Lightning generation in a jovian thundercloud: Results from an axisymmetric numerical cloud model

Icarus

Volumn 115, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 421-434

  Yair, Yoav ^a   Levin, Zev ^a   Tzivion, Shalva ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000692783     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/icar.1995.1108     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Baker, M. B., and J. G. Dash 1989. Charge transfer in thunderstorms and the surface melting of ice. J. Cry s. Growth 97, 770-776.
2. Baker, M., J. Latham, K. Norville, and R. Solomon 1992. Thun- derstorm models. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, pp. 112-115.
3. Bar-Nun, A. and M. Podolak 1985. The contribution of thunderstorms to the abundance of CO, C7H?, and HCN on Jupiter. Icarus 64, 112-124.
4. Bjoraker, G. A., H. P. Larson and V. G. Kunde 1986. The abundance and distribution of water vapor in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Astron. J. 311, 1058-1072.
5. Borucki, W. J., Bar-Nun, A., Scarf, F. L., Cook, A. F., and G. E. Hunt 1982. Lightning activity on Jupiter. Icarus 52, 492-502.
6. Borucki, W. J. and C. P. Mc Kay 1987. Optical efficiencies of lightning in planetary atmospheres. Nature 328, 509-510.
7. Borucki, W. J., and M. A. Williams 1986. Lightning in the jovian water cloud. J. Geophys. Res. 91(D9) 9893-9903.
8. Borucki, W. J., and J. A. Magalhaes 1992. Analysis of Voyager 2 images of jovian lightning. Icarus 96, 1-14.
9. Bourdeau, C., and S. Chauzy 1989. Maximum electric charge of a hydrometeor in the electric field of a thundercloud. 3. Geophys. Res. 94(D11), 13121-13126.
10. Caranti, J. M. and A. J. Illingworth 1983. The contact potential of rimed ice. J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4125-4130.
11. Caranti, J. M., A. J. Illingworth, and S. J. Marsh 1985. The charging of ice by differences in contact potential, J. Geophys. Res. 90(D4), 6041-6046.
12. Carlson, B. E., A. A. Lacis, and W. B. Rossow 1992. The abundance and distribution of water vapor in the jovian troposphere as inferred from Voyager IRIS observations. Astron. J. 388, 648-668.
13. Carlson, B. E., A. A. Lacis, and W. B. Rossow 1993. Tropospheric gas composition and cloud structure of the jovian north equatorial belt. J. Geophys. Res. 98(E3), 5251-5290.
14. Cobine, J. D. 1958. Gaseous Conductors. Dover Publications, New York.
15. COOK, A. F., T. C. Duxbury, and G. E. Hunt 1979. First results on jovian lightning. Nature 280, 794.
16. Dye, J., J. Jones, W. Winn, T. Cerni, B. Gardiner, R. Pitter, J. Hallet, and C. Saunders 1987. A global time-dependent model of thunderstorm electricity. I. Mathematical properties of the physical and numerical models. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 2166-2177.
17. Dye, J., W. Winn, J Jones, and D. Breed 1989. The electrification of New Mexico thunderstorms. I. The relationship between precipitation development and the onset of electrification. Q. J. R. Meteor. Sco. 114, 1271-1290.
18. Feingold, G., Levin, Z. and S. Tzlvion 1988. The evolution of raindrop spectra. I. Stochastic collection and breakup. J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 3387-3399.
19. Feingold, G., Levin, Z. and S. Tzivion 1991. The evolution of raindrop spectra 111. Downdraft generation in an axisymmetrical rainshaft model. J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 315-330.
20. Gardiner, B., D. Lamb, R. L. Pitter, J. Hallet, and C. Saunders 1985. Measurements of initial potential gradient and particle charges in a Montana summer thunderstorm. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6079-6086.
21. Griffiths, R. F. and C. T. Phelps 1976. A model for lightning initiation arising from positive corona streamer development. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3671-3676.
22. Gurnett, D. A., R. R. Shaw, R. R. Anderson, W. S. Kurt and F. L. Scarf 1979. Whistlers observed by Voyager 1: Detection of lightning on Jupiter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 6(6), 511-514.
23. Helsdon, J., and R. Farley 1987. A numerical modeling study of a Montana thunderstorm. II. involving electrical aspects. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 5661-5675.
24. Illingworth, A, J. 1985. Charge separation in thunderstorms: small scale processes, J, Geophys. Res. 90(D4), 6026-6032.
25. Jayarante, E. R., C. P. R. Saunders, and J. Hallett 1983. Laboratory studies of the charging of soft hail during ice crystal interactions. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 109, 609-630.
26. Jayarante, E. R. 1993. The heat balance of a riming graupel pellet and the charge separation during ice-ice collisions. J. Atmos. Sci. 50(18), 3185-3193.
27. Keith, W. D., and C. P. R. Saunders 1989. Charge transfer during multiple large ice crystal interactions with a riming target. J. Geophys. Res. 94(D11), 13103-13106.
28. Latham, J. 1981. The electrification of thunderstorms. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 107, 277-298.
29. Latham, J., and J. E. Dye 1989. Calculation of the electrical development of a small thunderstorm. J. Geophys. Res. 94(D11), 13141-13144.
30. Levin, Z., Borucki, W. J., and O. B. Toon 1983. Lightning generation in planetary atmospheres. Icarus 56, 80-115.
31. Levin, Z., and I. Tzur 1986. Models of the development of the electrical structure of clouds. In The Earth’s Electrical Environment, Studies in Geophysics. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
32. Lewis, J. S. 1980. Lightning on Jupiter: Rate, energetics and effects. Science 210, 1351-1352.
33. Lin, Y. L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville 1983. Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 22, 1065-1092.
34. Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs 1974. Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles. J. Geophys. Res. 79(15), 2185-2197.
35. Lunine, J. I., and D. M. Hunten 1987. Moist convection and the abundance of water in the troposphere of Jupiter. Icarus 69, 566.
36. Magalhaes, J, A., and W. J. Borucki 1991. Spatial distribution of visible lightning on Jupiter. Nature 349, 311-313.
37. Magono, C. 1980. Thunderstorms. In Development in Atmospheric Science Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
38. Manietti, J. D., and D. A. Gurnett 1980. Whistler propagation in the jovian magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 7, 49-52.
39. Mason, B. J. 1971. The Physics of Clouds. Clarendon, Oxford.
40. Miyakoda, K. 1962. Contribution to the numerical weather predic- tion-computation with finite difference. Jpn. J. Geophys. 3, NI.
41. Monin, A. C., and A. M. Yaglom 1968. Statistical hydromechanics. Izdateltsvo Nauka, 2.
42. Norville, K., M. Baker, and J. Latham 1991. A numerical study of thunderstorm electrification: Model development and case study. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7463-7481.
43. Phelps, C. T. 1974. Positive streamer system intensification and its possible role in lightning initiation. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 36, 103-111.
44. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett 1978. Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. Reidel, Dordrect, Holland.
45. Reisin, T., S. Tzivion, Z. Levin, and G. Feingold 1988. Numerical simulation of an Hawaiian convective cloud with a high resolution axisymmetric model. Second WMOIntl. Cloud Modelling Workshop, pp. 231-235. Toulouse, France.
46. Rinnert, K. 1985. Lightning on other planets. J. Geophys. Res. 90(D4), 6225-6237.
47. Saunders, C. P. R., W. D. Keith, and R. P. Mizteva 1991. The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging. J. Geophys. Res. 96(D6), 11007-11017.
48. Scarf, F. L., D. A. Gurnett, W. S. Kurth, R. R. Anderson and R. R. Shaw 1981. An upper bound to the lightning flash rate in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Science 213, 684-685.
49. Smith, B. A., L. A. Soderblum, T. V. Johnson, A. P. Ingersoll, S. A. Collins, E. M. Shoemaker, G. E. Hunt, H. Masurski, M. H. Carr, M. E. Davis, A. F. Cook, J. Boyce, G. E. Danielson, T. Owen, C. Sagan, R. F. Beebee, J. Veverka, R. G. Storm, J. F. Mc Cauley, D. Morrison, G. A. Briggs, and V. E. Suomi 1979. The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1. Science 204, 951-972.
50. Soong, S. 1974. Numerical simulation of warm rain development in an axisymmetric cloud model. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1262-1285.
51. Stoker, C. R. 1986. Moist convection: A mechanism for producing the vertical structure of the jovian equatorial plumes. Icarus 67, 106.
52. Takahashi, T. 1984. Thunderstorm electrification—A numerical study. J, Atmos. Sci. 40, 2541-2558.
53. Turman, B. N. 1977. Detection of lightning superbolts. J. Geophys. Res. 82,(18), 2566-2568.
54. Tzivion, S., G. Feingold, and Z. Levin 1987. An efficient numerical solution to the stochastic collection. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3139-3149.
55. Tzivion, S., G. Feingold and Z. Levin 1989. The evolution of raindrop spectra. II. Collisional collection/breakup and evaporation in a rainshaft. J. Atmos. Sci. 46, 3312-3327.
56. Tzivion, S., Z. Levin, and A. Manes 1984. Numerical simulation of the effects of stable layers aloft on the development of thermal convection. Proc. Int. Cloud Phys. Conf. 537-540.
57. West, R. A., D. F. Strobel, and M. G. Tomasko 1986. Clouds, aerosols, and photochemistry in the jovian atmosphere. Icarus 65, 161-217.
58. Williams, E. R. 1985. Large scale charge separation in thunderclouds. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 6013-6025.
59. Williams, E. R. 1989. The tripole structure of thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 13151-13167.
60. Williams, E. R., R. Zhang, and J. Rydock 1991. Mixed-phase microphysics and cloud electrification. J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 2195-2203.
61. Williams, E. R., R. Zhang, and D. Boccippio 1994. Microphysical growth state of ice particles and large-scale electrical structure of clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 99(D5), 10787-10792.
62. Williams, M. A., E. P. Krider, and D. M. Hunten 1983. Planetary lightning: Earth, Jupiter, and Venus. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys, 21(4), 892-902.
63. Winn, W. P., G. W. Schwede, and C. B. Moore 1974. Measurements of electric fields in thunderclouds. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1761-1767
64. WERNER, C., H. D. Orville, and C. Meyers 1972. A numerical model of a hail bearing cloud. J. Atmos. Sei. 29, 1160-1181.
65. Yair, Y., Z. Levin, and S. Tzivion 1992. Water-cumulus in Jupiter’s atmosphere; Numerical experiments with an axisymmetric cloud model. Icarus 98, 72-81.
66. Yair, Y., Z. Levin, and S. Tzivion 1995. Microphysical processes and dynamics of a jovian thundercloud. Icarus 114, 278-299.
67. Ziegler, C. L., P. S. Ray and D. R. Mac Gorman 1986. Relations of kinematics and electrification in an isolated mountain thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci. 43(19), 2098-2114.