Recent work on mid-latitude and equatorial sporadic-E

Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 1989, Pages 401-424

  Whitehead, J D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000777911     PISSN: 00219169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(89)90122-0     Document Type: Article

References (335)

1. Sporadic E-layer phenomena in the Brazilian geomagnetic anomaly: evidence for a regular particle ionization source
2. Laminar structure of the sporadic E-layer and meteor activity
3. A practical evaluation of Earth-backscatter simulation and an estimate of the HF groundscatter coefficient
4. Rocket investigation of the MG I and MG II dayglow
5. Vertical windprofiles and Es-layer formation at middle latitudes
6. The gradient instability in Gaussian sporadic E-layers
7. Studies of night-time Es near the magnetic equator
8. Studies of night-time Es at Ibadan near the magnetic equator
9. Solar cycle variations in daytime ionospheric Es parameters in the South Pacific area
10. Changes in the frequency distribution characteristics of ionosonde Es parameters during major meteor activity
11. Structural changes in ionosonde Es over three solar-cycles
12. Three solar cycles of daytime southern hemisphere Es activity
13. Changes in the frequency distribution of ƒoEs and ƒbEs over two solar cycles
14. Meteoroid influx and ionization irregularities
15. Seasonal characteristics of daytime Es occurrence in the Southern Hemisphere
16. Structure in the seasonal variations of Es at southern latitudes
17. The seasonal structure of ionosonde Es parameters and meteoroid deposition rates
18. On the plasma instability mechanisms responsible for Es-q
19. Mixed-mode ionograms: A computer raytracing interpretation
20. Field aligned ionospheric and E-region irregularities and sporadic-E
21. Study of field aligned ionospheric E-region irregularities and sporadic-E at HF
22. Reactions of the ionosphere
23. Magnetic storm associated delayed sporadic-E enhancements in the Brazilian geomagnetic anomaly
24. Direction of arrival of radio waves reflected from the E-region
25. Observed effects of horizontal winds on ionization in the E-region at night
26. Night-time sporadic-E
27. + in a sporadic E-layer
28. Turbulence in the lower thermosphere during geomagnetic storms deduced from ionospheric sporadic-E par-ameters
29. Height variation of windshear deduced from ionospheric sporadic-E during stratospheric warmings
30. Some studies of sporadic E-layer drifts
31. Electron density measurements in the ionosphere using a radio propagation method
32. Studies on the correlation in annual and biannual periodicities of meteorological and ionospheric fluctuations
33. Movements of ionospheric irregularities and gravity waves
34. Some initial results on midlatitude spread-F irregularities using a directional ionosonde
35. Very-high-frequency wave propagation by the= temperate-latitude sporadic E-layer
36. Global ionospheric absorption measurements on board ships
37. Sporadic-E layer over Istanbul
38. Long-distance television
39. Long-distance television
40. Long-distance television
41. Long-distance television
42. A test of the windshear theory of sporadic-E formation
43. Some mid-latitude sporadic-E results from the Explorer 20 satellite
44. Seasonal and solar cycle variations in the occurrence of night Es at Ahmedabad
45. Some characteristics of the ionospheric irregularities associated with Es-q layers
46. Geomagnetic storm effects on ionospheric drifts and the equatorial Es over the magnetic equator
47. Blanketing sporadic-E layer near the magnetic equator
48. North-south movement of blanketing type Es layers
49. Influence of radio wave absorption in the ionosphere on the variation of sporadic E-layer parameters
50. Spread-E caused by cross-field instability
51. Formation of Es layers by gravity waves generated in the region of the solar terminator
52. Results of numerical calculations of reflection and transmission coefficients for thin highly ionised layers and their application to sporadic-E reflections
53. Some possible coupling echoes on ionograms
54. Experimental observations of the amplitudes of Es and F-region reflections and their comparison with the thin-layer model for Es
55. Ion separation in temperature zone sporadic-E and the layer shape
56. Enhancement of sporadic-E by horizontal transport within the layer
57. Enhancement of sporadic-E by horizontal transport within the layer
58. Wind component exchange and the rapid vertical movement of a sporadic E-layer
59. Turbulent diffusion as a controlling factor in sporadic-E
60. Vertical movement of temperate-zone sporadic-E layers
61. The response of atmospheric and lower ionospheric layer structures to gravity waves
62. On the importance of mode coupling in midlatitude sporadic E-layers
63. Measurement of the elevation angles of arrival of multi-component HF skywaves
64. Low latitude sporadic E associated with geomagnetic activity
65. Blanketing type sporadic E associated with the equatorial electrojet
66. Sporadic-E and geomagnetic activity
67. Rocket-based vector magnetic measurements of ionospheric currents in the vicinity of mid-latitude sporadic E-layers
68. Rocket-based vector magnetic measurements of Sq ionospheric currents near sporadic-E
69. A unified theory of equatorial Es
70. The relative effects of electric fields and neutral winds on the formation of the equatorial sporadic E-layer
71. Sporadic-E formation due to neutral winds in the equatorial ionosphere
72. Enhancement of Fes and Es-multiples with the incidence of thunder squalls
73. Sporadic-E ionization in relation to surface= pressure disturbance during thundersqualls
74. An interpretation of the global characteristics of thunderstorm effect on sporadic-E ionization
75. Solar-eclipse effect on sporadic-E ionization
76. Solar eclipse effect on sporadic-E ionization II
77. Decameter and meter wavelength radar studies of artificial plasma clouds in the lower ionosphere II Unstable evolution in the lower E-layer and some implications regarding sporadic-E
78. Instabilities observed by decameter radar in lower E-layer alkali plasma clouds and their implications regarding sporadic E
79. Blanketing sporadic-E characteristics at the equatorial stations—Trivandrum and Kodaikanal
80. The presence of blanketing type E region irregularities near the magnetic equator
81. Role of meteors in Es formation
82. Rocket studies of sporadic-E ionization
83. 50 MHz Es 1964-70
84. Interference for sporadic-E propagation at frequencies around 70MHz
85. Sporadic-E propagation at frequencies around 70 MHz
86. Relationship of meteors to sporadic-E I A sorting of facts
87. Counter-electrojet and Es-q disappearance
88. Instabilities in the equatorial electrojet
89. Theory of equatorial electrojet plasma waves new developments and current status
90. Atmospheric metal ion chemistry
91. Atmospheric metal ion chemistry
92. Some aspects of the metal ion chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere
93. E at middle latitudes and type Es-q in the polar and equatorial zones
94. Various types of Es distribution at middle and sub-auroral latitudes in the north-east of the U.S.S.R
95. Height and probability of formation on anEs layer at temperature latitudes
96. Sporadic-E movement followed with a pencil beam high frequency radar
97. Ionospheric reflection coefficient for television signals
98. On the peculiar shape of sporadic E clouds
99. Es structure using an HF radar
100. A numerical computation of the ionization redistribution effect of the wind in the night-time ionosphere
101. Studies on the fading of the radio waves returned from the sporadic E-region of the ionosphere
102. Contribution to the theory of the sporadic-E layer
103. Stability of the sporadic E-layer
104. Evidence of gravity waves at E-region heights
105. +
106. Relationship of meteors to sporadic-E II Statistical evidence for class 1
107. Investigation of the relation between perturbations of the altitude of the Es-layer and the intensity of night-time luminescence at (01) 557.7
108. An analysis of the semitransparency of the Es-layer as an indicator of turbulence under dynamically uniform conditions
109. The excitation of plasma lines in blanketing sporadic-E
110. 2 ratio and eddy mixing at heights from 85 km to the turbopause
111. A study of the behaviour ofC type Es over Lindau
112. Ionospheric absorption on 2.5 MHz at Ahmedabad
113. On the sudden disappearance of equatorial sporadic-E
114. Formation of sporadic E layers at low magnetic latitudes
115. Rocket observations of middle latitude sporadic-E, magnetic fields, winds and ionization
116. Long-distance television reception in bands I and II due to sporadic-E propagation
117. World television standards
118. A high resolution ionosonde. II. Equipment and preliminary results
119. Multifrequency HF radar studies of plasma instabilities in Africa
120. Occurrence of night sporadic E (Es) in relation to geomagnetic storms
121. Numerical studies of the cross-field instability in the ionospheric E-region
122. Summaries on sporadic-E over Europe
123. Precursor events for possible forecasting of sporadic-E and increased absorption
124. Relationships between the direction of ionospheric winds and the sporadic-Es layer
125. Comparison of Arecibo E-region data and sporadic E theory: A measurement of the diffusion coefficient
126. Influence of the tidal wind system on the frequency of sporadic-E occurrence
127. Seasonal variations in the correlation of meteors and sporadic-E
128. Electron, ion and neutral-gas temperatures in temperate latitude sporadic E-layers
129. Ion composition in sporadic-E layers measured by the EISCAT UHF radar
130. On the time of formation of sporadic E-region
131. Formation of a sporadic E-layer duringeddy motions of a gas
132. Calculation of ionization distribution in the middle latitude sporadic E-region
133. The influence of ionosphere powerful heating on sporadic E-region
134. Movement and spreading of the sporadic E-layer
135. Effect of strong radio waves on the formation of a mid-latitude Es-layer
136. Role of metal ions in Eslayer formation
137. Formation of the middle-latitude Es-layer under the effect of windshear with allowance for two kinds of ions
138. Incoherent scatter observations at Arecibo using compressed pulses
139. Quasi-periodic frequency dependence of Es- and E-layer echo amplitudes caused by mode coupling
140. On the current-carrying properties of mid-latitude type sporadic E-layers
141. Properties of ionospheric gyroechoes in the presence of a sporadic E-layer
142. Radio scintillations produced by irregularities at sporadic E-level
143. Structures responsible for rapid fading of medium frequency radio reflections from the daytime E-layer
144. Dynamo action in sporadic-E formation
145. Lunar tidal variations in the equatorial sporadic E-layer
146. Dilemma of the equatorial counter electrojet and the disappearance of Es-q
147. Measurement of the thickness of a sporadic E-layer
148. Occurrence of sporadic E in the Nairobi region
149. Cross-field instability for the formation of sporadic-E
150. Sporadic-E formation by windshear comparison between observation and theory
151. A possible argumentation of dependence of green oxygen line of sporadic Es-layer
152. The seasonal occurrence of blanketing sporadic E near the geographic equator
153. Trajectories of radio waves reflected from the large-scale inhomogeneous structure of the Es-layer
154. Coefficient of reflection of radio waves from a thin horizontally inhomogeneous Es-layer
155. M factor during radiowave reflection from an Es-layer on a 1050km long path
156. Periods of fluctuations of signals produced by ionospheric scattering and reflection from Es-layer on frequencies of 27.8 and 40.3MHz
157. Gravity wave and sporadic-E echo signatures on VHP backscatter radar systems
158. Sporadic-E structures and pressure oscillations at ground level
159. On the width of the equatorial Es belt
160. Skywave backseatter studies of temperate latitude Es
161. Relationship between the geomagnetic field and the sporadic E-layer
162. Effect of motions in the neutral atmosphere on the seasonal-daily behaviour of the Es-layer
163. Research of the emission at 5577 Å in the period of 1958–1967 in Ashkhabad
164. Diurnal patterns of the sporadic E-layer and of the wind in the ionosphere
165. Sporadic-E ionization over Ahmedabad through the half solar cycle 1954–1957
166. Differences between Al-absorption values measured with sporadic-E and normal E-layer reflections
167. Behaviour of a sporadic E-layer in the electro-magnetic field of a strong radio wave. I
168. Behaviour of a sporadic E-layer in the electro-magnetic field of a strong radio wave. II
169. Characteristics of the manifestation of the Doppler effect during oblique-backscatter sounding of the ionosphere with allowance for observation conditions
170. New theory of mid-latitude sporadic E
171. Theory of mid-latitude sporadic-E
172. Meteoric ionization
173. Empirical models for sporadic-E
174. 110 km neutral zonal wind patterns
175. Seasonal variation of semi-diurnal winds in the dynamo region
176. Horizontal shears, vertical winds and sporadic-E
177. A comparison of theoretical and experimental ion density profiles for project Aladdin
178. Numerical modelling of a metal ion sporadic E-layer
179. The Aladdin II ionosphere: A comparison of theoretical calculations with digisonde observations
180. Studies on wavelike oscillations in sporadic E
181. Comparison of percentage occurrence of Es at Karachi and Islamabad under magnetic conditions
182. Comparison of the true and virtual heights of the sporadic E-layer
183. Upper atmosphere tides and the vertical motion of ionospheric sporadic layers at Arecibo
184. Solar and lunar tidal effects on the low latitude ionosphere—A review
185. Clear-air turbulence and sporadic-E activity
186. Horizontal structure of midlatitude sporadic E-layers observed by incoherent scatter radar
187. Reflection of radio waves by sporadic E-layers
188. Incoherent scatter radar observations of irregular structure in mid-latitude sporadic Elayers
189. Pulsed VHF-sounding of the Es-layer on a 1620 km link
190. Thunderstorms and equatorial sporadic-E
191. Oblique-incidence sporadic-E propagation and its ionospheric attenuation
192. Sweep frequency propagation on a 8000km transequatorial north-south path
193. Phenomenon of sporadic E-layer conjugation
194. Disappearance of equatorial Es associated with magnetic field depressions
195. Studies of sporadic E-layers using the HF Doppier technique
196. Windshear and electron density measurements by rocket
197. Ion composition measurements in the lower ionosphere during the November 1966 and March 1970 solar eclipses
198. Composition measurements of sporadic E and ions from a chemical release
199. Formation of the E-layer and of the night-time E-region of the ionosphere at middle latitudes
200. An initial feasibility study to establish a coherent YHF radar near Bribie Island, Australia
201. The role of electric field and neutral wind direction in the formation of sporadic-E-layers
202. The height distribution of radio meteors observations at 2 MHz
203. Spatial structure of the Es-layer
204. Sporadic-E layer as a random process in time
205. Spaced sounding of the Es-layer
206. Dependence of the frequency characteristics of the Es-layer on the technical parameters of the equipment
207. Some peculiarities of radio wave reflection from the Es region
208. Photochemistry of neutral and ionized magnesium
209. Contribution of the wind to the formation and variations of the main Es-region
210. Stratifications in the onospheric sporadic-E
211. Structure of the Es-layer according to spaced soundings
212. A study of blanketing sporadic E in the equatorial region
213. An empirical approach to the study of blanketing type Es
214. Sporadic-E velocity measurement-interpretation and application to ionospheric E-region electric field determination
215. Influence of sporadic-E irregularities on the equatorial lower ionospheric absorption
216. Daytime ionospheric draft measurements during sporadic E over Ahmedabad
217. Limitations and possible improvements of ionospheric models for radio propagation Effects of sporadic E-layers
218. Dependence of the characteristics of a sporadic E-layer of the equatorial type on solar activity
219. Possibility of estimating the parameters of Es from reflection coefficients
220. Formation and movement of sporadic-E
221. On the vertical movement of sporadic-E
222. Absorption at 22 MHz in the presence of a cusp-type sporadic E-layer
223. Horizontal drifts in E- and Es- layers for a middle latitude station
224. Drift and anisotropy parameters in sporadic-E and normal E-layers
225. Equatorial sporadic-E and cross field instability
226. Equatorial sporadic E-layer during geomagnetic storms
227. Sudden disappearance of Es-q and the reversal of the equatorial electric fields
228. Equatorial sporadic E and plasma instabilities
229. Equatorial sporadic E and the electric field
230. The effect of polar magnetic sub-storms on the equatorial sporadic E
231. Some remarks on the equatorial sporadic E- layer at Kodaikanal
232. On the simultaneous existence of eastward and westward flowing equatorial electrojet currents
233. Westward ionospheric currents over the dip equator during geomagnetic disturbances
234. On the criterion of geomagnetic field at the time of disappearance of equatorial Es-q layer
235. The disappearance of equatorial Es and the reversal of electrojet current
236. Daytime satellite radio scintillation and sporadic-E near the magnetic equator
237. Equatorial sporadic-E and growth rate of associated irregularities
238. EISCAT observations of a sequential E-layer
239. Formation of blanketing sporadic E-layers at the magnetic equator due to horizontal wind-shears
240. VHP radar observations of gradient instabilities associated with blanketing Es-layers in the equatorial electrojet
241. The variations of neutral windshears in the E-region as deduced from blanketing Es
242. Time and latitude variations of blanketing sporadic-E of different intensities
243. Characteristics of the sporadic E-layer at Waltair using the phase path technique
244. The role of neutral winds and ionospheric electric fields in forming stable sporadic E-layers
245. E-region electron density profiles at Eglin/Florida on 20 Nov. 1970
246. Chemical releases at sunset trigger sporadic-E
247. Radar studies of long-wavelength waves associated with mid-latitude sporadic E-layers
248. Directional currents in nocturnal E-region layers
249. Ionospheric winds and viscous dissipation
250. Aladdin II winds and shears
251. A statistical summary of Arecibo night-time E-region observations
252. Downward transport of night-time Es-layers into the lower E-region at Arecibo
253. Ion layer formation by uniform neutral winds in the night-time E-region
254. Mid-latitude sporadic E-layers and vertical metal ion drift profiles
255. Absorption of radiowaves reflected from normal and sporadic E-layers
256. Relationship between various types of sporadic E and magnetic activity
257. Prediction of the occurrence of sporadic-E in the Indian subcontinent
258. A possible effect of small and large windshears on temperate latitude sporadic-E
259. The double-peak amplitude distribution of the radio wave returned from the ionosphere
260. Characteristics of night sporadic-fat Kodaikanal
261. On the growth and decay of blanketing sporadic E-layers
262. Three-dimensional analysis of the cross-field instability in the ionosphere
263. Electron temperature measurements in mid-latitude sporadic E-layers. J. geophys Res. 81, 3214. Sechrist C.F. Jr (1975) Ionospheric D- and E-region
264. Daily variations in the height of the sporadic E-layer
265. Solar and electrojet control of the equatorial sporadic-E
266. Travelling disturbances in the ionospheric F- region and the sporadic E-region
267. Travelling disturbances in magnetically conjugate regions of the ionosphere
268. Directional dispersion of sporadic E modes between 9 and 14MHz
269. Low latitude ionospheric effects during a winter anomaly absorption event
270. Sporadic-E and atmospheric pressure waves
271. The production of ions and electrons by meteoric processes
272. A role for metallic ions of meteor origin in VHF ionospheric forward scattering and further contribution to the formation of sporadic-E
273. On the time delay of the appearance of sporadic-E following meteor activity
274. On the reflection and transmission losses for ionospheric radio wave propagation via sporadic E
275. Some unexplained features in the statistics for intense sporadic E
276. Temperate zone sporadic-E maps (ƒoEs 〉 7MHz)
277. Sporadic-E and wind profile interrelation at Hawaii
278. Sporadic-E and wind profile interrelation over Hawaii
279. A sequence of rocket observations of night-time sporadic-E
280. A sequence of rocket observations of night-time sporadic-E
281. Sporadic-fand the night-time E-region
282. Rocket observations of sporadic E-layers
283. Rocket observations of sporadic E-layer
284. Sporadic Elayers and unstable windshears
285. Electron-density irregularities in the day-time equatorial ionosphere
286. Diurnal and seasonal variations of occurrence of sporadic P-layers over central Europe
287. The significance of sporadic-E propagation in determining the MUF
288. Non-linear theory of type I irregularities in the equatorial electrojet
289. Generation of small-scale irregularities in the equatorial electrojet
290. Two days in the life of the ionosphere over Arecibo
291. Sky-wave backscatter observations of sporadic-E over Japan
292. Characteristics of field-aligned E-region irregularities over lioka (36 degrees N), Japan. I
293. Characteristics of field-aligned E-region irregularities over lioka (36 degrees N), Japan. II
294. Gradient-drift instability of night-time mid-latitude Es-layers
295. Off-perpendicular propagation of irregularities in middle latitude Es-layers
296. A preliminary investigation of ionospheric Es-s over Wuchang, China
297. Lunar tides ƒbEs
298. Lunar influences on sporadic-E
299. Lunar influences on sporadic-E
300. Influence of the tidal wind system on sporadic-E occurrence
301. Normal and abnormal E-region electron density profiles at a mid-latitude station
302. An incoherent scatter radar measurement of the average ion mass and temperature of a night-time sporadic layer
303. Composition measurements of the pre-sunrise D- andE- regions
304. An upper E-region quarter diurnal tide at Arecibo?
305. A statistical model of reflections from the Es-layer
306. On the seasonal variation in the temperate Es occurrence
307. Electron concentrations in the E- and upper D- region at Arecibo
308. Atmospheric gravity waves and sporadic E
309. Esrmation at middle latitudes
310. Solar X-ray control of E and sporadic E-layers of the ionosphere
311. Vertical velocity in the E-region of the ionosphere and formation of electron density rregularities
312. Report on the production and prediction of sporadic E
313. Lonization disturbances caused by gravity waves in the presence of an electrostatic field and background wind
314. The equatorial electrojet and the gradient instability
315. Difficulty associated with windshear theory of sporadic E
316. Structure of sporadic E from a radio experiment
317. Winds in E-region
318. The position of electron density maxima with vertical ionization movements
319. The structure of sporadic E from a radio experiment
320. Some recent work on sporadic E theory
321. Winds in E-region
322. The position of electron density maxima with vertical ionization movements
323. The partially aligned instability in the ionosphere
324. Experimental test of windshear theory: Do rocket-bome magnetometers measure B?
325. VHP propagation via intense Es over the continental U.S
326. Kinesonde E-region observations
327. Horizontal drifts accompanying large vertical motions of the nocturnal E-region
328. Evidence for precipitation of energetic particles by ionospheric ‘heating’ transmissions
329. The application of Dopplionograms to an understanding of sporadic E
330. The interpretation of ionospheric radio drift measurements. II. Kinesonde observations of microstructure and vertical motion in sporadic-E
331. First bistatic oblique-incidence ionograms between digital ionosondes
332. Magnesium nd associated ionospheric processes in Es-layer formation
333. Layering of te neutral metals of meteoric origin in the lower ionosphere
334. Night layer E and the night-sky emission
335. Incoherent scatter observations of mid-latitude sporadic-E and comments on its data analysis