Comet 46P/Wirtanen: Evolution of the Subsurface Layer

Icarus

Volumn 142, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 202-218

  Kossacki, Konrad J ^a,b   Szutowicz, Slawomira ^c   Leliwa Kopystyński, Jacek ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR SONNENSYSTEMFORSCHUNG   (Germany)

^c Polish Academy of Sciences   (Poland)

Author keywords

Comet composition; Comet dynamics; Ices

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000930944     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/icar.1999.6196     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bar-Nun A., Dror J., Kochavi E., Laufer D. Amorphous water ice and its ability to trap gases. Phys. Rev. B. 35:1987;2427-2435.
2. Benkhoff J., Boice D. C. Modeling the thermal properties and the gas flux from a porous, ice-dust body in the orbit of P/Wirtanen. Planet. Space Sci. 44:1996;665-673.
3. Capria M. T., Capaccioni F., Coradini A., Sanctis M. C. De, Espinasse S., Federico C., Orosei R., Salomone M. A P/Wirtanen evolution model. Planet. Space Sci. 44:1996;987-1000.
4. Colbeck S. C. Theory of metamorphism of dry snow. J. Geophys. Res. 88:1983;5475-5482.
5. Coradini A., Federico C., Magni G. Grain accretion processes in a protoplanetary nebula: Accretion times and mass limits. Astrophys. Space Sci. 48:1977;79-87.
6. Ellsworth K., Schubert G. Saturn icy satellites: Thermal and structural models. Icarus. 54:1983;490-510.
7. Eluszkiewicz J. On the microphysical state of the surface of Triton. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;19,217-19,229.
8. Eluszkiewicz, J., J. Leliwa-Kopystyński, and K. J. Kossacki1998. Metamorphism of Solar System ices. In Solar System IcesB. Schmitt, C. de Bergh, and M. Festou, Eds., pp. 119-138. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
9. Espinasse S., Coradini A., Capria M. T., Capaccioni F., Orosei R., Salomone M., Federico C. Thermal evolution and differentiation of a short-period comet. Planet. Space Sci. 41:1993;409-427.
10. Espinasse S., Klinger J., Ritz C., Schmitt B. Modeling of the thermal behavior and chemical differentiation of cometary nuclei. Icarus. 92:1991;350-365.
11. Farnham T. L., Schleicher D. G. Narrowband photometric results for Comet 46P/Wirtanen. Astron. Astrophys. 335:1998;L50-L55.
12. Fink U., Hicks M. D., Fevig R. A., Collins J. Spectroscopy of 46P/Wirtanen during its 1997 apparition. Astron. Astrophys. 335:1998;L37-L45.
13. Ghormley J. A. Enthalpy change and heat-capacity changes in the transformations from high-surface-area amorphous ice to stable hexagonal ice. J. Chem. Phys. 48:1968;503-508.
14. Grigull U., Sandner H. Wärmeleitung. 1986.
15. Grün, E., A. Bar-Nun, J. Benkhoff, A. Bischoff, H. Düren, H. Hellmann, P. Hesselbarth, P. Hsiung, H. U. Keller, J. Klinger, J. Knölker, H. Kochan, H. Kohl, G. Kölzer, D. Krankowsky, P. Lammerzahl, K. Mauersberger, G. Neukum, A. Öhler, L. Ratke, K. Rössler, G. Schwehm, T. Spohn, D. Stöffler, and K. Thiel1991. Laboratory simulation of cometary processes: Results from KOSI experiments. In Comets in the Post-Halley EraR. L. Newburn, M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe, Eds., Vol. 1, pp. 277-297. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht.
16. Hapke B., Van Horn H. Photometric studies of complex surfaces with applications to the Moon. J. Geophys. Res. 68:1963;4545-4570.
17. Haruyama J., Yamamoto T., Mizutani H., Greenberg J. M. Thermal history of comets during residence in the Oort Cloud: Effect of radioactive heating in combination with the very low thermal conductivity of amorphous ice. J. Geophys. Res. 98:1993;15,079-15,090.
18. Jenniskens P., Blake D. F. Crystallization of amorphous water ice in the Solar System. Astrophys. J. 473:1996;1104-1113.
19. Klinger J. Influence of a phase transition of ice on the heat and mass balance of comets. Science. 209:1980;634-641.
20. Klinger J., Lavasseur-Regourd A.-C., Bouziani N., Enzian A. Towards a model of cometary nuclei for engineering studies for future space missions to comets. Planet. Space Sci. 44:1996;637-653.
21. Kömle N. I., Steiner G. Temperature evolution of porous ice samples covered by a dust mantle. Icarus. 96:1992;204-212.
22. Kömle N. I., Steiner G., Seidensticker K., Kochan H., Thomas H., Thiel K., Baguhl M., Höppner B. Temperature evolution and vapor pressure build-up in porous ices. Planet. Space Sci. 40:1992;1311-1323.
23. Kossacki, K. J., and S. Szutowicz1998. Comet 46P/Wirtanen: The influence of grain sintering on the evolution of the subsurface layer. In Ice Physics and the Natural EnvironmentJ. S. Wettlaufer, J. G. Dash, and N. Untersteiner, Eds., pp. 309-313. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New Yordk.
24. Kossacki K. J., Kömle N. I., Kargl G., Steiner G. The influence of grain sintering on the thermoconductivity of porous ice. Planet. Space Sci. 42:1994;383-389.
25. Kossacki K. J., Kömle N. I., Leliwa-Kopystyński J., Kargl G. Laboratory investigation of the evolution of cometary analogs: Results and interpretation. Icarus. 128:1997;127-144.
26. Kouchi A., Greenberg J. M., Yamamoto T., Mukai T. Extremely low thermal conductivity of amorphous ice: Relevance to comet evolution. Astrophys. J. 388:1992;L73-L76.
27. Królikowska M., Sitarski G. Evolution of the orbit of Comet 46P/Wirtanen during 1947-2013. Astron. Astrophys. 310:1996;992-998.
28. Królikowska M., Szutowicz S. Oblate spheroid model of nucleus of Comet 46P/Wirtanen. Astron. Astrophys. 343:1999;997-1000.
29. Lamy P. L., Toth I., Jorda L., Weaver H. A., Hearn M. A. The nucleus and inner coma of Comet 46P/Wirtanen. Astron. Astrophys. 335:1998;L25.
30. Laufer D. E., Kochavi E., Bar-Nun A. Structure and dynamics of amorphous water ice. Phys. Rev. B. 36:1987;9219-9227.
31. Podolak M., Prialnik D. Models of the structure and evolution of the Comet P/Wirtanen. Planet. Space Sci. 44:1996;655-664.
32. Prialnik D. Crystallization, sublimation and gas release in the interior of a porous comet nucleus. Astrophys. J. 388:1992;196-202.
33. Prialnik D., Bar-Nun A. On the evolution and activity of cometary nuclei. Astrophys. J. 313:1987;893-905.
34. Prialnik D., Podolak M. Radioactive heating of porous comet nuclei. Icarus. 117:1995;420-430.
35. 26Al and implications for their time of formation. Astrophys. J. 319:1987;993-1002.
36. Prialnik D., Egozi U., Bar-Nun A., Podolak M., Greenzweig Y. On the pore size and fracture in gas-laden comet nuclei. Icarus. 106:1993;499-507.
37. Schmitt B., Espinasse S., Grimm R. A. J., Greenberg J. M., Klinger J. Laboratory Studies of Cometary Analogues. ESA SP-302:1989;65-69.
38. Seiferlin K., Spohn T., Benkhoff J. Cometary ice texture and the thermal evolution of comets. Adv. Space Res. 15:1995;1035-1038.
39. Sirono S., Yamamoto T. Thermal conductivity of granular materials relevant to the thermal evolution of cometary nuclei. Planet. Space Sci. 45:1997;827-834.
40. Smoluchowski R., Marie M., McWilliam A. Evolution of density in Solar System ices. Earth Moon Planets. 30:1984;281-288.
41. Steiner G., Kömle N. I. Thermal budget of multicomponent porous ices. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;18,897-18,902.
42. Steiner, G., N. I. Kömle, and E. Kührt1991. Thermal modeling of comet simulation experiments. In Theoretical Modeling of Comet Simulation ExperimentsN. I. Kömle, S. J. Bauer, and T. Spohn, Eds., pp. 11-29. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna.
43. Swinkels F. B., Ashby M. F. A second report on sintering diagrams. Acta Metall. 29:1980;259-281.
44. Wechsler A. E., Glaser P. E. Pressure effects on postulated lunar materials. Icarus. 4:1965;335-352.