Micrometer-sized nozzles and skimmers for the production of supersonic He atom beams

Review of Scientific Instruments

Volumn 68, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 3001-3009

  Braun, J ^a   Day, P K ^a,c   Toennies, J P ^a   Witte, G ^a,d   Neher, E ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR DYNAMICS AND SELF ORGANIZATION   (Germany)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000790085     PISSN: 00346748     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.1148233     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. D. R. Miller, in Atomic and Molecular Beam Methods, edited by G. Scoles (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988), Vol. 1, p. 14.
2. U. Hefter and K. Bergmann, in Ref. 1, Vol. 1, p. 193.
3. H. Buchenau, J. P. Toennies, J. Arnold, and J. Wolfrum, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 94, 1231 (1990).
4. J. J. de Miguel, A. Cebollada, J. M. Gallego, J. Ferron, and S. Ferrer, J. Cryst. Growth 88, 442 (1988).
5. R. Kunkel, B. Poelsema, L. K. Verheij, and G. Comsa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 733 (1990).
6. K, H. Rieder, in Helium Atom Scattering from Surfaces, edited by E. Hulpke (Springer, Berlin, 1992), p. 41.
7. J. P. Toennies, in Surface Phonans, edited by W. Kress and F. W. de Wette (Springer, Berlin, 1991), p. 111.
8. C. Adams, M. Sigel, and J. Mleynek, Phys. Rep. 240, 143 (1994).
9. H. Pauly and J. P. Toennies, in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 7: Atomic and Electron Physics, Atomic Interaction Part A, edited by L. Marton (Academic, New York, 1968), p. 227.
10. J. P. Toennies and K. Winkelmann, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 3965 (1977).
11. For a recent review of He-He potentials, see, for example, A. R. Janzen and R. A. Aziz, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 9626 (1995).
12. G. Brusdeylins, H. D. Meyer, J. P. Toennies, and K. Winkelmann, Prog. Astronaut. Aeronaut. Part II 51, 1047 (1977).
13. J. Wang, V. A. Shamamian, B. R. Thomas, J. M. Wilkinson, J. Riley, C. F. Giese, and W. R. Gentry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 696 (1988).
14. D. M. Smilgies and J. P. Toennies, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 185 (1988).
15. We used a Novas Swiss diaphragm-type compressor (air driven), provided by the Nova Werke AG, Vogelsangstrasse 24, CH-8307 Effretikon, Switzerland.
16. The electron microscope aperture lenses were provided by Plano W. Plannet GmbH, PF 1329, D-35529 Wetzlar, Germany.
17. Conventional skimmers were provided by Beam Dynamics Inc., 708 East 56th St., Minneapolis, MN 55417.
18. J. P. Moran, AIAA J. 8, 539 (1970); E. J. Valente and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 2683 (1983).
19. J. P. Moran, AIAA J. 8, 539 (1970); E. J. Valente and L. S. Bartell, J. Chem. Phys. 79, 2683 (1983).
20. D. P. Gory and C. F. Stevens, in Single-Channel Recording, edited by B. Sakmann and E. Neher (Plenum, New York, 1983), p. 53.
21. The tubes were provided by the Goodfellow Corporation, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Berwyn, PA 19312-1780 (Part No. FE227150/4, stainless steel No. 1.4301, Fe/Cr18/Ni10).
22. We used the two component epoxy glue UHU Plus Endfest 300.
23. The high pressure fittings were provided by the Nova Werke AG; see Ref. 15 (straight nipples, stainless steel AISI 316 Ti, o.d.=6.35 mm, i.d.= 1.6 mm, maximum pressure 7000 bar, Cat. No. 510.1435-3).
24. The 0.5 μm filters were provided by the Nova Werke AG; see Ref. 15, (tubing o.d. 6.35 mm, pressure rating 4000 bar, orifice diameter 3 mm, Cat. No. 520.5332).
25. E. Neher and B. Sakmann, Nature (London) 260, 779 (1976).
26. K. T. Brown and D. G. Flaming, Neurosc. (Oxford) 2, 813 (1977).
27. A. Cavalié, R. Grantyn, and H. D. Lux, in Practical Electrophysiological Methods, edited by H. Kettenmann and R. Grantyn (Wiley-Liss, New York, 1992), pp. 235-240.
28. B. Sakmann and E. Neher, in Ref. 19, p. 637.
29. The glass was provided by Fa. Hilgenberg GmbH, PF 1161, D-34321 Malsfeld, Germany, Cat. No 1 158 200.
30. Zeitz-Instrumente Vertriebs GmbH, Verdistrasse 2, D-86199 Augsburg, Germany; Rhema Labortechnik, Am Stegskreuz 2, D-65719 Hofheim am Taumus, Germany; Sutter Instrument Co., 40 Leveroni Ct., Novato, CA 94949.
31. Larger skimmer diameters up to 300 μm were obtained by melting a glass drop onto the tip of a small diameter skimmer and then repeating the pulling procedure.
32. G. A. Bird, Phys. Fluids 19, 1486 (1976).
33. L. Rusin (private communication).
34. J. Fernandez de la Mora and J. Rosell-Llompart, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 2603 (1989).
35. D. Bassi, A. Boschetti, S. Marchetti, G. Scoles, and M. Zen, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 2221 (1981).
36. W. Schöllkopf and J. P. Toennies, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 1155 (1996).
37. J. Schmiedmayer, M. S. Chapman, C. R. Ekstrom, T. D. Hammond, St. Wehinger, and D. E. Pritchard, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1043 (1995).
38. W. Schällkopf and J. P. Toennies, Science 266, 1345 (1994).
39. D. M. Tenant, J. E. Bjorkholm, M. L. O'Malley, M. M. Becker, J. A. Gregus, and R. W. Epworth, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 8, 1975 (1990); O. Carnal, M. Sigel, T. Sleator, H. Takuma, and J. Mlynek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3231 (1991).
40. D. M. Tenant, J. E. Bjorkholm, M. L. O'Malley, M. M. Becker, J. A. Gregus, and R. W. Epworth, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 8, 1975 (1990); O. Carnal, M. Sigel, T. Sleator, H. Takuma, and J. Mlynek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3231 (1991).
41. A helium-atom reflection scanning microscope is presently under construction in our laboratory.
42. W. D. Johnston and J. G. King, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 347, 475 (1966).
43. R. O. Woods and J. B. Fenn, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 373, 917 (1966).
44. A. H. Shapiro, The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow (Ronald, New York, 1953), Vol. 1, p. 159.
45. H. R. Murphy and D. R. Miller, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 4474 (1984).
46. B. Schilling, Diplom thesis, University of Göttingen, 1989.
47. B. D. Esry, C. D. Liu, and Ch. Greene, Phys. Rev. A 54, 394 (1996).
48. R. D. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2, 4 (1973).
49. A. R. Janzen and R. A. Aziz, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 9626 (1995).