Toward a "philosophy of framing": News narratives for public journalism

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 673-686

  Parisi, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0000953181     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909707400402     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Jay Rosen, "Public Journalism as a Democratic Art" (manuscript, n.d.), 9.
2. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
3. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
4. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
5. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
6. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
7. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
8. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
9. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
10. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
11. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
12. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
13. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
14. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
15. The Commission on the Freedom of the Press provided a touchstone critique of the lack of context and fellow-feeling in news writing with its call for news reporting that projects "the opinions and attitudes of the groups in society to one another" and offers "a method of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of the society." See A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication: Newspapers, Radio, Motion Pictures, Magazines and Books (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), 20. More recently, Rob Anderson et al., The Conversation of Journalism: Communication, Community and News (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994) renew the call for such reporting. For academic critiques of the limitations of mainstream journalism, see, for instance, Theodore L. Glasser, "Objectivity Precludes Responsibility," Quill 72 (February 1984): 13-16; W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion (NY: Longman, 1988); Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993); and the essays in Robert Karl Manoff and Michael Schudson, eds., Reading the News (NY: Pantheon Books, 1986). The following scholars call for context in light of specific studies of news writing: Bennett, News; Robert M. Entman, "Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television News," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994), 509-520; Patricia Aufderheide, "Controversy and the Newspaper's Public: The Case of Tongues Untied," Journalism Quarterly 71 (autumn 1994): 499-508; and Kevin M. Carragee, Defining Solidarity: Themes and Omissions in Coverage of the Solidarity Trade Union Movement by ABC News, Journalism Monographs, no. 119 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, 1990). Indicting journalistic failure to serve the public interest because of ideological ties to dominant private economic interests are, for example, Herbert J. Altschull, Agents of Power: the Role of the News Media in Human Affairs (New York: Longman, 1984); Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching-Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Herbert Gans, Deciding What's News (NY: Vintage Books, 1980); Mark Fishman, Manufacturing the News (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1980).
16. Carlin Romano, "What? The Grisly Truth About Bare Facts," in Reading the News, ed. Manoff and Schudson, 42.
17. For the sake of clarity, "civic journalism" in this essay denotes journalism that pursues the goal of greater citizen engagement in public life by asking the local community to define news agendas and limiting itself to local resources for solutions. "Public journalism" shares civic journalism's concern to narrate the news within a search for public well-being. But it gives central narratorial responsibility to journalists themselves as a way of moving beyond community social resources to larger-scale public solutions. In its examination of the problems lying in the way of solution, it may also seek understanding and illumination more than local activism. Public journalism in this sense does not yet quite exist, and this essay concludes by examining the reasons for that difficulty.
18. Rosen, "Public Journalism as a Democratic Art," 9-10.
19. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
20. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
21. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
22. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
23. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
24. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
25. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
26. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
27. Rosen describes the movement emerging in part as a response to declining readership, journalists' sense they were losing contact with the public, and political disaffection in the pubic at large. See "Making Things More Public," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 371-72. Here Rosen also describes the importance of the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippman on the role of the public in democracy (365-68). In Doing Public Journalism (New York: Guildford Press, 1995, 3-4) , Arthur Charity lists the following as central public journalism sources: Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); E.J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991); John Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990); David Mathews, Politics for People: Finding a Responsible Public Voice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Meaningful Chaos: How People Form Relationships with Public Concerns (Dayton, Ohio: Kettering Foundation, 1993); Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), and "most of all," Daniel Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991). For academic and other critiques, see note 2.
28. Davis "Buzz" Merritt, Public Journalism and Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995), 60.
29. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 5 and 51-55. For the problem of fragmentation, see for instance, W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion, 2d ed. (NY: Longman, 1988), 44-51.
30. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 5 and 51-55. For the problem of fragmentation, see for instance, W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion, 2d ed. (NY: Longman, 1988), 44-51.
31. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 20. On the simple-mindedness of journalistic empiricism, see David Nord, "Teleology and news: The religious roots of American Journalism, 1630-1730," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 26.
32. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 20. On the simple-mindedness of journalistic empiricism, see David Nord, "Teleology and news: The religious roots of American Journalism, 1630-1730," Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 26.
33. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 21.
34. Jay Rosen, "Wichita: Your Vote Counts," Project on Public Life and the Press Research Report (New York University, June 1994), n.p.
35. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations (NY: Shocken Books, 1969), 89.
36. Jay Rosen, "Charlotte: Your Vote in '92," Project on Public Life and the Press Research Report (New York University, Nov. 1993), n.p.
37. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 85-87.
38. Wolfgang Iser, The Implied Reader: Patterns of Communication in Prose Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974); C. Sparks and M. Campbell, "The Inscribed Reader of the British Quality Press," European Journal of Communication 2 (December 1987): 455-72.
39. Wolfgang Iser, The Implied Reader: Patterns of Communication in Prose Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974); C. Sparks and M. Campbell, "The Inscribed Reader of the British Quality Press," European Journal of Communication 2 (December 1987): 455-72.
40. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 13.
41. Merritt, Public Journalism, xvi-xvii.
42. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 16.
43. See, for instance, Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), ch. 6. Civic journalist Jeremy Iggers also raises this difficulty in an unpublished manuscript, "Good News, Bad News: Journalism, Ethics and the Public Interest" (263-265), forthcoming from Westview Press.
44. See, for instance, Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), ch. 6. Civic journalist Jeremy Iggers also raises this difficulty in an unpublished manuscript, "Good News, Bad News: Journalism, Ethics and the Public Interest" (263-265), forthcoming from Westview Press.
45. See note 46.
46. Merritt, Public Journalism, 88-89.
47. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 71.
48. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
49. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
50. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
51. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
52. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
53. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
54. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
55. Charity, Doing Public Journalism, 140-141. Another civic journalism project more closely fulfills the ideals of a properly public journalism. The New Orleans Times-Picayune's special report on race relations, "Together Apart: The Myth of Race," appeared in six installments published between 9 May and 8 November 1993. The series included coverage of racial history, media representation of race, and the myth of race, interwoven with a wide variety of community voices. See, for example, Stephen Casmier, " A Captive People Build the South," 13 June 1993, p. 14; Chris Adams, "New Orleans' Newspapers Give White View of the City," 13 June 1993, p. 33; James O'Byrne, "Scientific Methods Colored by Bias," 15 August 1993, p. 57; and Mark Lorando, "Mass Media Wields Power that Reinforces Prejudice," 12 September 1993, p. 78. The series' unusual willingness to self-reflexively foreground journalistic and mass media representations and to examine complexities of history and anthropology stands in marked contrast to the self-limitations of coverage in the civic journalism projects examined here. Civic journalists do not celebrate the Times-Picayune's work to the extent they do the Beacon-Journal's. Nor do they show any awareness of the significant differences in approach between the two.
56. "Our Jobs, Our Children, Our Future," Huntington Herald-Dispatch, 19 November 1993 (reprint).
57. "Taking Back our neighborhoods: The people's agenda," The Charlotte Observer, 5 June 1994, sec. A, p. 1 and 14-15.
58. Joint Report by the Pew Center for Civic Journalism and The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, Civic Journalism: Six Case Studies, ed. Jan Schaffer and Edward D. Miller (Washington, DC: Pew Center for Civic Journalism, 1995), 5.
59. Joint Report, Civic Journalism, 10.
60. "Job Opportunities: Jobs Seen as an Effective Weapon in Fighting Crime," Charlotte Observer, 5 June 1994, sec. A, p. 15.
61. Gary Lenton, "Scientists Urge World Leaders to Do Something Quickly," Harrisburg Patriot-News, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 5.
62. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
63. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
64. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
65. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
66. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
67. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
68. The Atlanta Journal & Constitution also played the story inside. The Philadelphia Inquirer, Hartford Courant, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch put it on page one. See S. Bronstein, "Top Scientists Warn Humans Are Making the Earth Unlivable," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 6; James Detjen, "Nobel-Winning Scientists Issue a Warning to Planet, Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; D. P. Jones, "Scientists Make Plea for Earth," Hartford Courant, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1; W. Allen, "Scientists Issue Dire Warning: Humanity 'Digging Own Grave,' One Says," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 November 1992, sec. A, p. 1.
69. See Johan Galtung, and Mari Ruge, "Structuring and Selecting News," in The Manufacture of News: A Reader, ed. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1973).
70. Environmental journalists already worry that ordinary investigative work carries them into "advocacy." See Karl Grossman's discussion of "The Advocacy Debate" in the SEJ Journal (winter 1990/91) in "Saving the Earth Isn't Their Job," Extra! 10 (January/February 1997): 26-27.
71. Environmental journalists already worry that ordinary investigative work carries them into "advocacy." See Karl Grossman's discussion of "The Advocacy Debate" in the SEJ Journal (winter 1990/91) in "Saving the Earth Isn't Their Job," Extra! 10 (January/February 1997): 26-27.
72. The term is Daniel C. Hallin's in The "Uncensored War": The Media and Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 116.
73. See "Warning By Scientists Called 'Usual Hype'," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 November 1992, sec. C, p. 1.
74. Convoking local public forums thus has a dimension akin to the "strategic rituals" Gaye Tuchman describes in the case of the conventions of objectivity. See "Objectivity As Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen's Notions of Objectivity," American Journal of Sociology 77 (January 1972): 660-79.
75. Journalism's emphasis on the conflict of sharply contrasted sides causes Michael Schudson to define it as a form of melodrama. See "Why News Is the Way It Is," Raritan 2 (winter 1983): 122.
76. The term "normalization" is discussed by Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion, 54. James W. Carey, describing essentially the same process, criticizes the press alarming the public, then "singing it to sleep" with assurances the problem is within the scope of the "correct channels." See "The Press and the Public Discourse," The Center Magazine, Mar.-Apr. 1987, 22.
77. The term "normalization" is discussed by Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion, 54. James W. Carey, describing essentially the same process, criticizes the press alarming the public, then "singing it to sleep" with assurances the problem is within the scope of the "correct channels." See "The Press and the Public Discourse," The Center Magazine, Mar.-Apr. 1987, 22.
78. A series in the New Orleans Times Picayune illustrates the phenomenon but also shows how growing problems may open out conventional limits. "Oceans of Trouble: Are the World's Fisheries Doomed?" 24 March-31 March 1996 (issued as reprint) was spurred by concern for an essential local industry and in the end emphasizes such positive action as it can imagine, perhaps a not unreasonable narrative stance. Thus, the concluding editorial asserts that "Leadership Can Save Our Fisheries" (56). At the same time, the paper adopts a global perspective on a very grim environmental and economic problem. Although the Times-Picayune has undertaken civic journalism projects, "Oceans of Trouble" was typical of ambitious objective journalism series; it consulted local sources but did not convoke community deliberative groups.
79. A series in the New Orleans Times Picayune illustrates the phenomenon but also shows how growing problems may open out conventional limits. "Oceans of Trouble: Are the World's Fisheries Doomed?" 24 March-31 March 1996 (issued as reprint) was spurred by concern for an essential local industry and in the end emphasizes such positive action as it can imagine, perhaps a not unreasonable narrative stance. Thus, the concluding editorial asserts that "Leadership Can Save Our Fisheries" (56). At the same time, the paper adopts a global perspective on a very grim environmental and economic problem. Although the Times-Picayune has undertaken civic journalism projects, "Oceans of Trouble" was typical of ambitious objective journalism series; it consulted local sources but did not convoke community deliberative groups.
80. A series in the New Orleans Times Picayune illustrates the phenomenon but also shows how growing problems may open out conventional limits. "Oceans of Trouble: Are the World's Fisheries Doomed?" 24 March-31 March 1996 (issued as reprint) was spurred by concern for an essential local industry and in the end emphasizes such positive action as it can imagine, perhaps a not unreasonable narrative stance. Thus, the concluding editorial asserts that "Leadership Can Save Our Fisheries" (56). At the same time, the paper adopts a global perspective on a very grim environmental and economic problem. Although the Times-Picayune has undertaken civic journalism projects, "Oceans of Trouble" was typical of ambitious objective journalism series; it consulted local sources but did not convoke community deliberative groups.
81. A series in the New Orleans Times Picayune illustrates the phenomenon but also shows how growing problems may open out conventional limits. "Oceans of Trouble: Are the World's Fisheries Doomed?" 24 March-31 March 1996 (issued as reprint) was spurred by concern for an essential local industry and in the end emphasizes such positive action as it can imagine, perhaps a not unreasonable narrative stance. Thus, the concluding editorial asserts that "Leadership Can Save Our Fisheries" (56). At the same time, the paper adopts a global perspective on a very grim environmental and economic problem. Although the Times-Picayune has undertaken civic journalism projects, "Oceans of Trouble" was typical of ambitious objective journalism series; it consulted local sources but did not convoke community deliberative groups.
82. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
83. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
84. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
85. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
86. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
87. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
88. See for instance, Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion; Fishman, Manufacturing the News; Noam Chomsky and Edward Hermann, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon Books, 1988); Gans, Deciding What's News; Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching; Glasgow Media Group, Bad News (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976); Glasgow University Media Group, More Bad News (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: The Macmillan Press, 1978).
89. The characterization of the orientation of civic journalism presented throughout this essay is based on a review of case studies issued by Rosen's Project on Public Life and the Press, New York University, as well as a review of specific stories in the Project's archives.
90. Rosen, "Making Things More Public," 367.
91. Rosen, "Making Things More Public," 367.
92. Thomas Bender, Intellect and Public Life: Essays on the Social History of Academic Intellectuals in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 137.
93. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1927), 147, cited by Larry S. Belman, "John Dewey's Concept of Communication," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 36-37.
94. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1927), 147, cited by Larry S. Belman, "John Dewey's Concept of Communication," Journal of Communication 27 (winter 1977): 36-37.
95. Rosen, "Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 11 (December 1994): 373.
96. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
97. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
98. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
99. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
100. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
101. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
102. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
103. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
104. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
105. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
106. Fallows summarizes this stalemate in Breaking the News (NY: Pantheon, 1996), 247-67. For specific examples of these criticisms, see Max Frankel, "Fix-It Journalism," New York Times, 21 May 1995, sec. 6, p. 28; L. E. Glaser, "Media Advocacy to Push Causes Steps Over the Line," Fresno Bee, 30 October 1994, sec. B, p. 9; G.W. Howe, "Change Needed, But Retain Fundamentals," Omaha World Herald, 25 December 1994, sec. A, p. 2; J. R. Eisner, "Should Journalists Abandon Their Detachment to Solve Problems?" Philadelphia Inquirer, sec. E, p. 7; Alicia C. Shepard, "The Gospel of Public Journalism," American Journalism Review, September 1994, 29-35; David Remnick, "Scoop," New Yorker, 29 January 1996, 38-42; William E. Jackson Jr., "The Press Cops Out," New York Times, 7 October 1996, sec. A, p. 17; Max Frankel, "Word & Image: Get Thee to a Mental Gym," New York Times, 19 May 1996, sec. 6, p. 26; MaureenDowd, "Liberties: Raffish and Rowdy," New York Times, 31 March 1996, sec. 4, p. 15; and Walter Goodman, "Critic's Notebook: Inverse Relation of Heat and Light," New York Times, 14 February 1996, sec. C, p. 18.
107. Rosen, "Making Things More Public," 372.
108. See Allan Rachlin, News as Hegemonic Reality: American Political Culture and the Framing of News Accounts (NY: Praeger, 1988), 24-26.
109. See note 23.