Benzodiazepines in cardiovascular surgery

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 109-120

  Grocott, Hilary P ^a   Grichnik, Katherine P ^a   Reves, J G ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000769563     PISSN: 10892532     EISSN: 19405596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/108925329700100203     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Moffet A (ed): Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs (ed 2). London, Pharmaceutical Press, 1986.
2. Reves J., Glass P.: Nonbarbiturate intravenous anesthetics, in Miller R (ed): Anesthesia. New York, NY, Churchill Livingstone, 1990, pp 243-279.
3. Greenblatt D., Shader R., Abernethy D.: Medical intelligence drug therapy: Current status of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 309:354-358, 1983.
4. Greenblatt D., Shader R., Abernethy D.: Current status of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 309:354-358, 1983.
5. Gerecke M.: Chemical structure and properties of midazolam compared with other benzodiazepines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:11S-16S, 1983.
6. Greenblatt D., Arendt R., Abernethy D.,et al:In vitro quantitation of benzodiazepine lipophilicity: Relation to in vivo distribution. Br J Anaesth 55:985-989, 1983.
7. Arendt R., Greenblatt D., de Jong R.,et al:In vitro correlation of benzodiazepine cerebrospinal fluid uptake, pharmacodynamic action and peripheral distribution. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 227:98-106, 1983.
8. Stoelting R.: Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1991.
9. Greenblatt D., Shader RI, Divoll M.,et al:Benzodiazepines: A summary of pharmacokinetic properties. Br J Clin Pharmacol 11:11S-16S, 1981.
10. Reves J.: Benzodiazepines, in Prys-Roberts C, Hug C (eds): Pharmacokinetics of Anaesthesia. Boston, NIA, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984, p 157.
11. Shafer S., Stanski D.: Improving the clinical utility of anesthetic drug pharmacokinetics. Anesthesiology 76: 327-330, 1992.
12. Hughes M., Glass P., Jacobs J.: Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 76:334-341, 1992.
13. Newman M., Reves J.: Pro: Midazolam is the sedative of choice to supplement narcotic anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 7:615-619, 1993.
14. Reves J., Berkowitz D.: Pharmacology of intravenous anesthetic induction drugs, in Kaplan J (ed): Cardiac Anesthesia. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 1993, pp 512-534.
15. Persson P., Nilson A., Hartvig P.,et al:Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in total IV anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 59:548-556, 1987.
16. Klotz U., Reimann I.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction study of diazepam and metoprolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26:223-226, 1984.
17. Greenblatt D., Divoll M., Harmatz J.,et al:Pharmacokinetic comparison of sublingual lorazepam with intravenous, intramuscular and oral lorazepam. J Pharm Sci 71:248-252,1982.
18. Elliott H.: Metabolism of lorazepam. Br J Anaesth 48:1017-1023, 1976.
19. Greenblatt D., Shader R.: Benzodiazepines in Clinical Practice. New York, NY, Raven Press, 1974.
20. Shull H., Wilkinson G., Johnson R.,et al:Normal disposition of oxazepam in acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 84:420-425, 1976.
21. Chinnery R., Sundwall A.: Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical aspects on oxazepam and related benzodiazepines. Acta Psychiatry Scand 274:1-128, 1978.
22. Mandelli M., Tognoni G., Garattini S.: Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam. Clin Pharmacokinet 3:72-91, 1978.
23. Greenblatt D., Allen M., Harmatz J.,et al:Diazepam disposition determinants. Clin Pharmacol Ther 27:301-312,1980.
24. Ziegler W., Schalch E., Leishman B.,et al:Comparison of the effects of intravenously administered midazolam, triazolam and their hydroxy metabolites. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:63S-69S, 1983.
25. Heizmann P., Eckert M., Ziegler W.: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of midazolam in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:43S-49S, 1983.
26. Ziegler W., Schalch E., Leishman R.,et al:Comparison of the effects of intravenously administered midazolam, triazolam and their hydroxy metabolites. Br J Clin Pharmacol 16:63S-69S, 1983.
27. Mandema J., Tuk B., van Steveninck A.,et al:Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the central nervous system effects of midazolam and its main metabolite α-hydroxymidazolam in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51:715-728, 1992.
28. Klotz U., Reimann I.: Elevation of steady-state diazepam levels by cimetidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 3:513-517, 1981.
29. Greenblatt D., Abernathy D., Morse D.,et al:Clinical importance of the interaction of diazepam and cimetidine. N Engl J Med 310:1639-1643, 1984.
30. Greenblatt D., Locniskar A., Scavone J.,et al:Absence of interaction of cimetidine and ranitidine with intravenous and oral midazolam. Anesth Analg 65:176-180, 1986.
31. Hiller A., Olkkola K., Isohanni P.,et al:Unconsciousness associated with midazolam and erythromycin. Br J Anaesth 65:826-828, 1990.
32. Blitt C.: Clinical pharmacology of lorazepam, in Brown B (ed): New Pharmacologic Vistas in Anesthesia. Philadelphia, PA, Davis, 1983, p 135.
33. Cheng S., Brunner E.: The effects of anesthetic agents on GABA metabolism in rat brain synaposomes, in Hertz L, Kvamme E, McGeer EG,et al(eds): Glutamine, Glutamate, and GABA in the Central Nervous System. New York, NY, Alan R Liss, 1983, p 653.
34. Costa E., Guidotti A.: Molecular mechanisms in the receptor action of benzodiazepines. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:531-545, 1979.
35. Olsen R., Fischer J., Dunwiddie T.: Barbiturate enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor binding and function as a mechanism of anesthesia, in Roth S, Miller K (eds): Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Anesthetics. NewYork, NY, Plenum, 1986, p 165.
36. Fragen R., Avram M.: Nonopioid intravenous anesthetics, in Barash P, Cullen B, Stoelting R (eds): Clinical Anesthesia. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1992, pp 385-412.
37. Mendelson W.: Neuropharmacology of sleep induction of benzodiazepines. Neurobiology 16:221, 1992.
38. Zorumski C., Isenberg K.: Insights into the structure and function of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors: Ion channels and psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 148:162-173, 1991.
39. MacDonald R., Skerrit J., Werz M.: Barbiturate and benzodiapine actions on mouse neurons in cell culture, in Roth S, Miller K (eds): Molecular and Cellular Mechanims of Anesthetics. New York, NY, Plenum, 1986, p 7.
40. Reves J., Croughwell ND, Jacobs J.,et al:Continuous infusion of fentanyl and midazolam for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 70:323-325, 1990.
41. Theil D., Stanley T., White W.,et al:Midazolam and fentanyl continuous infusion anesthesia for cardiac surgery: A comparison of computer-assisted versus manual infusion systems. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 7:300-306, 1993.
42. Reves J., Kissin I., Smith L.: The effective dose of midazolam. Anesthesiology 55:82, 1981.
43. Cote P., Noble J., Bourassa M.: Systemic vasodilation following diazepam after combined sympathetic and parasympathetic blockage in patients with coronary heart disease. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 2:369-380, 1976.
44. Jackson A., Dhadphale P., Callaghan M.,et al:Haemodynamic studies during induction of anaesthesia for open-heart surgery using diazepam and ketamine. Br J Anaesth 50:375-378, 1978.
45. Samuelson P., Lell W., Kouchoukos N.,et al:Hemodynamics during diazepam induction of anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. South Med J 73:332-334, 1980.
46. Rao S., Sherbaniuk R., Prasad K.,et al:Cardiopulmonary effects of diazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 14:182-189, 1973.
47. Samuelson P., Reves J., Kouchoukos N.,et al:Hemodynamic responses to anesthetic induction with midazolam in patients with ischemic heart disease. Anesth Analg 60:802-809, 1981.
48. Cote P., Gueret P., Bourassa M.: Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of diazepam in patients with normal and diseased coronary arteries. Circulation 50:1210-1216,1974.
49. Schmucker P., van Ackern K., Franke N.,et al:Einwirkung von intravenous appliziertem lormetazepam auf hamodynamik und arterielle blutgase bei patienten mit koronarer herzekrankkung. Anaesthetist 31:557-563, 1982.
50. Ruff R., Reves J.: Hemodynamic effects of a lorazepam-fentanyl anesthetic induction for coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 4:314-317, 1990.
51. D'Amelio G., Volta S., Stritoni P.,et al:Acute cardiovascular effects of diazepam in patients with mitral valve disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 6:61-63, 1973.
52. Nauta J., Stanley T., de Lange S.,et al:Anaesthetic induction with alfentanil: Comparison with thiopental, midazolam and etomidate. Can Anaesth Soc J 30:53-60, 1983.
53. Marty J., Nitenberg A., Blancet F.,et al:Effects of midazolam on the coronary circulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology 64:206-210, 1986.
54. Kwar P., Carson I., Clarke R.,et al:Haemodynamic changes during induction of anaesthesia with midazolam and diazepam (Valium) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Anaesthesia 40:767-771, 1985.
55. Lebowitz P., Cote M., Daniels A.,et al:Cardiovascular effects of midazolam and thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia in ill surgical patients. Can Anaesth Soc J 30:19-23, 1983.
56. Gelman S., Reves J., Harris D.: Circulatory responses to midazolam anesthesia: Emphasis on canine splanchnic circulation. Anesth Analg 62:135-139, 1983.
57. Greenblatt D., Sellers E., Shader R.: Drug disposition in old age. N Engl J Med 306:1081-1088, 1982.
58. Jacobs J., Reves J., Marty J.,et al:Aging increases pharmacodynamic sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of midazolam. Anesth Analg 80:143-148, 1995.
59. Bruce A., Andersson M., Arvidsson B.,et al:Body composition: Prediction of normal body potassium, body water and body fat in adults on the basis of body height, body weight and age. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 40:461, 1980.
60. Bender A.: The effect of increasing age on the distribution of peripheral blood flow in man. J Am Geriatr Soc 13:192-198, 1965.
61. Avram M., Fragen RJ, Caldwell N.: Midazolam kinetics in women of two age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34:505-508, 1983.
62. Greenblatt D., Abernethy D., Locniskar A.,et al:Effect of age, gender, and obesity on midazolam kinetics. Anesthesiology 61:27-35, 1984.
63. Reves J., Fragen R., Vinik H.,et al:Midazolam: Pharmacology and uses. Anesthesiology 62:310-324, 1985.
64. Macleod S., Giles H., Bengert B.,et al:Age- and gender-related differences in diazepam pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 19:15-19, 1979.
65. Lamy P.: Physiological changes due to age. Drugs Aging 1:385-404,1991.
66. Schmucker D.: Aging and drug disposition: An update. Pharmacol Rev 37:133-148, 1985.
67. Short T., Galletly D., Plummer J.: Hypnotic and anaesthetic action of thiopentone and midazolam alone and in combination. Br J Anaesth 66:13-19, 1991.
68. Tverskoy M., Fleyshman G., Bradley E.,et al:Midazolam-thiopental interaction in patients. Anesth Analg 67:342-345, 1988.
69. Tverskoy M., Ben-Shlomo I., Ezry J.,et al:Midazolam acts synergistically with methohexitone for induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 63:109-112, 1989.
70. McClune S., McKay A., Clarke R.: Midazolam and propofol for induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 67:215P-216P, 1991.
71. Short T., Chui P.: Propofol and midazolam act synergistically in combination. Br J Anaesth 67:539-545, 1991.
72. Vinik H., Bradley E Jr, Kissin I.: Triple anesthetic combination: Propofol-midazolam-alfentanil. Anesth Analg 78:354-358, 1994.
73. McClune S., McKay A., Wright P.,et al:Synergistic interaction between midazolam and propofol. Br J Anaesth 69:240-245, 1992.
74. Short T., Plummer J., Chui P.: Hypnotic and anaesthetic interactions between midazolam, propofol and alfentanil. BrJ Anaesth 69:162-167, 1992.
75. Ben-Shlomo I., Abd-El-Khalim H., Ezry J.,et al:Midazolam acts synergistically with fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 64:45-47, 1990.
76. Kissin I., Vinik H., Castillo R.,et al:Alfentanil potentiates midazolam-induced unconciousness in subanalgesic doses. Anesth Analg 71:65-69, 1990.
77. Vinik H., Bradley E Jr, Kissin I.: Midazolam-alfentanil synergism for anesthetic induction in patients. Anesth Analg 69:213-217, 1989.
78. Silbert B., Rosow C., Keegan C.,et al:The effect of diazepam on induction of anesthesia with alfentanil. Anesth Analg 65:71-77, 1987.
79. Reves J., Croughwell N.: Valium-fentanyl interaction, in Reves J, Hall K (eds): Common Problems in Cardiac Anesthesia. Chicago, IL, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987, pp 356-361.
80. Stanley T., Webster L.: Anesthetic requirements and cardiovascular effects of fentanyl-oxygen and fentanyl-diazepam-oxygen anesthesia in man. Anesth Analg 57:411-416,1978.
81. Tomicheck R., Rosow C., Philbin D.,et al:Diazepam-fentanyl interaction: Hemodynamic and hormonal effects in coronary artery surgery. Anesth Analg 62:881-884,1983.
82. Stanley T., Bennett G., Loeser E.,et al:Cardiovascular effects of diazepam and droperidol during morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 44:255-258, 1976.
83. Tuman K., McCarthy R., El-Ganzouri A.,et al:Sufentanil-midazolam anesthesia for coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 4:308-313, 1990.
84. Reves J, Gelman S (eds): Cardiovascular effects of intravenous anesthetic drugs, in Effects of Anesthesia, American Physiological Society, 1985, pp 179-193.
85. Pollock J., Kenny G.: Effects of lorazepam on oxygen saturation before cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 70:219-220, 1993.
86. Marjot R., Valentine S.: Arterial oxygen saturation following premedication for cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 64:737-740, 1990.
87. Reves J.: Con: Benzodiazepines are not contraindicated as induction agents for coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth 2:844-848, 1988.
88. Thompson I., MacAdams C., Hudson R.,et al:Drug interactions with sufentanil. Anesthesiology 76:922-929, 1992.
89. Melvin M., Johnson B., Quasha A.,et al:Induction of anesthesia with midazolam decreases halothane MAC in humans. Anesthesiology 57:238-241, 1982.
90. McNulty S., Gratch D., Kim J.: Comparative vascular effects of midazolam and lorazepam administered during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 79:675-680, 1994.
91. McNulty S., Gratch D., Costello D.,et al:The effect of midazolam and lorazepam on postoperative recovery after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 81:404-407, 1995.
92. Reves J., Vinik R., Hirschfield A.,et al:Midazolam compared with thiopentone as a hypnotic component in balanced anaesthesia: A randomized double-blind study. Can Anaesth Soc J 26:42-49, 1979.
93. Jensen A., Schouu-Olesen A., Huttel M.: Use of midazolam as an induction agent: Comparison with thiopental. Br J Anaesth 54:605-607, 1982.
94. Reves J., Sladen R.: Proceedings of a Symposium in Anesthesia and Sedation by Continuous Infusion. Princeton, NJ, Excerpta Medica, 1991.
95. Lowry K., Dundee J., McClean E.,et al:Pharmacokinetics of diazepam and midazolam when used for sedation following cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth 57:833-835, 1985.
96. Mathews H., Carson I., Collier P.,et al:Midazolam sedation following open heart surgery. Br J Anaesth 59:557-560,1987.
97. Roekaerts P., Huygen F., de Lange S.: Infusion of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit following coronary artery surgery. J Cardiovasc Thorac Anesth 7:142-147, 1993.
98. Higgins T., Yared J., Estafanous F.,et al:Propofol versus midazolam for intensive care unit sedation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Crit Care Med 22:1415-1423, 1994.
99. Chaudhri S., Kenny G.: Sedation after cardiac bypass surgery: Comparison of propofol and midazolam in the presence of a computerized closed loop arterial pressure controller. Br J Anaesth 68:98-99, 1992.
100. O'Connor M., Kress J., Toledano A.,et al:Sedation for critically ill patients with midazolam requires less opiate than sedation with propofol. Anesth Analg 82:S342, 1996.
101. Glass P., Shafer S., Jacobs J.,et al:Intravenous drug delivery systems, in Miller R (ed): Anesthesia. NewYork, NY, Churchill Livingstone, 1994, pp 389-416.
102. Smith B, Reves J (eds): Computer-assisted continuous infusion of intravenous anesthesia drugs. Int Anesth Clin 33:1-113, 1995.
103. Kern F., Ungerleider R., Jacobs J.,et al:Computerized continuous infusion of intravenous anesthetic drugs during pediatric cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 72:487-492, 1991.
104. Wagner J.: A safe method for rapidly achieving plasma concentration plateaus. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16:691-700, 1974.