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Volumn 89, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 335-352

Buchdahl's "phenomenological" view of Kant: A critique

(1)  Westphal, Kenneth R a  

a NONE

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EID: 0000822536     PISSN: 00228877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Note
Times cited : (12)

References (95)
  • 1
    • 84868842258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolegomena § 60 IV 365. 7; cf. KdrV Preface to the second edition, B VII, XIV-XV, XVII, XVIII-XIX, XXIII-XXIV (III 7. 2-14, 11. 1-20, 12. 3-7, 13. 4-7, 15. 21-29). I cite Kant's works by the page, and line numbers of: Kants Gesammelte Schriften, Königlich Preußische [now Deutsche] Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin: G. Reimer (now De Gruyter), 1902; usually referred to as Akademie Ausgabe (Ak). The and page numbers from this edition have been carried over into all recent translations. I also cite the first Critique by the usual designations of its two editions, A and B
    • Prolegomena § 60 IV 365. 7; cf. KdrV Preface to the second edition, B VII, XIV-XV, XVII, XVIII-XIX, XXIII-XXIV (III 7. 2-14, 11. 1-20, 12. 3-7, 13. 4-7, 15. 21-29). I cite Kant's works by the volume, page, and line numbers of: "Kants Gesammelte Schriften," Königlich Preußische [now Deutsche] Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin: G. Reimer (now De Gruyter), 1902; usually referred to as "Akademie Ausgabe" ("Ak"). The volume and page numbers from this edition have been carried over into all recent translations. I also cite the first Critique by the usual designations of its two editions, "A" and "B. "
  • 2
    • 79956389791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf. KdrV BXXIII, A710-11/B738-39, A832-33/B860-61; III 15. 15-16. 2, 467. 17-28, 538. 17-539. 11
    • Cf. KdrV BXXIII, A710-11/B738-39, A832-33/B860-61; III 15. 15-16. 2, 467. 17-28, 538. 17-539. 11.
  • 5
    • 79956377582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kant and the Dynamics of Reason (London: Blackwell, 1992; hereafter "KDR"), 125, 137-38.
    • KDR , vol.125 , pp. 137-38
  • 8
    • 84868715918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 43. Buchdahl reiterates his basic "reduction-realization" approach to Kant several times in his book. Perhaps most clear for the first time reader is ch. 4
    • KDR 43. Buchdahl reiterates his basic "reduction-realization" approach to Kant several times in his book. Perhaps most clear for the first time reader is ch. 4.
  • 9
    • 79956389799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A290/B346, cf. A845/B873; III 186. 8-19, 546. 16-24; KDR 6, 62-64, 85-86, 115, 140, 147, 155-56, 320
    • KdrV A290/B346, cf. A845/B873; III 186. 8-19, 546. 16-24; KDR 6, 62-64, 85-86, 115, 140, 147, 155-56, 320
  • 10
    • 84868855430 scopus 로고
    • Eckart Förster's insightful essay
    • Monist
    • On the role of this sense of "object" in Kant's philosophy see Eckart Förster's insightful essay, "Kant's Notion of Philosophy" (Monist 72 No. 2, 1989, 285-304).
    • (1989) Kant's Notion of Philosophy , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 285-304
  • 11
    • 79956377557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A20/B34, III 50. 4-5
    • KdrV A20/B34, III 50. 4-5.
  • 12
    • 79956407692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A494/B522 [III 340. 37-341. 3], KDR 117, 157
    • KdrV A494/B522 [III 340. 37-341. 3], KDR 117, 157.
  • 13
    • 79956407698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A143/B182 [III 137. 11-12], KDR 118, 128, 131, 144, 145, 157, 158
    • KdrV A143/B182 [III 137. 11-12], KDR 118, 128, 131, 144, 145, 157, 158.
  • 14
    • 79956395973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A20/B34, A143/B182 [III 50. 6-7, 137. 16-18], KDR 71-72, 84, 117, 157, 162
    • KdrV A20/B34, A143/B182 [III 50. 6-7, 137. 16-18], KDR 71-72, 84, 117, 157, 162.
  • 15
    • 79956389803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A251 [IV 164. 20-21], KDR 84
    • KdrV A251 [IV 164. 20-21], KDR 84.
  • 16
    • 79956396046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A250 [IV 163. 32-37], KDR 117, 128, 145, 157
    • KdrV A250 [IV 163. 32-37], KDR 117, 128, 145, 157.
  • 17
    • 79956407751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A146-7/B185-7 [III 139. 11-37], KDR 6, 83, 96, 108, 141, 156
    • KdrV A146-7/B185-7 [III 139. 11-37], KDR 6, 83, 96, 108, 141, 156.
  • 18
    • 79956395960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A677/B705 [III 447. 12-13], KDR 6, 27, 94, 109
    • KdrV A677/B705 [III 447. 12-13], KDR 6, 27, 94, 109.
  • 19
    • 79956407685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (KdpV) V 49. 5-7, KDR 77
    • Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (KdpV) V 49. 5-7, KDR 77.
  • 20
    • 84868833817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 109. Buchdahl speaks of realizing objects even though Kant speaks of realizing concepts. While I think this indicates a problem of interpretive fit, I allow it for now for the sake of discussion. Buchdahl's likely reasponse would be that the "objects" in his "reduction-realization procedure" are distinct conceptions of one and the same object, subject to the restrictions that hold at each stage of his procedure. On the interpretation of the term "realize" below, § 8
    • KDR 109. Buchdahl speaks of realizing objects even though Kant speaks of realizing concepts. While I think this indicates a problem of interpretive fit, I allow it for now for the sake of discussion. Buchdahl's likely reasponse would be that the "objects" in his "reduction-realization procedure" are distinct conceptions of one and the same object, subject to the restrictions that hold at each stage of his procedure. On the interpretation of the term "realize" see below, § 8.
  • 21
    • 84868827060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 15, 47-48, 71, 74, 75, 126, 128, 131-32, 147, 148-50, 160, 162-63. I criticize some other aspects of Buchdahl's account of sensation in NCR § 5
    • KDR 15, 47-48, 71, 74, 75, 126, 128, 131-32, 147, 148-50, 160, 162-63. I criticize some other aspects of Buchdahl's account of sensation in NCR § 5.
  • 22
    • 79956407750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 336
    • KDR 336.
  • 23
    • 79956389714 scopus 로고
    • London: Macmillan, , A26/B42, A32-3/B49. For discussion , A249
    • B307, III 210. 3-6, tr. N. K. Smith, Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (London: Macmillan, 1929); cf. A249, VI 163,3-19, A26/B42, A32-3/B49. For discussion
    • (1929) Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason , vol.6 , Issue.163 , pp. 3-19
    • Smith, N.K.1
  • 24
    • 79956377503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Falkenstein, op. cit, ch. 9.
    • see Falkenstein, op. cit. , ch. 9
  • 25
    • 79956389719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He claims their distinction is shown by his Figure 1. 1 on KDR 10, The figure does indeed assign these two terms distinct roles in Buchdahl's scheme, but his figure does not provide grounds of proof that Kant distinguished them, or that he distinguished them in the way Buchdahl does
    • Buchdahl distinguishes Kant's terms "transcendental object" and "noumenon in the negative sense" (KDR 16). He claims their distinction is "shown" by his Figure 1. 1 (on KDR 10). The figure does indeed assign these two terms distinct roles in Buchdahl's scheme, but his figure does not provide grounds of proof that Kant distinguished them, or that he distinguished them in the way Buchdahl does.
    • KDR , pp. 16
  • 26
    • 79956377497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 3-4, 42, 106
    • KDR 3-4, 42, 106.
  • 27
    • 79956389716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 4, 68, 106
    • KDR 4, 68, 106.
  • 28
    • 79956407694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 7, 114-15, 184
    • KDR 7, 114-15, 184.
  • 29
    • 79956407691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 68, cf. 175, 281, 310, 322
    • KDR 68, cf. 175, 281, 310, 322.
  • 30
    • 79956407672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 8, 132, 146, 276-77
    • KDR 8, 132, 146, 276-77.
  • 31
    • 79956395910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 68-69
    • KDR 68-69.
  • 32
    • 84868848700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a, etc. ) do not have to 'compete' with any pre-existing or pre-given world, subsisting, so to speak in in abstraction from any realizational conditioning. For the whole point of the transcendental or realizational approach would be negated if the concept of a world 'pre-given' apart from any realization conditions were an allowable one" (KDR 8, cf. esp. 285)
    • a, etc. ) do not have to 'compete' with any pre-existing or pre-given world, subsisting, so to speak in in abstraction from any realizational conditioning. For the whole point of the transcendental or realizational approach would be negated if the concept of a world 'pre-given' apart from any realization conditions were an allowable one" (KDR 8, cf. esp. 285).
  • 33
    • 79956377451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 29, 36, 200, 226, 230; 90, 258; 120; 170; 179; 215; 322
    • KDR 29, 36, 200, 226, 230; 90, 258; 120; 170; 179; 215; 322.
  • 34
    • 79956377448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Blackwell, 1969; hereafter MPS, 592, 604, 67, 610, 619, 653, 654, 671
    • Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science (London: Blackwell, 1969; hereafter "MPS"), 561, 578, 590, 592, 604, 6(7, 610, 619, 653, 654, 671.
    • Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science , vol.561 , Issue.578 , pp. 590
  • 35
    • 79956395922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV Bxviii, Bxxiii [III 13. 2-3, 15. 13-14]; KDR 8, 9, 68, 91, 109-10, 170, 286
    • KdrV Bxviii, Bxxiii [III 13. 2-3, 15. 13-14]; KDR 8, 9, 68, 91, 109-10, 170, 286.
  • 36
    • 0011851610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affinity, Idealism, and Naturalism: The Stability of Cinnabar and the Possibility of Experience
    • I argue that Kant's transcendental arguments do successfully identify necessary a priori conditions for possible experience, but that he cannot account for the satisfaction of those conditions on the basis of transcendental idealism
    • In "Affinity, Idealism, and Naturalism: The Stability of Cinnabar and the Possibility of Experience," (Kant-Studien 88, 1997, 139-89), I argue that Kant's transcendental arguments do successfully identify necessary a priori conditions for possible experience, but that he cannot account for the satisfaction of those conditions on the basis of transcendental idealism.
    • (1997) Kant-Studien , vol.88 , pp. 139-189
  • 37
    • 79956395963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 177-78
    • KDR 177-78.
  • 38
    • 84868729527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "[I]t seems to me that all [Kant] is saying is that this type of contingency is reproduced at the level of experience - here: sensibility - by saying that the latter just finds itself, as an ultimate matter of fact, with such and such sensations; is 'affected by' - in respect of - what the notion of "transcendental matter" or "Sachheit" expresses. And that is all that "receptivity" amounts to as a logical description of the character of sensibility. What sensibility 'finds' is simply the 'factuality aspect' of certain abstract facts of the matter; facts that become part of the content of experience (here: sensation, intuition) only when taken in the context of sensibility and those aspects of experience for which it is responsible, i. e. spatiality, temporality, and the qualitative side of intuition. What sensibility 'receives', i. e. registers, is only the fact 'that such and such is the case'" (KDR 132; cf. 118, 150, 163)
    • "[I]t seems to me that all [Kant] is saying is that this type of contingency is reproduced at the level of experience - here: sensibility - by saying that the latter just finds itself, as an ultimate matter of fact, with such and such sensations; is 'affected by' - in respect of - what the notion of "transcendental matter" or "Sachheit" expresses. And that is all that "receptivity" amounts to as a logical description of the character of sensibility. What sensibility 'finds' is simply the 'factuality aspect' of certain abstract facts of the matter; facts that become part of the content of experience (here: sensation, intuition) only when taken in the context of sensibility and those aspects of experience for which it is responsible, i. e. spatiality, temporality, and the qualitative side of intuition. What sensibility 'receives', i. e. registers, is only the fact 'that such and such is the case'" (KDR 132; cf. 118, 150, 163).
  • 39
    • 79956377455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 18, 62, 115, 277
    • KDR 18, 62, 115, 277.
  • 40
    • 79956395924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In MPS Buchdahl states: "The givenness of objects is a fact of experience. The only question which concerns us is how this 'givenness' is to be interpreted so that its 'possibility' may be demonstrated with apodictic certainty. And the answer is, of course: through the procedure of 'bracketing' the notion of the object, by which we regard it as 'appearance. ' Now this answer shows that Kant must be using the notion of 'givenness" twice: first, as what is given for uncritical consciousness; secondly, as that givenness whose possibility can be 'demonstrated' if the object thus 'given' is bracketed as phenomenon - an entirely Pickwickian sense of the 'given'. The claim, that it is permissible to move from one use to the other, is one of Kant's deep metaphysical assumptions" (638-39).
    • Kant's Deep Metaphysical Assumptions , pp. 638-639
  • 41
    • 79956389675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A20/B34, A50-52/B74-76, A86/B118, A166-67/B208-09, A720/B748; III 50. 11-14, 74. 9-75. 26, 100. 25-29, 152. 25-153. 10, 473. 5-18
    • KdrV A20/B34, A50-52/B74-76, A86/B118, A166-67/B208-09, A720/B748; III 50. 11-14, 74. 9-75. 26, 100. 25-29, 152. 25-153. 10, 473. 5-18.
  • 42
    • 84868830719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 8, 26, 41, 42, 57, 82, 83, 87, 92, 104, 107, 108, 142, 155, 177-78, 191, 272, 285, 286, 310, 317-18, 321; cf. 49, 72, 86, 111, and Buchdahl's use of Husserl's terms "époché" (10, 361) and "bracketing" (41)
    • KDR 8, 26, 41, 42, 57, 82, 83, 87, 92, 104, 107, 108, 142, 155, 177-78, 191, 272, 285, 286, 310, 317-18, 321; cf. 49, 72, 86, 111, and Buchdahl's use of Husserl's terms "époché" (10, 361) and "bracketing" (41).
  • 43
    • 79956389682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 19-21, 272, 302
    • KDR 19-21, 272, 302.
  • 44
    • 79956407674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 285, 336
    • KDR 285, 336.
  • 45
    • 79956395929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 9, 36-37, 38, 83, 132, 155, 361
    • KDR 9, 36-37, 38, 83, 132, 155, 361.
  • 46
    • 79956389681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 37, original emphases; cf. 35, 37-38
    • KDR 37, original emphases; cf. 35, 37-38.
  • 47
    • 79956389684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV B278-9, cf. 276-77, III 193. 20-21, 192. 10-13
    • KdrV B278-9, cf. 276-77, III 193. 20-21, 192. 10-13.
  • 48
    • 79956407675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A366-80, VI 230-38
    • KdrV A366-80, VI 230-38.
  • 49
    • 79956377452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 203
    • KDR 203.
  • 50
    • 84868833808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prol. § 18, VI 298
    • Prol. § 18, VI 298.
  • 51
    • 84868782766 scopus 로고
    • Kant et les Jugements Empiriques: Jugements de Perception et Jugements d'Expérience
    • For an interesting and helpful discussion of the relation between these doctrines, see Béatrice Longuenesse, "Kant et les jugements empiriques: Jugements de perception et jugements d'expérience" (Kant-Studien 86, 1995, 278-307)
    • (1995) Kant-Studien , vol.86 , pp. 278-307
    • Longuenesse, B.1
  • 52
    • 33748125097 scopus 로고
    • Sensations and Judgments of Perception: Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of some of Kant's Misleading Examples
    • However, I do not believe she solves the problem just indicated in the text. The Humean associations Kant discusses in KdrV § 19 are meant to elucidate the contrast between the merely subjective validity of psychological associations and the objective validity of causal judgments. Kant here abstracts from the fact - in his Refutation of Idealism Kant argues that this is a fact - that mere psychological associations alone do not suffice for self-conscious experience, not even of the kind involved in judgments of perception. Indeed, on Kant's view - as on Hume's considered view -, psychological associations are not judgments at all. Moreover, judgments of perception could be made on the basis of one episode; psychological associations require repeated episodes. For further discussion, see Rhoda Kotzin and Jörg Baumgärtner, "Sensations and Judgments of Perception: Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of some of Kant's Misleading Examples" (Kant-Studien 81, 1990, 401-12)
    • (1990) Kant-Studien , vol.81
    • Kotzin, R.1    Baumgärtner, J.2
  • 53
    • 79956377458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The kinds of points made above and by Kotzin & Baumgärtner are, regrettably, completely disregarded by Georg Mohr in "Wahrnehmungsurteile und Schematismus,"
    • Wahrnehmungsurteile und Schematismus , pp. 401-412
    • Mohr, G.1
  • 55
    • 79956407639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 37, above, p. 342
    • KDR 37, above, p. 342.
  • 56
    • 0003989950 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Revised version published in: Meaning and Necessity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 205-221.
    • (1956) Meaning and Necessity , pp. 205-221
  • 57
    • 79956376528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 327
    • KDR 327.
  • 58
    • 79957209399 scopus 로고
    • Empiricism and Abstract Entities
    • P. A. Schilpp, ed. , I develop this point in detail, contra Carnap, and altogether independent of Quine, in Hegel's Epistemological Realism (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989), ch. 4
    • Wilfried Sellars, "Empiricism and Abstract Entities" (in: P. A. Schilpp, ed. , The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, The Library of Living Philosophers, 1963, 431-68), 433. I develop this point in detail, contra Carnap, and altogether independent of Quine, in Hegel's Epistemological Realism (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989), ch. 4.
    • (1963) The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, the Library of Living Philosophers , vol.431 , pp. 433
    • Sellars, W.1
  • 59
    • 79956406852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 34, 35, 37-38, 59, 87, 361-62
    • KDR 34, 35, 37-38, 59, 87, 361-62.
  • 60
    • 79956395074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 54-55, 58-60, 61 Figure 3. 1, 54-55, 76, 112, 123, 319 Figure 14. 1, 321
    • KDR 54-55, 58-60, 61 Figure 3. 1, 54-55, 76, 112, 123, 319 Figure 14. 1, 321.
  • 61
    • 79956395036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 72, cf. 75-76
    • KDR 72, cf. 75-76.
  • 62
    • 79956407627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This includes Buchdahl's phenomenological account of transcendental affection, which I have criticized elsewhere in NCR
    • This includes Buchdahl's "phenomenological" account of transcendental affection, which I have criticized elsewhere (in NCR).
  • 63
    • 79956377438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 361-62; cf. : The Reduction-Realization Procedure thus simply expresses a certain philosophical attitude towards the world; as in the case of all creative metaphysical systems, so also here: the Kantian edifice is not so much a question of 'proofs' as the creation of a certain constructive approach in order to secure a meaningful formulation for certain philosophical positions; in the case of Kant, that of the a priori status of space, time, and the categories; of the methodological maxims of science; and finally, of Kant's moral and religious philosophy (KDR 110)
    • KDR 361-62; cf. : The Reduction-Realization Procedure "thus simply expresses a certain philosophical attitude towards the world; as in the case of all creative metaphysical systems, so also here: the Kantian edifice is not so much a question of 'proofs' as the creation of a certain constructive approach in order to secure a meaningful formulation for certain philosophical positions; in the case of Kant, that of the a priori status of space, time, and the categories; of the methodological maxims of science; and finally, of Kant's moral and religious philosophy" (KDR 110).
  • 64
    • 79956389666 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Though he sketches this approach several times in KDR (19-34, 86-92, 271-311), he recognizes that it is "neo-transcendental" (and thus implicitly admits that it is neo-Kantian) in "Neo-transcendental Approaches Towards Scientific Theory Appraisal" (in: D. H. Mellor, ed. , Science, Belief and Behaviour Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980; 1-20).
    • (1980) Science, Belief and Behaviour , pp. 1-20
    • Mellor, D.H.1
  • 65
    • 79956376694 scopus 로고
    • The Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science in Kant's Dynamic Constructions
    • Buchdahl's characterizations of that method are usually sketchy and at least somewhat erroneous (KDR 223-24, 231-32, 259, 281, 290, 306; MPS 672-76)
    • I reconstruct Kant's method in The Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science in "Kant's Dynamic Constructions," Journal of Philosophical Research 20 (1995), 33-81. Buchdahl's characterizations of that method are usually sketchy and at least somewhat erroneous (KDR 223-24, 231-32, 259, 281, 290, 306; MPS 672-76).
    • (1995) Journal of Philosophical Research , vol.20 , pp. 33-81
  • 66
    • 79956407632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 308
    • KDR 308.
  • 67
    • 79956389664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kant's Proof of the Law of Inertia
    • th International Kant Congress (op. cit. ), II. 1, 413-424. I would like to make two brief comments on my analysis, in response to concerns raised at the Congress by William Harper and Steven Palmquist. First, Kant's statement of Newton's law includes the term "speed" ("Geschwindigkeit"), which Kant likely understood in Newtonian, proto-vectoral terms. If so, his statement of Newton's law is correct. However, that would make Kant's statement redundant, since he states beforehand sameness of direction (" Richtung"). Translating Kant's term "Geschwindigkeit" by "velocity," as I followed Ellington in doing, may read too much Newton into Kant's actual formulation. Most importantly, though, my main objection still holds, that Newton's law does not follow from Kant's second law of mechanics (ibid. , 413-414). Second, insofar as my examples show that the errant billiard balls I describe are alive, where life, according to Kant, "is the capacity of a substance to determine itself to change" (MAdN IV 5. 447-10), my examples show that billiard balls could be alive even though they consist solely of external spatial relations and utterly lack any psychic states. This highlights the crucial way in which Kant's key premise, that "we know of no other internal principle of a substance to change its state but desire . . . " etc. (MAdN IV 544. 10-14), concerns empirical ignorance. Moreover, my examples of non-Newtonian collisions do not require that billiard balls be alive, only that they respond to collisions in ways that violate Newton's Second Law, say, by spiraling away. In this regard, my examples underscore the crucial way in which Newton's law is based on an empirical, physical postulate concerning inertia, rather than on any metaphysical principle of the sort Kant seeks to justify. In these regards, my objections may require more careful and thorough presentation, but I submit that they are basically sound.
    • Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 413-424
  • 68
    • 79956389661 scopus 로고
    • Science and God: The Topology of the Kantian World, first appeared in the proceedings of the 1991 Spindel Conference
    • Chapter 15 first appeared in KDR
    • This extension is sketeched in the last two chapters of KDR. Chapter 14, "Science and God: The Topology of the Kantian World," first appeared in the proceedings of the 1991 Spindel Conference, "System and Teleology in Kant's Critique of Judgment" (Southern Journal of Philosophy 30 Supplement, 1992). Chapter 15 first appeared in KDR.
    • (1992) System and Teleology in Kant's Critique of Judgment Southern Journal of Philosophy 30 Supplement
  • 69
    • 79956377436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A558/B585, KDR 344-45
    • KdrV A558/B585, KDR 344-45.
  • 70
    • 79956395081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A concept is problematic if no theoretical grounds can be given to determine whether an object corresponds to it or not (KdrV A254-55/B310-11, A286-88/B342-44, A771-72/B799-800)
    • A concept is "problematic" if no theoretical grounds can be given to determine whether an object corresponds to it or not (KdrV A254-55/B310-11, A286-88/B342-44, A771-72/B799-800).
  • 71
    • 79956406874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdpV V 56. 18-27, cf. 135. 2-9
    • KdpV V 56. 18-27, cf. 135. 2-9.
  • 72
    • 84868848697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdpV V 119. 25-121. 31. I discuss these matters in more detail in NCR, §§ 10, 11
    • KdpV V 119. 25-121. 31. I discuss these matters in more detail in NCR, §§ 10, 11
  • 73
    • 79956395921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 344
    • KDR 344.
  • 74
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    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Kant's Theory of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 34.
    • (1990) Kant's Theory of Freedom , pp. 34
  • 75
    • 79956406869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ak XXI 145. 3-5, KDR 361
    • Ak XXI 145. 3-5, KDR 361.
  • 76
    • 79956395069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KDR 338
    • KDR 338.
  • 78
    • 79956395082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A314/B370, III 246. 5-23
    • KdrV A314/B370, III 246. 5-23.
  • 79
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    • Wismar: Berger- & Boednersche Buchhandlung, 1775. Reprinted with its companion work
    • Leipzig: M. G. Weidmanns Erben und Reich, 1777) by Wilhelm Uebele, ed. , Berlin: Reuther & Reichard
    • Bützow & Wismar: Berger- & Boednersche Buchhandlung, 1775. Reprinted with its companion work, Philosophische Versuche über die menschliche Natur und ihre Entwicklung. Bd. I (Leipzig: M. G. Weidmanns Erben und Reich, 1777) by Wilhelm Uebele, ed. , Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1913.
    • (1913) Philosophische Versuche Über Die Menschliche Natur und Ihre Entwicklung , pp. 1
  • 80
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    • Enzyklopädisches Wörterbuch der Kritischen Philosophie. Oder Versuch einer fasslichen und vollständigen Erklärung der in Kants kritischen und dogmatischen Schriften enthaltenen Begriffe und Sätze
    • Jena: Friedrich Frommann, 1801-02; rpt. : Darmstadt: Scientia Verlag Aalen)
    • George Samuel Albert Mellin, Enzyklopädisches Wörterbuch der Kritischen Philosophie. Oder Versuch einer fasslichen und vollständigen Erklärung der in Kants kritischen und dogmatischen Schriften enthaltenen Begriffe und Sätze. Mit Nachrichten, Erläuterungen und Vergleichungen aus der Geschichte der Philosophie begleitet und alphabetisch geordnet. (6 vols. , Jena: Friedrich Frommann, 1801-02; rpt. : Darmstadt: Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1971), IV 854-55.
    • (1971) Mit Nachrichten, Erläuterungen und Vergleichungen Aus der Geschichte der Philosophie Begleitet und Alphabetisch Geordnet , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 854-55
    • Mellin, G.S.A.1
  • 83
    • 79956388762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflexion 4900 Ak. XVIII 23. 12-15
    • Reflexion 4900 Ak. XVIII 23. 12-15.
  • 84
    • 79956376544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflexion 4901 Ak. XVIII 23. 17-19
    • Reflexion 4901 Ak. XVIII 23. 17-19.
  • 85
    • 79956376562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ak IV 372-380
    • Ak IV 372-380.
  • 86
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    • Er [der Recensent] hat also niemals über die Möglichkeit solcher Erkentnis a priori nachgedacht ob ihm gleich J. N. Tetens hätte anlaß geben können. Er ist also noch zurück selbst ein fehlgeschlagener Versuch dieser Art müßte bey ihm Achtung und Beyfall verdient haben denn zum wenigsten hätte er die Aufmerksamkeit darauf rege gemacht. (Aus der Vorarbeit zu den Prolegomena; Ak. XXIII 57. 18-22. )
    • "Er [der Recensent] hat also niemals über die Möglichkeit solcher Erkentnis a priori nachgedacht ob ihm gleich J. N. Tetens hätte anlaß geben können. Er ist also noch zurück selbst ein fehlgeschlagener Versuch dieser Art müßte bey ihm Achtung und Beyfall verdient haben denn zum wenigsten hätte er die Aufmerksamkeit darauf rege gemacht. " (Aus der Vorarbeit zu den Prolegomena; Ak. XXIII 57. 18-22. )
  • 87
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    • A. Henkel, ed. (Wiesbaden: Insel-Verlag)
    • G. J. Hamann, Briefwechsel; A. Henkel, ed. (Wiesbaden: Insel-Verlag, 1959), IV 81. 32-33
    • (1959) Briefwechsel , vol.4 , Issue.81 , pp. 32-33
    • Hamann, G.J.1
  • 88
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    • Manfred Kuehn identifies Tetens as a main link between the Scottish school and Kant in Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800. A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy (Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987), ch. 7. Hamann's letter was first brought to my attention by Rolf George, "Kant's Sensationism" (Synthese 47 No. 2, 1981, 229-255), 253 note 16.
    • (1981) A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-255
  • 90
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    • Cambridge, Ma. : Harvard University Press, ch. 1
    • cf. 198 note 151; and Frederick Beiser, The Fate of Reason (Cambridge, Ma. : Harvard University Press, 1987), ch. 1.
    • (1987) The Fate of Reason
    • Beiser, F.1
  • 91
    • 84868830721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KdrV A85/B117, A85/B118, A135-36/B174-75; III 100. 5-10, 100. 15-20, 133. 5-18. Kant holds analogous views about realizing the concepts involved in his practical postulates of freedom and God. For discussion of this point, NCR § 11
    • KdrV A85/B117, A85/B118, A135-36/B174-75; III 100. 5-10, 100. 15-20, 133. 5-18. Kant holds analogous views about "realizing" the concepts involved in his practical postulates of freedom and God. For discussion of this point, see NCR § 11.
  • 92
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    • Buchdahl appeals to Husserl repeatedly, and claims that, Husserl, is here making explicit what we can now to have been implicit already in Kant's approach, KDR 8; cf. 83, 106, 114-15, 286, It may also be worth noting that this relation between Kant's and Tetens's work was recognized among their contemporaries. For example, regarding possible views on the status of the principles of the understanding Professor Johann Friedrich Flatt states: B) these principles cannot be based on the principle of contradiction alone, but rest instead on their universal subjective necessity. Tetens. C) Kant Agrees with view B, insofar as he states that there are principles which cannot be derived from the principle of contradiction, but he also diverges from it since he adds that their validity must be presupposed because only through that is experience first made possible, Metaphysische Vorlesungen von Prof. Flatt im Sommerhalb-Jahr 1790 gehalten. M
    • Buchdahl appeals to Husserl repeatedly, and claims that ". . . Husserl . . . is here making explicit what we can now see to have been implicit already in Kant's approach . . . " (KDR 8; cf. 83, 106, 114-15, 286). It may also be worth noting that this relation between Kant's and Tetens's work was recognized among their contemporaries. For example, regarding possible views on the status of the principles of the understanding Professor Johann Friedrich Flatt states: "B) these principles cannot be based on the principle of contradiction alone, but rest instead on their universal subjective necessity. Tetens. C) Kant Agrees with view (B), insofar as he states that there are principles which cannot be derived from the principle of contradiction, but he also diverges from it since he adds that their validity must be presupposed because only through that is experience first made possible. " (Metaphysische Vorlesungen von Prof. Flatt im Sommerhalb-Jahr 1790 gehalten. Manuskript der Nachschrift von Klüpfel in der Universität Tübingen, p. 23. I am grateful to Professor Hans Friedrich Fulda for lending me his typescript of these lectures; my tr. ) Several points should be noted briefly. First, Flatt was a competent instructor, but by no means an original thinker or leading intellectual light. Thus the relation between Kant's and Tetens's views was not only a matter for cognoscenti. Second, Flatt's lectures on Kant from which this remark is quoted are a high-level overview of Kant's views, which filled roughly the first third of a semester's lectures. The fact that they note this association between Kant's and Tetens's views shows that it was regarded as an important point belonging to any advanced student's introduction to Kant. Third, given the summary character of Flatt's presentation of Kant in this set of lectures it is not surprising that he does not mention Tetens's or Kant's sense of "realize".
  • 93
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    • Buchdahl pointedly emphasizes Kant's supposed underlying imagery over argument and the stuff of the traditional commentaries. e. g. , KDR 7, 37, 38, 110, 137-38, 155. Most graphically he states: To reiterate the slogan with which we began: 'Argument be damned, it's the picture that counts' (KDR 38, cf. 9)
    • Buchdahl pointedly emphasizes Kant's supposed "underlying imagery" over "argument" and "the stuff of the traditional commentaries. " See, e. g. , KDR 7, 37, 38, 110, 137-38, 155. Most graphically he states: "To reiterate the slogan with which we began: 'Argument be damned, it's the picture that counts'" (KDR 38, cf. 9).
  • 94
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    • Causality and Causal Laws in Kant: A Critique of Michael Friedman
    • A. Parrini, ed, Dordrecht: Kluwer
    • See Henry Allison, "Causality and Causal Laws in Kant: A Critique of Michael Friedman," in: A. Parrini, ed. , Kant and Contemporary Epistemology (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994), 291-307.
    • (1994) Kant and Contemporary Epistemology , pp. 291-307
    • Allison, H.1
  • 95
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    • I gratefully acknowledge that work on this essay was begun under the auspices of an annual research fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA, 1992) and that further work on it was supported by a research stipend from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (BRD, Spring 1995, An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Central Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association April, 1996, I am grateful to Bill Harper, whose comments and discussion stimulated several improvements
    • I gratefully acknowledge that work on this essay was begun under the auspices of an annual research fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA, 1992) and that further work on it was supported by a research stipend from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (BRD, Spring 1995). An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Central Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association (April, 1996). I am grateful to Bill Harper, whose comments and discussion stimulated several improvements.


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