Analytical Applications of Silica-Modified Electrodes - A Comprehensive Review

Electroanalysis

Volumn 10, Issue 18, 1998, Pages 1217-1235

  Walcarius, Alain ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Adsorption; Biosensors; Electrochemical sensors; Modified electrodes; Ormosil; Preconcentration; Silica; Sol gel chemistry

Indexed keywords

BIOSENSORS; ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES; GRAFTING (CHEMICAL); MESOPOROUS MATERIALS; SOL-GEL PROCESS; SOL-GELS;

ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS; CHEMICALLY-MODIFIED ELECTRODE; ELECTROANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS; MATRIX; MODIFIED ELECTRODES; ORMOSIL; PRE-CONCENTRATION; SILICA BASED MATERIALS; SILICA CHEMISTRY; SOL-GEL CHEMISTRY;

SILICA;

EID: 0000840528     PISSN: 10400397     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199812)10:18<1217::aid-elan1217>3.0.co;2-x     Document Type: Review

References (310)

1. P.R. Moses, L. Wier, R.W. Murray, Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 1882.
2. R.W. Murray, Acc. Chem. Res. 1980, 13, 135.
3. R.W. Murray, in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 13 (Ed: A.J. Bard) Marcel Dekker, New York 1984.
4. R.W. Murray, A.G. Ewing, R.A. Durst, Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 379A.
5. G.J. Patriarche, J.-M. Kauffmann, J.-C. Viré, in Redox Chemistry & Interfacial Behavior of Biological Molecules (Eds: G. Dryhurst, K. Niki), Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1988, pp. 479-498.
6. Molecular Design of Electrodes Surfaces, in Techniques of Chemistry, Vol. 22 (Ed: R.W. Murray) Wiley, New York, 1992.
7. A.M. Titse, A.M. Timinov, G.A. Shagisultanova, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1993, 125, 43.
8. M.W. Espenscheid, A.R. Ghatak-Roy, R.B. Moore III, R.M. Penner, M.N. Szentirmay, C.R. Martin, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I 1986, 82, 1051.
9. G.G. Wallace, in Chemical Sensors (Ed: T.E. Edmonds) Blackie, London 1988.
10. J. Wang, in Electroanalytical Chemistry Vol. 16 (Ed: A.J. Bard) Marcel Dekker, New York 1989.
11. S. Dong, Y. Wang, Electroanalysis 1989, 1, 99.
12. K. Kalcher, Electroanalysis 1990, 2, 419.
13. P.W. Stoecker, A.M. Yacynych, Selective Electrode Rev. 1990, 12, 137.
14. J. Wang, Electroanalysis 1991, 3, 255.
15. R.P. Baldwin, K.N. Thomsen, Talanta 1991, 38, 1.
16. S.A. Wring, J.P. Hart, Analyst 1992, 117, 1215.
17. J. Labuda, Selective Electrode Rev. 1992, 14, 33.
18. G.K. Budnikov, J. Labuda, Russian Chem. Rev. 1992, 61, 816.
19. D.W.M. Arrigan, Analyst 1994, 119, 1953.
20. J. Gilby, Sensor Rev. 1994, 14, 30.
21. K. Kalcher, J.-M. Kauffmann, J. Wang, I. Svancara, K. Vytras, C. Neuhold, Z. Yang, Electroanalysis 1995, 7, 5.
22. L. Gorton, Electroanalysis 1995, 7, 23.
23. P. Ugo, L.M. Moretto, Electroanalysis 1995, 7, 1105.
24. M.A.T. Gilmartin, J.P. Hart, Analyst 1995, 120, 1029.
25. J.A. Cox, M.E. Tess, T.E. Cummings, Rev. Anal. Chem. 1996, 15, 173.
26. S. Alegret, Analyst 1996, 121, 1751.
27. K.S. Alber, J.A. Cox, P.J. Kulesza, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 97.
28. G. Bontempelli, N. Comisso, R. Toniolo, G. Schiavon, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 433.
29. K. Kalcher, K. Schachl, I. Svancara, K. Vytras, H. Alemu, in Sci. Pap. Univ. Pardubice, Ser. A, Vol. 3 1997, pp. 57-85.
30. P.J. Kulesza, J.A. Cox, Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 73.
31. J. Zak, T. Kuwana, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 5514.
32. C.J. Miller, M. Majda, J. Am. Chem., Soc. 1985, 107, 1419.
33. P.J. Kulesza, L.R. Faulkner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4905.
34. K.A. Macor, T.G. Spiro, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1984, 163, 223.
35. A.S. Hinman, B.J. Pavelich, A.E. Kondo, S. Pons J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 234, 145.
36. A. Bettelheim, R. Reed, N.H. Hendricks, J.P. Collman, R.W. Murray, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 238, 259.
37. P.J. Kulesza, T. Mlodnicka, J. Haber, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1988, 257, 167.
38. J. Wang, T. Golden, Anal. Chim. Acta 1989, 217, 343.
39. J.A. Cox, R.K. Jaworski, P.J. Kulesza, Electroanalysis 1991, 3, 869.
40. V.D. Neff, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1978, 125, 886.
41. D. Ellis, M. Eckhoff, V.D. Neff, J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 1225.
42. K. Itaya, T. Ataka, S. Toshima, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 4767.
43. L.M. Siperko, T. Kuwana, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1983, 130, 396.
44. V.D. Neff, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1985, 132, 1382.
45. K. Itaya, I. Uchida, V.D. Neff, Acc. Chem. Res. 1986, 19, 162.
46. J. Joseph, H. Gomathi, G.P. Rao, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1991, 304, 263.
47. J. Joseph, H. Gomathi, G.P. Rao, Electrochim. Acta 1991, 36, 1537.
48. G.A.P. Zaldivar, Y. Gushikem, E. Benvenutti, S.C. de Castro, A. Vasquez, Electrochim. Acta 1994, 39, 33.
49. P.J. Kulesza, M.A. Malik, S. Zamponi, M. Berrettoni, R. Marassi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 397, 287.
50. J.-J. Xu, H.-Q. Fang, H.-Y Chen, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 426, 139.
51. J. Joseph, H. Gomathi, G.P. Rao, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 431, 231.
52. J.J. Garcia-Jareno, A. Sanmatias, J. Navarro-Laboulais, D. Benito, F. Vicente, Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43, 235.
53. P.J. Kulesza, S. Zamponi, M.A. Malik, M. Berrettoni, A. Wolkiewicz, R. Marassi, Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43, 919.
54. Y. Mishima, J. Motonaka, K. Maruyama, S. Ikeda, Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 358, 291.
55. H. Lee, L.J. Kepley, H.-G. Hong, T.E. Mallouk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 618.
56. H. Lee, L.J. Kepley, H.-G. Hong, S. Akhter, T.E. Mallouk, J. Phys. Chem., 1988, 92, 2597.
57. S. Akhter, H. Lee, H.-G. Hong, T.E. Mallouk, J.M. White, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. B 1989, 7, 1608.
58. M. Ohtani, O. Ikeda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 354, 311.
59. V. Stara, M. Kopanica, Electroanalysis 1989, 1, 251.
60. G.A.P. Zaldivar, Y. Gushikem, L.T. Kubota, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1991, 318, 247.
61. L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem, Electrochim. Acta 1992, 37, 2477.
62. J. Wang, J. Liu, Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 284, 385.
63. H. Liu, Z. Zhang, Y. Fan, M. Dai, X. Zhang, J. Wei, Z. Qiu, H. Li, X. Wu, J. Deng, D. Qi, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1997, 357, 297.
64. K.S. Alber, J.A. Cox, Mikrochim. Acta 1997, 127, 131.
65. O. Lev, Z. Wu, S. Bharathi, V. Glezer, A. Modestov, J. Gun, L. Rabinovich, S. Sampath, Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 2354.
66. P.K. Ghosh, A.J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 5591.
67. N. Oyama, F.C. Anson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1986, 199, 467.
68. A. Fitch, Clays and Clay Minerals 1990, 38, 391.
69. A.J. Bard, T.E. Mallouk, in Molecular Design of Electrode Surfaces (Ed: R.W. Murray), Wiley, New York 1992.
70. P. Labbe, B. Brahimi, G. Reverdy, C. Mousty, R. Blankespoor, A. Gautier, C. Degrand, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 379, 103.
71. S.M. Macha, A. Fitch, Mikrochim. Acta 1998, 128, 1.
72. K. Itaya, H.-C. Chang, I. Uchida, Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 624.
73. B.R. Shaw, Y. Deng, F.E. Strillacci, K.A. Carrado, M.G. Fessehaie, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137, 3136.
74. C. Mousty, S. Therias, C. Forano, J.-P. Besse, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 374, 63.
75. J. Qiu, G. Villemure, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 428, 165.
76. J.-P. Pereira-Ramos, R. Messina, J. Perichon, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1983, 146, 157.
77. C.G. Murray, R.J. Nowak, D.R. Rolison, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1984, 164, 205.
78. B. de Vismes, F. Bedioui, J. Devynck, C. Bied-Charreton, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1985, 187, 197.
79. B.R. Shaw, K.E. Creasy, C.J. Lanczycki, J.A. Sargeant, M. Tirhado, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1988, 135, 869.
80. G.A. Ozin, A. Kuperman, A. Stein, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1989, 28, 359.
81. D.R. Rolison, Chem. Rev., 1990, 90, 867.
82. D.R. Rolison, R.J. Nowak, T. Welsh, C.G. Murray, Talanta 1991, 38, 27.
83. N.P. Evmiridis, M.A. Demertzis, A.G. Vlessidis, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1991, 340, 145.
84. F. Bedioui, L. Roue, E. Briot, J. Devynck, S.L. Bell, K.J. Balkus, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 373, 19.
85. M.D. Baker, C. Senaratne, in The Electrochemistry of Novel Materials (Eds: J. Lipkowski, P.N. Ross), VCH, New York, 1994.
86. D.R. Rolison, Stud Surf. Sci. Catal. 1994, 85, 543.
87. F. Bedioui, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1995, 144, 39.
88. A. Walcarius, Electroanalysis 1996, 8, 971.
89. P.K. Dutta, M. Ledney, Progress Inorg. Chem. 1997, 44, 209.
90. E. Briot, F. Bedioui, Curr. Topics Electrochem. 1997, 4, 87.
91. A.L. Crumbliss, J. Stonehuerner, R.W. Henkens, J.P. O'Daly, J. Zhao, New J. Chem., 1994, 18, 327.
92. B.C. Dave, B. Dunn, J.S. Valentine, J.I. Zink, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1120A.
93. O. Lev, M. Tionsky, L. Rabinovich, V. Glezer, S. Sampath, I. Pankratov, J. Gun, Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 22A.
94. R.K. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica, Wiley, New York 1979.
95. K.K. Unger, Porous Silica, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1979.
96. A.P. Legrand, H. Hommel, A. Tuel, A. Vidal, H. Balard, E. Papirer, P. Levitz, M. Czernichowski, R. Erre, H. Van Damme, J. P. Gallas, J.F. Hemidy, J.C. Lavalley, O. Barrès, A. Burneau, Y. Grillet, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1990, 33, 91.
97. L.L. Hench, J.K. West, Chem. Rev. 1990, 90, 33.
98. Mineral-Water Interface Geochemistry Vol. 23 (Eds: M.F. Hochella, Jr., A.F. White), Rev. Mineral. 1990.
99. L.T. Zhuravlev, Coll. Surf. A, 1993, 74, 71.
100. Silica: Physical Behavior, Geochemistry, and Materials Applications Vol. 29 (Ed: P.M. Ribbe), Rev. Mineral. 1994.
101. W.J. Miles, R.D. Hamilton, Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 286, 3.
102. E.F. Vansant, P. Van der Voort, K.C. Vrancken, Characterisation and Chemical Modification of the Silica Surface, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1995.
103. D. Levy, L. Esquivias, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 120.
104. P. Van der Voort, E.F. Vansant, J. Liquid Chromatogr. 1996, 19, 2723.
105. S. Sjöberg, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 1996, 196, 51.
106. A.P. Robertson, J.O. Leckie, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1997, 188, 444.
107. The Surface Properties of Silicas (Ed: A.P. Legrand) Wiley, New York 1998.
108. W. Stöber, A. Fink, E. Bohn, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1968, 26, 62.
109. H. Giesche, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1994, 14, 189.
110. J.B. Higgins, in Silica, Physical Behavior, Geochemistry and Materials Applications Vol. 29 (Ed: P.H. Ribbe), Rev. Mineral. 1994, pp. 507-543.
111. J. Nawrocki, B. Buszewski, J. Chromatogr. 1988, 449, 1.
112. J. Nawrocki, Chromatographia, 1991, 31, 177.
113. M.L. Hair, W. Hertl, J. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73, 4269.
114. M.L. Miller, R.W. Linton, G.E. Maciel, B.L. Hawkins, J. Chromatogr 1985, 319, 9.
115. F.H. Van Cauwelaert, F. Vermoortele, J.B. Uytterhoeven, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1971, 52, 66.
116. T.I. Titova, L.S. Kosheleva, Colloids Surf. 1992, 63, 97.
117. C. Despas, A. Walcarius, J. Bessière, Talanta 1997, 45, 357.
118. C. Despas, A. Walcarius, J. Bessière, unpublished results.
119. G.W. Smith, H.W. Jacobson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 60, 1008.
120. F. Guyon, J. Desbarres, R. Rosset, Anal. Chim. Acta 1985, 170, 311.
121. A. Walcarius, J. Bessière, Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 361, 273.
122. Modified Silica Gels in Sorption, Catalysis and Chromatography (Ed: G.V. Lisichkin) Khimiya, Moscow 1986.
123. Chemically Modified Surfaces (Eds: D.E. Leyden, W.T. Collins) Gordon and Breach, New York, 1990.
124. R.D. Badley, W.T. Ford, F.J. McEnroe, R.A. Assink, Langmuir 1990, 6, 792.
125. V.A. Tertykh, L.A. Belyakova, Chemical Reactions Involving Silica Gel Surface, Naukova Dumka, Kiev 1991.
126. P. Walker, in Silane and Other Coupling Agents (Ed: K.L. Mittal), VSP, Utrecht 1992, p. 21.
127. A.S. Piers, C.H. Rochester, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1995, 91, 359.
128. S. Kondo, T. Ishikawa, N. Yamagami, K. Yoshioka, Y. Nakahara, Bull. Chem; Soc. Jpn. 1987, 60, 95.
129. K.C. Vrancken, P. Van Der Voort, I. Gillis-D'Hamers, E.F. Vansant, P. Grobet, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1992, 88, 3197.
130. K.C. Vrancken, L. De Coster, P. Van Der Voort, P.J. Grobet, E.F. Vansant, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1995, 170, 71.
131. B.V. Zhmud, J. Sonnefeld, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1996, 195, 16.
132. M.E. Mahmoud, Anal. Lett. 1996, 29, 1791.
133. P. Lessi, N.L. Dias Filho, J.C. Moreira, J.T.S. Campos, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 327, 183.
134. D. Avnir, Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 328.
135. G. Philipp, H. Schmidt, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1984, 63, 283.
136. J.E. Mark, Heterogen. Chem. Rev. 1996, 3, 307.
137. H. Schmidt, B. Seiferling, in Better Ceramics through Chemistry II, Vol. 73 (Eds: C.J. Brinker, D.E. Clark, D.R. Ulrich), Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, PA 1986, p. 739.
138. X. Li, T.A. King, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1996, 204, 235.
139. J.S. Beck, J.C. Vartuli, W.J. Roth, M.E. Leonowicz, C.T. Kresge, K.D. Schmitt, C.T.-W. Chu, D.H. Olson, E.W. Sheppard, S.B. McCullen, J.B. Higgins, J.L. Schlenker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 10834.
140. A. Corma, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 2373.
141. D. Brunel, A. Cauvel, F. Fajula, F. DiRenzo, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 1995, 97, 173.
142. L. Mercier, T.J. Pinnavaia, Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 500.
143. J. Liu, X. Feng, G.E. Fryxell, L.-Q. Wang, A.Y. Kim, M. Gong, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 161.
144. M. Kopanica, V. Stara, Electroanalysis 1991, 3, 13.
145. M.A. Ruiz Barrio, J.M. Pingarron, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1992, 344, 34.
146. R.J. Barrio, Z.G. de Balugera, M.A. Goicolea, Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 273, 93.
147. A. Arranz, S.F. de Betono, J.M. Moreda, A Cid, J.F. Arranz, Mikrochim. Acta 1997, 127, 273.
148. A. Arranz, M.F. Villalba, S.F. de Betono, J.M. Moreda, J.F. Arranz, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1997, 357, 768.
149. A. Walcarius, J. Bessiere, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 707.
150. A. Walcarius, C Despas, J. Bessiere, Anal. Chim. Acta, in press.
151. S. Denofre, Y. Gushikem, C.U. Davanzo, Europ. J. Sol. State Inorg. Chem. 1991, 28, 1295.
152. G.A.P. Zaldivar, Y. Gushikem, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 337, 165.
153. L.L. Lorencetti, Y. Gushikem, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 1993, 4, 88.
154. L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1993, 362, 219.
155. L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem, J. Perez, A.A. Tanaka, Langmuir 1995, 11, 1009.
156. C.R.M. Peixoto, L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem, Anal. Proc. 1995, 32, 503.
157. B.G. Milagres, L.T. Kubota, G. de Oliveira Neto, Electroanalysis 1996, 8, 489.
158. L.T. Kubota, F. Gouvea, A.N. Andrade, B.G. Milagres, G. de Oliveira Neto, Electrochim. Acta 1996, 41, 1465.
159. C.A.B. Garcia, G. de Oliveira Neto, L.T. Kubota, L.A. Grandin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 418, 147.
160. L.T. Kubota, B.G. Milagres, F. Gouvea, G. de Oliveira Neto, Anal. Lett. 1996, 29, 893.
161. Y. Gushikem, C.R.M. Peixoto, U.P. Rodrigues Folho, L.T. Kubota, E. Stadler, J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1996, 184, 236.
162. R.F. Rocha, S.S. Rosatto, R.E. Bruns, L.T. Kubota, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 433, 73.
163. E.F. Perez, L.T. Kubota, A.A. Tanaka, G. de Oliveira Neto, Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43, 1665.
164. Y. Gushikem, J.C. Moreira, Colloids Surf. 1987, 25, 155.
165. M.S. Yamamoto, Y. Gushikem, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1989, 129, 162.
166. L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem, S.C. Castro, J.C. Moreira, Colloids Surf. 1991, 57, 11.
167. L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem, J.C. Moreira, Analyst 1991, 116, 281.
168. C.A. Pessoa, Y. Gushikem, L.T. Kubota, L. Gorton, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 431, 23.
169. C.A. Lundgren, R.W. Murray, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 227, 287.
170. J. Watson, T.W. Zerda, Appl. Spectrosc. 1991, 45, 1360.
171. O. Dvorak, M.K. de Armond, J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 2646.
172. M. Tsionsky, G. Gun, V. Glezer, O. Lev, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1747.
173. G. Gun, M. Tsionsky, O. Lev, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1994, 346, 1011.
174. G. Gun, M. Tsionsky, O. Lev, Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 294, 261.
175. O. Lev, M. Tsionsky, L. Rabinovich, V. Glezer, S. Sampath, I. Pankratov, J. Gun, Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 22A.
176. J. Gun, M. Tsionsky, L. Rabinovich, Y. Golan, I. Rubinstein, O. Lev, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 395, 57.
177. L. Rabinovich, J. Gun, M. Tionsky, O. Lev, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1997, 8, 1077.
178. S. Bharathi, O. Lev, Chem. Commun. 1997, 2303.
179. K. Fujiki, T. Ogasawara, T. Tsubokawa, J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33, 1871.
180. G. Oskam, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 2464.
181. R.J.P. Corriu, J.J.E. Moreau, P. Thepot, M.W. Chi Man, C. Chorro, J.-P. Lere-Porte, J.-L. Sauvajol, Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 640.
182. C. Sanchez, B. Alonso, F. Chapusot, F. Ribot, P. Audebert, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1994, 2, 161.
183. M. Onada, T. Moritake, T. Matsuda, H. Nakayama, Synth. Met. 1995, 71, 2255.
184. M. Onada, T. Matsuda, H. Nakayama, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1996, 35, 294.
185. G.-W. Jang, C.-C. Chen, R.W. Gumbs, Y. Wei, J.-M. Yeh, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 2591.
186. M.M. Verghese, K. Ramanathan, S.M. Ashraf, M.N. Kamalasanan, B.D. Malhotra, Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 822.
187. G. Cerveau, R.J.P. Corriu, N. Costa, J. Non Crystal. Solids 1993, 163, 226.
188. P. Audebert, P. Calas, G. Cerveau, R.J.P. Corriu, N. Costa, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 372, 275.
189. P. Audebert, G. Cerveau, R.J.P. Corriu, N. Costa, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 413, 89.
190. K.J. Shea, D.A. Loy, O.W. Webster, Chem. Mater. 1989, 1, 574.
191. K.J. Shea, D.A. Loy, O.W. Webster, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 6700.
192. R.J.P. Corriu, J.J.E. Moreau, P. Thepot, M.W. Chi Man, Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 1217.
193. B.N. Olivier, L.A. Coury, J.O. Egekeze, C.S. Sosnoff, Y. Zhang, R.W. Murray, C. Keller, M.X. Umana, in Biosensor Technology: Fundamentals and Applications (Eds: R.P. Buck, W.E. Hatfield, M.X. Umana, E.F. Bowden), Marcel Dekker, New York 1990, pp. 117-135.
194. P. Audebert, P. Griesmar, C. Sanchez, J. Mater. Chem. 1991, 1, 699.
195. P. Audebert, P. Griesmar, P. Hapiot, C. Sanchez, J. Mater. Chem. 1992, 2, 1293.
196. M.E. Tess, J.A. Cox, Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 187.
197. S.B. Lee, A. Cocco, D. Keyvani, G.J. Maclay, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 157.
198. M.M. Collinson, C.G. Rausch, A. Voigt, Langmuir 1997, 13, 7245.
199. R.J. Barrio, Z.G. de Balugera, J.F. Arranz, M.A. Goicolea, Electroanalysis 1991, 3, 429.
200. A. Arranz, S.F. de Betono, J.M. Moreda, J.F. Arranz, Talanta 1997, 45, 417.
201. E. Gonzalez, P. Hernandez, L. Hernandez, Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 228, 265.
202. L. Hernandez, P. Hernandez, J. Vicente, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1993, 345, 712.
203. P. Hernandez, O. Nieto, F. Galan, L. Hernandez, Quimica Analitica 1993, 12, 18.
204. M. Chicharro, A. Zapardiel, E. Bermejo, J.A. Perez, L. Hernandez, Anal. Lett. 1994, 27, 1809.
205. K. Terada, K. Matsumoto, H. Kimura, Anal. Chim. Acta 1983, 153, 237.
206. J.C. Moreira, L.C. Pavan, Y. Gushikem, Mikrochim. Acta 1990, 111, 107.
207. L.M. Aleixo, M.B. Souza, O.E.S. Godinho, G. de Oliveira Neto, Y. Gushikem, J.C. Moreira, Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 271, 143.
208. E.M. Soliman, M.E. Mahmoud, Analusis 1997, 25, 148.
209. J. Kulys, A. Drungiliene, Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 243, 287.
210. J. Kulys, W. Schuhmann, H.L. Schmidt, Anal. Lett. 1992, 25, 1011.
211. E.F. Perez, G. de Oliveira Neto, A.A. Tanaka, L.T. Kubota, Electroanalysis 1998, 10, 111.
212. J.R. Fernandes, L.T. Kubota, Y. Gushikem and G. de Oliveira Neto, Anal. Lett. 1993, 26, 2555.
213. L.L. Lorencetti, Y. Gushikem, L.T. Kubota, G. de Oliveira Neto, J.R. Fernandes, Mikrochim. Acta 1995, 117, 239.
214. K. Kimura, T. Sunagawa, M. Yokoyama, Chem. Commun. 1996, 745.
215. C.C. Hsueh, M.M. Collinson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 420, 243.
216. M.D. Petit-Dominguez, H. Shen, W.R. Heineman, C.J. Seliskar, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 703.
217. W. Kim, S. Chung, S.B. Park, S.C. Lee, C. Kim, S.D. Sung, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 95.
218. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, V.B. Nascimento, L. Angnes, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 689.
219. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, C. Parrado, D.S. Park, J. Pingarron, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 908.
220. W. Kim, D.D. Sung, G.S. Cha, S.B. Park, Analyst 1998, 123, 379.
221. S. Sampath, O. Lev, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 446, 57.
222. K. Kimura, T. Sunagawa, M. Yokoyama, Chem. Lett. 1995, 967.
223. R. Gvishi, U. Narang, G. Ruland, D.N. Kumar, P.N. Prasad, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 1997, 11, 107.
224. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, M. Jiang, Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 360, 171.
225. A. Yasuda, K. Doi, N. Yamaga, T. Fujioka, S. Kusanagi, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1992, 139, 3224.
226. S.B. Lee, A. Cocco, D. Keyvani, G.J. Maclay, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 157.
227. A.F. Collings, F. Caruso, Rep. Prog. Phys. 1997, 60, 1397.
228. G.G. Guilbault, Analytical Uses of Immobilised Enzymes, Dekker, New York 1984; J. Woodward, Immobilised Cells and Enzymes: A Practical Approach, IRL, Oxford 1985.
229. G.G. Guilbault, Analytical Uses of Immobilised Enzymes, Dekker, New York 1984; J. Woodward, Immobilised Cells and Enzymes: A Practical Approach, IRL, Oxford 1985.
230. Immobilised Enzymes and Cells, Part B, Methods in Enzymology Vol. 135 (Ed: K. Mosbach), Academic, New York 1987.
231. G.G. Guilbault, M. Mascini, Analytical Uses of Immobilised Biological Compounds for Detection, Medical and Industrial Uses, Reidel, Boston 1988.
232. L. Gorton, E. Csöregi, E. Dominguez, J. Emnéus, G. Jönsson-Pettersson, G. Marko-Varga, B. Persson, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1991, 250, 203.
233. S. Braun, S. Rappoport, R. Zusman, D. Avnir, M. Ottolenghi, Mater. Lett., 1990, 10, 1.
234. S. Braun, S. Rappoport, R. Zusman, S. Shteltzer, S. Drukman, D. Avnir, M. Ottolenghi, in Biotechnology: Bridging Research and Applications (Eds: D. Kamely, A. Chakrabarty, S.E. Kornguth), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1991, pp. 205-218.
235. S. Braun, S. Shtelzer, S. Rappoport, D. Avnir, M. Ottolenghi, J. Non Crystal. Solids 1992, 147/148, 739.
236. S. Shtelzer, S. Rappoport, D. Avnir, M. Ottolenghi, S. Braun, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1992, 15, 227.
237. L.M. Ellerby, C.R. Nishida, F. Nishida, S.A. Yamanaka, B. Dunn, J.S. Valentine, J.I. Zink, Science 1992, 255, 1113.
238. S.A. Yamanakana, F. Nishida, L.M. Ellerby, C.R. Nishida, B. Dunn, J.S. Valentine, J.I. Zink, Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 495.
239. S. Wu, L.M. Ellerby, J.S. Cohen, B. Dunn, M.A. El-Sayed, J.S. Valentine, J.I. Zink, Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 115.
240. R. Wang, U. Narang, P.N. Prasad, F.V. Bright, Anal. Chem., 1993, 65, 2671.
241. U. Narang, R.A. Dunbar, F.V. Bright, P.N. Prasad, Appl. Spectroscop. 1993, 47, 1700.
242. D. Avnir, S. Braun, O. Lev, M. Ottolenghi, Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 1605.
243. N. Aharonson, M. Altstein, G. Avidan, D. Avnir, A. Bronshtein, A. Lewis, K. Liberman, M. Ottolenghi, Y. Polevaya, C. Rottman, J. Samuel, S. Shalom, A. Strinkovski, A. Turniansky, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1994, 346, 519.
244. R. Collino, J. Therasse, P. Binder, F. Chaput, B.-P. Boilot, Y. Levy, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., 1994, 2, 823.
245. U. Narang, M.H. Rahman, J.H. Wang, P.N. Prasad, F.V. Bright, Anal. Chem., 1995 67, 1935.
246. M.T. Reets, A. Zonta, J. Simpelkamp, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 301.
247. M.T. Reets, A. Zonta, J. Simpelkamp, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1996, 4, 35.
248. Special issue of J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol., (Eds: D. Avnir, S. Braun) 1996, 4.
249. S. Barreau, J.N. Miller, Anal. Commun. 1996, 33, 5H.
250. J.W. Aylott, D.J. Richardson, D.A. Russell, Analyst 1997, 122, 77.
251. J. Wang, N. Naser, Electroanalysis 1994, 6, 571.
252. F. Tang, J. Li, L. Zhang, L. Jiang, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1992, 7, 503.
253. W. Luo, H. Liu, H. Deng, K. Sun, C. Zhao, D. Qi, J. Deng, Anal. Lett., 1997, 30, 205.
254. P. Johnson, T.L. Whateley, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1971, 37, 557.
255. Q. Yang, P. Atanasov, E. Wilkins, R.C. Hughes, Anal. Lett. 1995, 28, 2439.
256. R. Krishnan, P. Atanasov, E. Wilkins, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1996, 11, 811.
257. D. Martorell, F. Céspedes, E. Martinez-Fàbregas, S. Alegret, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 337, 305.
258. L.T. Kubota, J.C. Moreira, Y. Gushikem, Analyst, 1989, 14, 1385.
259. M.M.M.B. Duarte, G. de Oliveira Neto, L.T. Kubota, J.L.L. Filho, M.P. Pimentel, F. Lima, V. Lins, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 350, 353.
260. L.T. Kubota, M.U. Kleinke, C. Mello, M.I. Bueno, G. de Oliveira Neto, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1997, 264, 662.
261. B.G. Milagres, G. de Oliveira Neto, L.T. Kubota, H. Yamanaka, Anal. Chim. Acta. 1997, 347, 35.
262. P. Audebert, C. Demaille, C. Sanchez, Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 911.
263. D. Avnir, S. Braun, O. Lev, M. Ottolenghi, Sol-Gel Optics II. SPIE Symp. Ser. 1992, 1758, 456.
264. Y. Tatsu, K. Yamashita, M. Yamaguchi, S. Yamamura, H. Yamamoto, S. Yoshikawa, Chem. Lett. 1992, 1615.
265. U. Narang, P.N. Prasad, F.V. Bright, K. Ramanathan, N.D. Kumar, B.D. Malhotra, M.N. Kamalasanan, S. Chandra, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3139.
266. U. Künzelmann, H. Böttcher, Sens. Actuators B 1997, 38/39, 222.
267. J. Li, S.N. Tan, H. Ge, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 335, 137.
268. J. Li, S.N. Tan, J.T. Oh, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 448, 69.
269. J. Li, S. Chia, N.K. Goh, S.N. Tan, H. Ge, Sens. Actuators B 1997, 40, 135.
270. J. Li, S. Chia, N.K. Goh, S.N. Tan, Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 362, 203.
271. S.L. Chut, J. Li, S.N. Tan, Analyst, 1997, 122, 1431.
272. T.-M. Park, E.I. Iwuoha, M.R. Smyth, B.D. MacCraith, Anal. Commun. 1996, 33, 271.
273. T.-M. Park, E.I. Iwuoha, M.R. Smyth, R. Freaney, A.J. McShane, Talanta 1997, 44, 973.
274. T.-M. Park, E.I. Iwuoha, M.R. Smyth, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 1120.
275. I. Pankratov, O. Lev, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1995, 393, 35.
276. S. Sampath, I. Pankratov, J. Gun, O. Lev, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1996, 7, 123.
277. S. Sampath, O. Lev, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2015.
278. J. Gun, O. Lev, Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 336, 95.
279. J. Gun, O. Lev, Anal. Lett. 1996, 29, 1933.
280. S. Sampath, O. Lev, Electroanalysis 1996, 8, 1112.
281. S. Sampath, O. Lev, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997 426, 131.
282. S. Sampath, O. Lev, Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 410.
283. S. Bharathi, O. Lev, Anal. Commun. 1998, 35, 29.
284. O. Lev, B.I. Kuyavskaya, M. Tsionsky, Y. Sacharov, D. Avnir, M. Ottolenghi, in Monitoring Toxic Chemicals and Biomarkers (Ed: T. Vo-Dinh), SPIE Proc. Ser. 1992, 1716.
285. V. Glezer, O. Lev, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 2533.
286. P. Audebert, C. Sanchez, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1994, 2, 809.
287. A. Heller, Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 23, 128.
288. J. Wang, N. Naser, L. Angnes, H. Wu, L. Chen, Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 1285.
289. J. Wang, J. Liu, L. Chen, F. Lu, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3600.
290. J. Wang, F. Lu, L. Angnes, J. Liu, H. Sakslund, Q. Chen, M. Pedrero, L. Chen, O. Hammerich, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 305, 3.
291. L. Coche-Guérente, S. Cosnier, P. Labbé, Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 1348.
292. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, D.S. Park, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2705.
293. J. Wang, D.S. Park, P.V.A. Pamidi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 434, 185.
294. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, D.S. Park, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 52.
295. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, Anal. Chem., 1997, 69, 4490.
296. J. Wang, P.V.A. Pamidi, K.R. Rogers, Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 1171.
297. J. Livage, J.Y. Barreau, J.M. Da Costa, I. Desportes, Proc. SPIE 1994, 2268, 493.
298. J. Lin, C.W. Brown, Trends Anal. Chem. 1997, 16, 200.
299. A. Walcarius, C. Despas, P. Trens, M.J. Hudson, J. Bessiere, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998, 453, 249.
300. J.F. Diaz, F. Bedioui, E. Briot, J. Devynck, K.J. Balkus, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1996, 431, 89.
301. J.F. Diaz, K.J. Balkus, F. Bedioui, V. Kurshev, L. Kevan, Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 61.
302. S. Cosnier, C. Gondran, A. Senillou, M. Grätzel, N. Vlachopoulos, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 1387.
303. R.J.P. Corriu, D. Leclercq, Comments Inorg. Chem. 1997, 19, 245.
304. General survey in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Composites, ACS Symp. Ser. Vol. 585 1994.
305. H.K. Schmidt, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1990, 180, 961.
306. J.D. Mackenzie, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Tech. 1994, 2, 81.
307. P. Judenstein, C. Sanchez, J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 511.
308. C. Shen, N.M. Kostic, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 438, 61.
309. Y.N. Shi, C.J. Seliskar, W.R. Heineman, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 4819.
310. C.-Z. Zhao, N. Egashira, Y. Kurauchi, K. Ohga, Anal. Sci. 1998, 14, 439.