메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 451-481

The 1997 Pan American Climate Studies Tropical Eastern Pacific Process Study. Part I: ITCZ region

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0000725846     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0451:TPACST>2.3.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0020969824 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorm top structure observed by aircraft overflights with an infrared radiometer
    • Adler, R. F., M. J. Markus, D. D. Fenn, G. Szejwach, and W. Shenk, 1983: Thunderstorm top structure observed by aircraft overflights with an infrared radiometer. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 579-593.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 579-593
    • Adler, R.F.1    Markus, M.J.2    Fenn, D.D.3    Szejwach, G.4    Shenk, W.5
  • 2
    • 0000064142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative heating errors in naturally ventilated air temperature measurements made from buoys
    • Anderson, S. P., and M. F. Baumgartner, 1998: Radiative heating errors in naturally ventilated air temperature measurements made from buoys. J. Oceanic. Atmos. Technol., 15, 157-173.
    • (1998) J. Oceanic. Atmos. Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 157-173
    • Anderson, S.P.1    Baumgartner, M.F.2
  • 3
    • 0030429284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and ID model results
    • _, R. A. Weller, and R. B. Lucas, 1996: Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and ID model results. J. Climate, 9, 3056-3085.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 3056-3085
    • Weller, R.A.1    Lucas, R.B.2
  • 4
    • 0023468448 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between large-scale convective rainfall and cold cloud over the western hemisphere during 1982-84
    • Arkin, P. A., and B. M. Meisner, 1987: The relationship between large-scale convective rainfall and cold cloud over the western hemisphere during 1982-84. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 51-74.
    • (1987) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.115 , pp. 51-74
    • Arkin, P.A.1    Meisner, B.M.2
  • 5
    • 0025255805 scopus 로고
    • The estimation of convective rainfall by area integrals. Part I: The theoretical and empirical basis
    • Atlas, D., D. Rosenfeld, and D. A. Short, 1990: The estimation of convective rainfall by area integrals. Part I: The theoretical and empirical basis. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2153-2160.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 2153-2160
    • Atlas, D.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Short, D.A.3
  • 6
    • 0003198785 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation measurements over the ocean
    • F. Dobson, L. Hasse, and R. Davis Eds., Plenum Publishing
    • Austin, P. M., and S. G. Geotis, 1980: Precipitation measurements over the ocean. Air-Sea Interaction, F. Dobson, L. Hasse, and R. Davis Eds., Plenum Publishing, 523-541.
    • (1980) Air-Sea Interaction , pp. 523-541
    • Austin, P.M.1    Geotis, S.G.2
  • 7
    • 0018704685 scopus 로고
    • Relations between frequency distributions of cloud over the United Kingdom based on conventional observations and imagery from LANDSAT 2
    • Barrett, E. C., and C. K. Grant, 1979: Relations between frequency distributions of cloud over the United Kingdom based on conventional observations and imagery from LANDSAT 2. Weather, 34, 416-424.
    • (1979) Weather , vol.34 , pp. 416-424
    • Barrett, E.C.1    Grant, C.K.2
  • 9
    • 0001443319 scopus 로고
    • Some features of synoptic-scale waves based on compositing analysis of GATE data
    • Burpee, R. W., 1975: Some features of synoptic-scale waves based on compositing analysis of GATE data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 921-925.
    • (1975) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.103 , pp. 921-925
    • Burpee, R.W.1
  • 13
    • 0029769393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE
    • Chen, S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., and B. E. Mapes, 1996: Multiscale variability of deep convection in relation to large-scale circulation in TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1380-1409.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1380-1409
    • Chen, S.S.1    Houze R.A., Jr.2    Mapes, B.E.3
  • 14
    • 0019660178 scopus 로고
    • A simple method for estimating convective rain volume over an area
    • Doneaud, A. A., P. L. Smith, A. S. Dennis, and S. Sengupta, 1981: A simple method for estimating convective rain volume over an area. Water Resour. Res., 17, 1676-1682.
    • (1981) Water Resour. Res. , vol.17 , pp. 1676-1682
    • Doneaud, A.A.1    Smith, P.L.2    Dennis, A.S.3    Sengupta, S.4
  • 15
    • 0021640686 scopus 로고
    • The area-time integral as an indicator for convective rain volumes
    • _, S. I. Niscov, D. L. Preignitz, and P. L. Smith, 1984: The area-time integral as an indicator for convective rain volumes. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 555-561.
    • (1984) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.23 , pp. 555-561
    • Niscov, S.I.1    Preignitz, D.L.2    Smith, P.L.3
  • 18
    • 0001342134 scopus 로고
    • Passive microwave remote sensing of rainfall with SSM/I: Algorithm development and implementation
    • Ferriday, J. G., and S. K. Avery, 1994: Passive microwave remote sensing of rainfall with SSM/I: Algorithm development and implementation. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 1587-1596.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 1587-1596
    • Ferriday, J.G.1    Avery, S.K.2
  • 19
    • 0028671510 scopus 로고
    • UHF wind profilers: A new tool for diagnosing tropical convective cloud systems
    • Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, and W. L. Ecklund, 1994: UHF wind profilers: A new tool for diagnosing tropical convective cloud systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 2289-2294.
    • (1994) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 2289-2294
    • Gage, K.S.1    Williams, C.R.2    Ecklund, W.L.3
  • 20
    • 0030535954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of the 915-MHz profiler for diagnosing and classifying tropical precipitating cloud systems
    • _, _, and _, 1996: Application of the 915-MHz profiler for diagnosing and classifying tropical precipitating cloud systems. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 59, 141-151.
    • (1996) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.59 , pp. 141-151
  • 22
    • 0032458382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An optical disdrometer for use in high wind speeds
    • Grossklaus, M., K. Uhlig, and L. Hasse, 1998: An optical disdrometer for use in high wind speeds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1051-1059.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 1051-1059
    • Grossklaus, M.1    Uhlig, K.2    Hasse, L.3
  • 23
    • 0032416293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconciliation of surface and profiler winds at ISS sites
    • Hartten, L. M., 1998: Reconciliation of surface and profiler winds at ISS sites. J. Oceanic Atmos. Technol., 15, 826-834.
    • (1998) J. Oceanic Atmos. Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 826-834
    • Hartten, L.M.1
  • 25
    • 0026283695 scopus 로고
    • TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean
    • Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi, 1991: TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 339-347.
    • (1991) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.72 , pp. 339-347
    • Hayes, S.P.1    Mangum, L.J.2    Picaut, J.3    Sumi, A.4    Takeuchi, K.5
  • 26
    • 0024198071 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of high-altitude remote aircraft measurements with radar structure of an Oklahoma thunderstorm: Implications for precipitation estimation from space
    • Heymsfield, G. M., and R. Fulton, 1988: Comparison of high-altitude remote aircraft measurements with radar structure of an Oklahoma thunderstorm: Implications for precipitation estimation from space. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1157-1174.
    • (1988) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.116 , pp. 1157-1174
    • Heymsfield, G.M.1    Fulton, R.2
  • 28
    • 0018720965 scopus 로고
    • Mean rainfall patterns for the three phases of GATE
    • Hudlow, M. D., 1979: Mean rainfall patterns for the three phases of GATE. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1656-1669.
    • (1979) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.18 , pp. 1656-1669
    • Hudlow, M.D.1
  • 30
    • 33749317541 scopus 로고
    • Ein spektrograph für niederschlagstropfen mit automatischer auswertung
    • Joss, J., and A. Waldvogel, 1967: Ein Spektrograph für Niederschlagstropfen mit automatischer Auswertung. Pure Appl. Geophys. 68, 240-246.
    • (1967) Pure Appl. Geophys. , vol.68 , pp. 240-246
    • Joss, J.1    Waldvogel, A.2
  • 32
    • 0031597528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beamfilling errors in passive microwave rainfall retrievals
    • Kummerow, C., 1998: Beamfilling errors in passive microwave rainfall retrievals. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 356-370.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.37 , pp. 356-370
    • Kummerow, C.1
  • 33
    • 0028313821 scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part II: Applications to SSM/I data
    • _, and L. Giglio, 1994: A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part II: Applications to SSM/I data. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 19-34.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 19-34
    • Giglio, L.1
  • 34
    • 0030441492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heating, moistening, and rainfall over the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE
    • Lin, X., and R. H. Johnson, 1996: Heating, moistening, and rainfall over the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3367-3383.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 3367-3383
    • Lin, X.1    Johnson, R.H.2
  • 35
    • 0027089028 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of precipitation from satellite microwave measurement using both emission and scattering
    • Liu, G., and J. A. Curry, 1992: Retrieval of precipitation from satellite microwave measurement using both emission and scattering. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9959-9974.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 9959-9974
    • Liu, G.1    Curry, J.A.2
  • 36
    • 0030427911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TOGA COARE upper-air sounding data archive: Development and quality control procedures
    • Loehrer, S. M., T. A. Edmands, and J. A. Moore, 1996: TOGA COARE upper-air sounding data archive: Development and quality control procedures. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2651-2671.
    • (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 2651-2671
    • Loehrer, S.M.1    Edmands, T.A.2    Moore, J.A.3
  • 37
    • 0032418429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the americas
    • Machado, L. A. T., W. B. Rossow, R. L. Guedes, and A. W. Walker, 1998: Life cycle variations of mesoscale convective systems over the Americas. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1630-1654.
    • (1998) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 1630-1654
    • Machado, L.A.T.1    Rossow, W.B.2    Guedes, R.L.3    Walker, A.W.4
  • 39
    • 0027042704 scopus 로고
    • The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature
    • Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156.
    • (1992) J. Climate , vol.5 , pp. 1140-1156
    • Mitchell, T.P.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 40
    • 0033404958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative performance of automatic rain gauges under different rainfall conditions
    • Nystuen, J. A., 1999: Relative performance of automatic rain gauges under different rainfall conditions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 1025-1043.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.16 , pp. 1025-1043
    • Nystuen, J.A.1
  • 41
    • 0004517602 scopus 로고
    • NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL AOML-83, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, 43 pp. [Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.]
    • _, J. R. Proni, C. A. Lauter Jr., J. Bufkin, U. Rivero, M. Borland, and J. Wilkerson, 1994: APL disdrometer evaluation. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL AOML-83, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, 43 pp. [Available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.]
    • (1994) APL Disdrometer Evaluation
    • Proni, J.R.1    Lauter C.A., Jr.2    Bufkin, J.3    Rivero, U.4    Borland, M.5    Wilkerson, J.6
  • 42
    • 0028323845 scopus 로고
    • The integrated sounding system: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE
    • Parsons, D., and Coauthors, 1994: The integrated sounding system: description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 553-567.
    • (1994) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 553-567
    • Parsons, D.1
  • 43
    • 0001741567 scopus 로고
    • Structure and properties of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific
    • Reed, R. J., and E. E. Recker, 1971: Structure and properties of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1117-1133.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 1117-1133
    • Reed, R.J.1    Recker, E.E.2
  • 44
    • 0029431246 scopus 로고
    • Student-determined Z-R relationship for North Dakota using filter paper technique
    • Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Rinehart, R. E., 1995: Student-determined Z-R relationship for North Dakota using filter paper technique. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Vail, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 58-60.
    • (1995) 27th Conf. on Radar Meteorology , pp. 58-60
    • Rinehart, R.E.1
  • 46
    • 0002899840 scopus 로고
    • On the measurement of precipitation at sea
    • Utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, 32 pp.
    • Skaar, J., 1955: On the measurement of precipitation at sea. Geofysiske Publikasjoner, Vol. XIX, No. 6, Utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, 32 pp.
    • (1955) Geofysiske Publikasjoner , vol.19 , Issue.6
    • Skaar, J.1
  • 47
    • 0027067303 scopus 로고
    • Foundations for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part I: Brightness-temperature properties of a time-dependent cloud radiation model
    • Smith, E. A., A. Mugnai, H. J. Cooper, G. J. Tripoli, and X. Xiang, 1992: Foundations for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part I: Brightness-temperature properties of a time-dependent cloud radiation model. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 506-531.
    • (1992) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.31 , pp. 506-531
    • Smith, E.A.1    Mugnai, A.2    Cooper, H.J.3    Tripoli, G.J.4    Xiang, X.5
  • 48
    • 0001422637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of the WetNet PIP-2 project
    • _, and Coauthors, 1998: Results of the WetNet PIP-2 project. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1483-1536.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 1483-1536
  • 49
    • 0027834641 scopus 로고
    • Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparison to other climatologies
    • Spencer, R. W., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparison to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 1301-1326
    • Spencer, R.W.1
  • 50
    • 0031426327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of inertial instability in determining the location and strength of near equatorial convection
    • Tomas, R. A., and P. J. Webster, 1997: The role of inertial instability in determining the location and strength of near equatorial convection. Quart. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1445-1482.
    • (1997) Quart. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 1445-1482
    • Tomas, R.A.1    Webster, P.J.2
  • 51
    • 0018654647 scopus 로고
    • Path-averaged measurements of rain rate and raindrop size distribution using a fast-response optical sensor
    • Wang, T., K. B. Earnshaw, and R. S. Lawrence, 1979: Path-averaged measurements of rain rate and raindrop size distribution using a fast-response optical sensor. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 654-660.
    • (1979) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.18 , pp. 654-660
    • Wang, T.1    Earnshaw, K.B.2    Lawrence, R.S.3
  • 52
    • 0032585477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO, measurements onboard research ships
    • Wanninkhof, R., H. B. Milburn, C. E. Cosca, M. Stapp, and P. P. Murphy, 1998: A new automated underway system for making high precision pCO, measurements onboard research ships. Analytica Chim. Acta., 377, 185-191.
    • (1998) Analytica Chim. Acta. , vol.377 , pp. 185-191
    • Wanninkhof, R.1    Milburn, H.B.2    Cosca, C.E.3    Stapp, M.4    Murphy, P.P.5
  • 53
    • 0003785023 scopus 로고
    • NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-37 + STR, National Center for Amospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 42 pp. plus 170 maps. [Available from National Center of Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
    • Warren, S. G., C. J. Hahn, J. London, R. M. Chervin, and R. L. Jenne, 1988: Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over ocean. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-37 + STR, National Center for Amospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 42 pp. plus 170 maps. [Available from National Center of Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
    • (1988) Global Distribution of Total Cloud Cover and Cloud Type Amounts over Ocean
    • Warren, S.G.1    Hahn, C.J.2    London, J.3    Chervin, R.M.4    Jenne, R.L.5
  • 54
    • 0027098515 scopus 로고
    • TOGA cOARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
    • Webster, P. J., and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1377-1416.
    • (1992) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.73 , pp. 1377-1416
    • Webster, P.J.1    Lukas, R.2
  • 55
    • 0030515286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
    • Weller, R. A., and S. P. Anderson, 1996: Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Climate, 9, 1959-1990.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 1959-1990
    • Weller, R.A.1    Anderson, S.P.2
  • 56
    • 0022851766 scopus 로고
    • Some comments on passive microwave measurement of rain
    • Wilheit, T. T., 1986: Some comments on passive microwave measurement of rain. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 67, 1226-1232.
    • (1986) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.67 , pp. 1226-1232
    • Wilheit, T.T.1
  • 57
    • 0001022994 scopus 로고
    • Classification of precipitating clouds in the tropics using 915-MHz wind profilers
    • Williams, C. R., W. L. Ecklund, and K. S. Gage, 1995: Classification of precipitating clouds in the tropics using 915-MHz wind profilers J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 996-1012.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.12 , pp. 996-1012
    • Williams, C.R.1    Ecklund, W.L.2    Gage, K.S.3
  • 59
    • 0030482032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions
    • Xie, P. and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 840-858
    • Xie, P.1    Arkin, P.A.2
  • 60
    • 0001828006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western Pacific warm pool
    • Yuter, S. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1998: The natural variability of precipitating clouds over the western Pacific warm pool. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 53-99.
    • (1998) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.124 , pp. 53-99
    • Yuter, S.E.1    Houze R.A., Jr.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.