, P. A. Reynolds, J. W. White, C. J. Hawker, J. M. J. Fréchet, K. L. Wooley, J. Penfold and J. R. P. Webster, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 8283; Z. Bo, X. Zhang, X. Yi, M. Yang, J. Shen, Y. Rehn and S. Xi, Polym. Bull., 1997, 38, 257; Y. Sayed-Sweet, D. M. Hedstrand, R. Spindler and D. Tomalia, J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7, 1199.
23. To our best knowledge there are only three other studies of dendrimer behaviour at the air-water interface: P. M. Saville, P. A. Reynolds, J. W. White, C. J. Hawker, J. M. J. Fréchet, K. L. Wooley, J. Penfold and J. R. P. Webster, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 8283; Z. Bo, X. Zhang, X. Yi, M. Yang, J. Shen, Y. Rehn and S. Xi, Polym. Bull., 1997, 38, 257; Y. Sayed-Sweet, D. M. Hedstrand, R. Spindler and D. Tomalia, J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7, 1199.
24. To our best knowledge there are only three other studies of dendrimer behaviour at the air-water interface: P. M. Saville, P. A. Reynolds, J. W. White, C. J. Hawker, J. M. J. Fréchet, K. L. Wooley, J. Penfold and J. R. P. Webster, J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 8283; Z. Bo, X. Zhang, X. Yi, M. Yang, J. Shen, Y. Rehn and S. Xi, Polym. Bull., 1997, 38, 257; Y. Sayed-Sweet, D. M. Hedstrand, R. Spindler and D. Tomalia, J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7, 1199.
25. M. A. Cohen Stuart, R. A. J. Wegh, J. M. Kroon and E. J. R. Sudhölter, Langmuir, 1996, 12, 2863.
26. Convergent method: C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 1010; J. M. J. Fréchet, C. J. Hawker and A. E. Phillippides, US Pat. 5 041 516 (August 20, 1991); C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7638.
27. Convergent method: C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 1010; J. M. J. Fréchet, C. J. Hawker and A. E. Phillippides, US Pat. 5 041 516 (August 20, 1991); C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7638.
28. Convergent method: C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 1010; J. M. J. Fréchet, C. J. Hawker and A. E. Phillippides, US Pat. 5 041 516 (August 20, 1991); C. J. Hawker and J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7638.
29. A. Ulman, Ultrathin Organic Films, Academic Press, New York, 1991, p. 113.