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3
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84932872106
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-
This interpretation is comprehensively presented by Ernst Mayr in two articles, “Prologue: Some Thoughts on the History of the Evolutionary Synthesis” and “The Role of Systematics in the Evolutionary Synthesis,” both of which appear in Mayr and Provine, The Evolutionary Synthesis. Garland Allen mentions “the longstanding separation and distrust between laboratory and field workers” in his Life Science in the Twentieth Century (New York: Wiley, 1975), p. 19. A somewhat similar distinction between “orthodox” and “experimental” taxonomists is presented by John Dean, “Controversy over Classification: A Case Study in the History of Botany,” in Natural Order: Historical Studies in Scientific Culture Barry Barnes and Steven Shapin ed. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979).
-
-
-
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4
-
-
84932872026
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Mayr, “Prologue,” p. 13.
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-
-
-
5
-
-
84932872027
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-
Ibid., p. 40–42.
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-
-
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6
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84932872028
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-
I shall use the term “experimental taxonomy,” since it appears to have enjoyed wide currency between 1920 and 1950. It was used as a general descriptive term referring to the use of cytological, ecological, and genetic methods for the study of systematic relationships among plants. In referring to specific botanists as experimental taxonomists, I am not necessarily implying that they themselves claimed the designation; rather, I am suggesting that they shared a particular methodology and a loose set of common objectives.
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-
-
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10
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0006969572
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Environmental Influence and Transplant Experiments
-
(1940)
Bot. Rev.
, vol.6
, pp. 181-203
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-
Hiesey1
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11
-
-
0006227920
-
Experimental Methods in Adaptation and Morphogeny
-
(1929)
J. Ecol.
, vol.17
, pp. 357-379
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-
Clements1
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12
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84932872029
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-
Clements' experiments probably were marred by the same methodological problems encountered by Bonnier. Hall and his associates were unable to confirm any of Clements' experimental results. See Hiesey, “Environmental Influence,” pp. 185–187.
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-
-
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13
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-
84977255802
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The Genotypical Response of the Plant Species to the Habitat
-
(1922)
Hereditas
, vol.3
, pp. 211-347
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-
Turesson1
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15
-
-
84903924389
-
The Scope and Import of Genecology
-
(1923)
Hereditas
, vol.4
, pp. 171-176
-
-
Turesson1
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16
-
-
84932872030
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-
Turesson's system was one of several nomenclatorial reforms proposed by experimental taxonomists. For a detailed discussion see Hagen, “Experimental Taxonomy.”
-
-
-
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18
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-
84932872031
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-
Harvey Monroe Hall and Frederic E. Clements, “The Phylogenetic Method in Taxonomy,” Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. no 326 (1923).
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-
-
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19
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-
84932872032
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-
Although methodologically traditional, the monograph was controversial because Hall and Clements “lumped” a larger number of species into a few comprehensive ones. This was a direct attack on the earlier work of P. A. Rydberg, who responded to Hall and Clements in “Scylla and Charybdis,” Proc. Internat. Cong. Plant Sci. (1926), 1539–51.
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-
-
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20
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-
84932872034
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-
The results of two decades of transplant experiments were compiled in Jens Clausen, David D. Keck, and William M. Hiesey, “Experimental Studies on the Nature of Species. I. Effect of Varied Environments on Western North American Plants,” Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. no. 520 (1940).
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-
-
-
21
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-
0344150858
-
Heredity and Environment-as Illustrated by Transplant Studies
-
(1932)
Sci. Monthly
, vol.35
, pp. 289-302
-
-
Hall, H.M.1
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22
-
-
84932872033
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-
H. M. Hall, “Significance of Taxonomic Units and Their Natural Basis from the Point of View of Taxonomy,” Proc. Internat. Cong. Plant Sci. (1926), 1571–74.
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-
-
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23
-
-
84932872036
-
-
Although Hall may have had little sympathy for Clements' evolutionary views, he shared Clements' fundamental assumptions about taxonomy. Both men favored grouping small species, both supported an explicitly phylogenetic basis for classification, and both argued that the use of experimental methods would make classification more “objective”.
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-
-
-
24
-
-
84932872035
-
-
Hall, “Significance of Taxonomic Units.”
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-
-
-
25
-
-
84932872039
-
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
84932872040
-
-
H. M. Hall, “Letter to Carlotta Case Hall-August 21, 1926,” H. M. Hall papers, University of California, Berkeley, Bancroft Library.
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-
-
-
28
-
-
84932872037
-
-
George H. Shull, “Significance of Taxonomic Units and Their Natural Basis: Point of View of Genetics,” Proc. Internat. Cong. Plant Sci. (1926), 1578–86. Emphasis in original.
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-
-
-
29
-
-
84932872038
-
-
K. M. Wiegand, “Discussion of Dr. H. M. Hall's Paper,” Proc. Internat. Cong. Plant Sci. (1926), 1575–76.
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-
-
-
34
-
-
84932872042
-
Botany and the Synthetic Theory of Evolution” in Mayr and Provine, The Evolutionary Synthesis. However, Keck and Hiesey were coauthors with Hall on research reports dating back to 1927, four years before Clausen joined the group. See “Experimental Taxonomy”
-
(1927)
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yearb.
, vol.26
, pp. 311-312
-
-
Stebbins'1
-
35
-
-
84932872047
-
-
Stebbins, “Botany and the Synthetic Theory,” notes Clausen's frequent correspondence with the Scottish botanist J. W. Gregor. In response to my questions on this matter, David Keck suggested the importance of Clausen's correspondence with European botanists.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
84932872046
-
-
Among the prominent early members of the biosystematists were E. B. Babcock, Jens Clausen, Lincoln Constance, Richard Goldschmidt, William Hiesey, David Keck, Herbert Mason, and G. Ledyard Stebbins. When questioned, Constance, Hiesey, Keck, and Stebbins all remarked on the usefulness of this discussion forum.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
52449136724
-
Cytology in its Relation to Taxonomy
-
(1937)
Bot. Rev.
, vol.3
, pp. 335-350
-
-
Anderson1
-
39
-
-
84932872045
-
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
84932872044
-
-
Dean, “Controversy over Classification,” cites a number of these conflicts as evidence for a dichotomy between herbarium taxonomists and experimental taxonomists.
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
84932872048
-
-
Ibid.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
84932872049
-
-
Gregor, in “Units of Experimental Taxonomy”, noted that while they were basically different, experimental taxonomy and orthodox taxonomy were “mutually helpful”.
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
84932872050
-
-
E. B. Babcock and G. L. Stebbins, Jr., “The American Species of Crepis — Their Interrelationships and Distribution as Affected by Polyploidy and Apomixis”, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. no. 504 (1938).
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
84932872051
-
-
Hall, “Heredity and Environment”.
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-
-
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