Institutional factors in information technology innovation

Information Systems Research

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 139-169

  King, John Leslie ^a   Gurbaxani, Vijay ^a   Kraemer, Kenneth L ^a   McFarlan, F Warren ^b   Raman, K S ^c   Yap, C S ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL   (United States)

^c NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Information Technology; Innovation; Institutions

Indexed keywords

ECONOMICS; ENGINEERING RESEARCH; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

DEVELOPING NATIONS; GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS; GOVERNMENTAL INTERVENTION; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION; INNOVATIVE PROCESS; INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS; INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES; ORGANIZATION THEORY;

INNOVATION;

EID: 0000685152     PISSN: 10477047     EISSN: 15265536     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/isre.5.2.139     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Allen, T. J. and M. S. Scott-Morton (Eds.), Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990's. Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
2. Amsden, A. H., Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, Oxford University Press, New York, 1989.
3. Arnold, E. and K. Guy, Parallel Convergence: National Strategies in Information Technology, Francis Pinter, London, England, 1986.
4. Arrow, K. G., "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing, " Review of Economic Studies, 20, 80 (June 1962), 156-173.
5. Beniger, J., the Control Revolution, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986.
6. Benson, J. K., "The Interorganizational Network as a Political Economy, " Administrative Science Quarterly, 20 (1975), 229-249.
7. Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann, the Social Construction of Reality, Doubleday, New York, 1967.
8. Bernal, J. D., the Social Function of Science, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, England, 1939.
9. Bhalla, A. S. and D. James (Eds.), New Technologies and Development: Experiences in Technology Blending, Lynner Reinner, Boulder, CO, 1988.
10. Bourdieu, P., Outline of a the ory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1977.
11. Boyer, R., "Formalizing Growth Regimes, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988a, 608-630.
12. -, "Technical Change and the the ory of 'Regulation', " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988b, 67-94.
13. British Department of Industry, A Programmefor Advanced Technology: the Report of the Alvey Committee, Her Majesty's Stationery of fice, London, England, 1982.
14. Buckley, W., "Sociology and Modern Systems the ory, " Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1967.
15. CACM, "EC Commission Communication on Establishing an Information Services Market, " Communications of the ACM, April (1990), 426-432.
16. Cantwell, John, Technological Innovation and Multinational Corporations, Blackwell, Oxford, England, 1989.
17. Carter, C. F. and B. R. Williams, Industry and Technical Progress: Factors Governing the Speed of Application of Science to Industry, Oxford University Press, London, England, 1957.
18. Cheng, K. C, "Country Report: the Republic of China, " in Information Technology-Led Development, Asia Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, 137-151.
19. Chesnais, F., "Multinational Enterprises and the International Diffusion of Technology, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 496-527.
20. Chiarado, R. and J. Mussehl, "The Semiconductor Market in the European Community, " Communications of the ACM, April (1990), 417-423.
21. Chreshkin, D., "National IT Policy in the New Socioeconomic Environment in the USSR, " Informatization and the Public Sector, 1 (1991), 107-115.
22. Coricelli, F. and G. Dosi, "Coordination and Order in Economic Change and the Interpretative Power of Economic the ory, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 124-145.
23. Cyert, R. M. and J. G. March, A Behavioral the ory of the Firm, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963.
24. Danziger, J. N., W. H. Dutton, R. Kling, and K. L. Kraemer, Computers and Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 1982.
25. David, P. A., Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1975.
26. -, "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY, " American Economic Review, 75, 2 (1985), 332-337.
27. -, "The Future of Path-Dependent Equilibrium Economics, " Center for Economic Policy Research Publication No. 155, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1988.
28. -, "Computer and Dynamo: the Modern Productivity Paradox in a Not-too Distant Mirror, " in OECD, Technology and Productivity: the Challenge for Economic Policy, OECD, Paris, France, 1991, 315-347.
29. -, "Why Are Institutions the 'Carriers of History'?" Stanford Institute for the oretical Economics working paper, Stanford, CA, 1992.
30. -and- S. Greenstein, "The Economics of Compatibility Standards: An Introduction to Recent Research, " Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1 (1990), 1-32.
31. Davis, L. and D. North, Institutional Change and American Economic Growth, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1971.
32. DiMaggio, P. J. and W. W. Powell, "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields, " American Sociological Review, 48 (1983), 147-160.
33. -and- (Eds.), the New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1991.
34. Dosi, G., "The nature of the innovative process, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic Theory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 221-238.
35. Easterlin, R. A., "A Note on the Evidence of History, " in C. A. Anderson and M. J. Bowman (Eds.), Education and Economic Development, Aldine, Chicago, IL, 1965, 425-427.
36. EC Commission, Proposal for a Council Decision Adopting the First European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technologies (ESPRIT), EEC, Brussels, Belgium, 1983.
37. Economist, "Computer Standards: Too Much Togetherness?" the Economist (May 5, 1990), 83.
38. Emery, F. E. and E. L. Trist, "The Causal Texture of Organizational Environments, " Human Relations, 18, 21-32.
39. Encarnation, D. J., Dislodging Multinationals: India's Strategy in Comparative Perspective, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1989.
40. Enos, J., Petroleum Progress and Profits: A History of Process Innovation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1962.
41. Feigenbaum, E. and P. McCorduck, the Fifth Generation, Pan Books, London, England, 1984.
42. Fellner, W., "The Influence of Market Structure on Technological Progress, " Quarterly Journal of Economics (1951), 556-577.
43. Flamm, K., Creating the Computer, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1985.
44. -, Targeting the Computer, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1987.
45. Freeman, C, Introduction, and Preface to "Evolution, Technology and Institutions: A Wider Framework for Economic Analysis, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988a, 1-12.
46. -, "Japan: A new national system of innovation?" in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988b, 330-348.
47. -, The Economics of Hope, Pinter, London, England, 1992.
48. -and- C. Perez, "Structural Crises of Adjustment: Business Cycles and Investment Behavior, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic the ory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 38-66.
49. Friedland, R. and R. A. Alford, "Bringing Society Back in: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions, " in P. J. DiMaggio and W. W. Powell (Eds.), the New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1991, 232-263.
50. Garfinkel, H., Studies in Ethnomelhodology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1967.
51. Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social the ory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1979.
52. -, the Constitution of Society, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1984.
53. Gilfillan, S., the Sociology of Invention, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL, 1934.
54. -, Inventing the Ship, Follet, Chicago, IL, 1935.
55. Gillespie, C, "The Natural History of Industry, " Isis, 1957, 48.
56. Gilpin, R., Technology, Economic Growth, and International Competitiveness, Government Printing of fice, Washington, DC, 1975.
57. Goodman, P. S., M. Brazerman, and E. Conlon, "Institutionalization of Planned Organizational Change, " Research in Organizational Behavior, 2 (1980), 215-246.
58. -and- J. W. Dean, Jr., "Creating Long-term Organizational Change, " in P. S. Goodman (Ed.), Change in Organizations, Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1982, 226-279.
59. Gurbaxani, V., K. L. Kraemer, J. Dedrick, K. S. Raman, and C. S. Yap, "Government as the Driving Force toward the Information Society: National Computer Policy in Singapore, " the Information Society, 7 (1991), 155-185.
60. Habakkuk, H., American and British Technology in the 19th Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1962.
61. Hall, A., "The Historical Relations of Science and Technology, " Inaugural lecture, London, 1963, as reported in N. Rosenberg, Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1982.
62. HBS, Revolution in Real Time: Managing Information Technology in the 1990's, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1991.
63. Henderson, J. W., the Globalization of High Technology Production: Society, Space, and Semiconductors in the Restructuring of the Modern World, Routledge, New York, 1989.
64. Hicks, J., theory of Wages, Macmillan, New York, 1932.
65. Hollander, S., the Sources of Increased Efficiency: the Study of Du Pont Rayon Plants, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965.
66. Hughes, E. C, "Institutions, " in R. E. Park (Ed.), An Outline of the Principles of Sociology, Barnes and Noble, New York, 1939, 283-346.
67. Hunter, L., Steamboats on the Western Rivers, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1949.
68. Irvine, J. H. and B. R. Martin, Foresight in Science Policy: Picking the Winners, Frances Pinter, London, England, 1984.
69. International Standards Organization, Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection, ISO 7498, 1984.
70. Jae, B. L., "Country Report: Republic of Korea, " in Information-Led Development, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, 197-205.
71. Johnson, C, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: the Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1982.
72. Kast, F. E. and J. E. Rosenzweig (Eds.), Science, Technology, and Management, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963.
73. -and-, Organization and Management: A Systems Approach, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.
74. Kaul, M., "National Policies and Intervention Processes, " in M. Kaul, N. R. Patel, and K. Shams (Eds.), Searching for a Paddle: Trends in IT Applications in Asian Government Systems, Vol.1, Asia/Pacific Development Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1987, 1-23.
75. Kendrick, J., Productivity Trends in the United States, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1961.
76. Kierstead, B., the the ory of Economic Change, Macmillan, Toronto, Canada, 1948.
77. Kimberly, J. R., "Issues in the Creation of Organizations: Initiation, Innovation and Institutionalization, " Academy of Management Journal, 22 (1979), 437-457.
78. King, J. L., B. Ferguson, and E. Shi, "Standardization in the Information Technology Arena, " Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems 15 (1991), 279-285.
79. -, K. L. Kraemer, V. Gurbaxani, J. Dedrick, K. S. Raman, and C. S. Yap, "Government Policy and Information Technology in Asia-Pacific Countries: A Conceptual Overview, " Informatization and the Public Sector, 2 (1992), 97-110.
80. Kling, R. and S. Iacono, "The Mobilization of Support for Computerization: the Role of Computerization Movements, " Social Problems, 35, 3 (June 1988), 226-243.
81. -and-, "The Institutional Character of Computerized Information Systems, " of fice, Technology and People. 5 (1989), 7-28.
82. Knight, K., "A Descriptive Model of the Intra-firm Innovation Process, " Journal of Business, 40 (October 1967), 485-495.
83. Kraemer, K. L., S. Dickhoven, J. L. King, and S. F. Tierney, Datawars: the Politics of Computer Modeling in Federal Policy Making, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987.
84. -, V. Gurbaxani, and J. L. King, "Economic Development, Government Policy, and the Diffusion of Computing in Pacific Area Nations, " Public Administration Review 52, 2 (February 1992), 146-156.
85. -and- J. L. King, "EFT as a Subject of Study in Technology, Society, and Public Policy, " Telecommunications Policy, 2, 1 (March 1978), 13-22.
86. -and-, "A Requiem for USAC, " Policy Analysis, 5, 3 (Summer 1979), 313-349.
87. Kuznets, S., Sectdar Movements in Production and Prices, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, 1930.
88. Land, F., "Viewpoint: the Government Role in Relation to Information Technology, " International Journal of Information Management, 10 (1990), 5-13.
89. Landes, D., the Unbound Prometheus, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1969.
90. Landsberg, H. H. and S. H. Schurr, Energy in the United States, Random House, New York, 1968.
91. Laudon, K., "Environmental and Institutional Models of System Development: A National Criminal History System, " Communications of the ACM, 28 (1985), 728-740.
92. Lawrence, P. R. and J. W. Lorsch, Organization and Environment, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1967.
93. Lazonick, W., "Business Organization and Competitive Advantage: Capitalist Transformations in the Twentieth Century, " in G. Dosi, R. Gianetti, and P. A. Toninelli (Eds.), Technology and Enterprise in a Historical Perspective, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1992, 119-163.
94. Lazzareschi, C, "Wired: Business Create Cyberspace Land Rush on the Internet, " Los Angeles Times, (August 22, 1993), D-l.
95. Lundvall, B.-A., "Innovation as an Inter-active Process: User-producer Relations, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic theory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988.
96. Mansfield, E., Industrial Research and Technical Innovation, W. W. Norton, New York, 1968.
97. -, "Industrial Innovation in Japan and the United States, " Science, 241, (September 30, 1988), 1969-11774
98. March, J. G. and J. P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: the Organizational Basis of Politics, Free Press, New York, 1989.
99. -and H. A. Simon, Organizations, Wiley, New York, 1958.
100. Marx, K., Capital, Modern Library, New York, 1867.
101. Mathias, P., Science and Society, 1600 - 1900, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1972.
102. Mechling, J. and J. L. King, "The Road to NREN, " Working Paper, ICS Department, University of California, Irvine, California, 1992.
103. Meyer, J. W., "The Effects of Education as an Institution, " American Journal of Sociology, 83 (1977), 53-57.
104. -and B. Rowan, "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony, American Journal of Sociology, 83 (1977), 340-363.
105. Misa, T. J., "Theories of Technological Change: Parameters and Purposes, " Science, Technology and Human Values, 17, 1 (1992), 3-12.
106. Moore, W. E., Order and Change: Essays in Comparative Sociology, Wiley, New York, 1967.
107. Mowery, D. C. and N. Rosenberg, "The Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: A Critical Review of Some Recent Empirical Studies, " Research Policy, April (1979), 103-153.
108. -and-, "Technical Change in the Commercial Aircraft Industry, 1925-1975, " Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 20(1981), 347-358.
109. Musson, A. and E. Robinson, "Science and Industry in the Late 18th Century, " Economic History Review 14 (December 1960), 110-117.
110. Mytelka, Lynn Krieger, "Dancing with Wolves: Global Oligopolies and Strategic Partnerships, " Presented at the MERIT Conference on Convergence and Divergence in Economic Growth and Technical Change, MERIT, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Netherlands, December 1992.
111. Nelson, R., "Institutions Supporting Technical Change in the United States, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic theory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 312-329.
112. -, "What Has Been the Matter with Neoclassical Economic Growth theory?" Draft paper presented at the MERIT Conference on Convergence and Divergence in Economic Growth and Technical Change, MERIT, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Netherlands, December 1992.
113. -and L. Soete, "Policy Conclusions, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic theory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 631-636.
114. North, D. G, Institutional Structure and Institutional Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1990.
115. NRC. the National Challenge in Computer Science and Technology: A Report of the National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1988.
116. NRC, Information Technology in the Service Society: A Twenty-First Century Leverage. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994.
117. Odedra, M., M. Kaul, R. Okot-Uma, and P. Schmidt, "Role of Institutional Intervention in Technology Transfer and Diffusion of Information Technology: the Commonwealth Secretariat Perspective, " Working paper, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, England, 1990.
118. Ohashi, T., "MITI's Direction of the Japanese Computer Industry, " Talk presented at the First International Country Experts Meeting of the International Study of Government Policy and Information Technology, Singapore, November 1990.
119. Orlikowski, W. J., "The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations, " Organization Science, 3 (1992), 398-427.
120. -and D. C. Cash, "Technological Frames: Making Sense of Information Technology in Organizations, " MIT Sloan School Working Paper, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
121. Pavitt, K., the Conditions for Success in Technological Innovation, OECD, Paris, France, 1971.
122. -, "Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a theory, " Research Policy, 13, 6 (1984), 343-373.
123. -, "Some Foundations of a theory of the Large Innovating Firm, " in G. Dosi, R. Gianetti, and P. A. Toninelli (Eds.), Technology and Enterprise in a Historical Perspective, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, 1992, 212-227.
124. Peck, M. J., "Joint R&D: the Case of Microelectronics and Computer Technology Cooperation, " Research Policy, 10(1981), 222-243.
125. Pelto, Pertti J., the Snowmobile Revolution: Technology and Social Change in the Arctic, Cummings Pub. Co., Menlo Park, CA, 1973.
126. Perez, C. and L. Socte, "Catching up in Technology: Entry Barriers and Windows of Opportunity, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic theory, Pinter Publishers, New York, (1988), 458-479.
127. Perry, J. N., K. L. Kraemer, D. Dunkle, and J. L. King, "Institutionalization of Technological Change: Computing Use in Municipal Governments, " Informatization and the Public Sector, September (1992), 47-73.
128. Rahim, S. A. and A. J. Pennings, Computerization and Development in Southeast Asia: A Study of Five ASEAN Countries, Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Center, Singapore, 1987.
129. Raman, K. S., "IT Applications and the ir Impacts in Singapore and Other Asian NIE's, " in C. Y. Kuo, C. M. Loh, and K. S. Raman (Eds.), Information Technology and Singapore Society: Trends, Policies and Applications, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 1990.
130. Roessner, J. D., "Federal Technology Policy: Innovation and Problem Solving in State and Local Governments, " Policy Analysis. 5 (1979), 181-200.
131. Rogers, E. M., the Diffusion of Innovations, Free Press, New York, 1983.
132. -and F. F. Shoemaker, Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach, Free Press, New York, 1971.
133. Rosenberg, N., "Capital Goods, Technology and Economic Growth, " Oxford Economic Papers, 15(1963).
134. Reprinted in N. Rosenberg (Ed.), the Economics of Technological Change, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England, 1971.
135. -, "Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology, " Explorations in Economic History. Fall(1972).
136. Reprinted in N. Rosenberg (Ed.), the Economics of Technological Change. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth England, 1971.
137. -, "Marx as a Student of Technology, " Monthly Review, July-August, 1976.
138. Reprinted in N. Rosenberg (Ed.), the Economics of Technological Change, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England, 1971.
139. -, Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1982.
140. -, "Science and Technology in the Twentieth Century, " in G. Dosi, R. Gianetti, and P. A. Toninelli (Eds.), Technology and Enterprise in a Historical Perspective, Clarendon Press, Oxford, - England, 1992, 63-96.
141. Ruttan, V. and Y. Hayami, Agricultural Development, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1971.
142. Salter, W., Productivity and Technical Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1960.
143. Schmookler, J., Invention and Economic Growth, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, England, 1972.
144. -, Patents, Invention, and Economic Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, England, 1976.
145. Schumpeter, J., "The Instability of Capitalism, " Economic Journal (September 1928).
146. Reprinted in Rosenberg, N. (ed.) the Economics of TechnoIogical Change, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England, 1971.
147. -, "Analysis of Economic Change, " the Review of Economics and Statistics (May 1935).
148. Reprinted in Readings in Business Cycle theory, Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1944.
149. -, Business Cycles, McGraw Hill, New York, 1939.
150. Scott, W. R., "Unpacking institutional arguments, " in P. J. DiMaggio and W. W. Powell (Eds.), the New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1991, 164-182.
151. -and J. W. Meyer, "The Organization of Societal Sectors, " in J. W. Meyer and W. R. Scott (Eds.), Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1983, 129-153.
152. Selznick, P., TV A and the Grass Roots, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1949.
153. -, Leadership in Administration, Row and Peterson, Evanston, IL, 1957.
154. Sorensen, K. H. and N. Levold, "Tacit Networks, Heterogeneous Engineers, and Embodied Technology, " Science, Technology and Human Values, 17, 1 (1992), 13-35.
155. Star, S. L. and J. L. King, "Boundaries, Scale and Aggregation: Problems in Design of Computerized Social Process Support, " Working paper, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 1993.
156. Teubal, M., "On User Needs and Need Determination: Aspects of the theory of Technological Innovation, " in M. Baker (Ed.), Industrial Innovation, Technology, Policy, Diffusion. Macmillan, London, England, 1979, 266-293.
157. Tornatzky, L. G., J. D. Eveland, M. G. Boylan, W. A. Hetzner, E. C. Johnson, D. Roitman, and J. Schneider, the Process of Technological Innovation: Reviewing the Literature, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1983.
158. U.S. House of Representatives, Testimony of Larry Irving, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information, U.S. Department of Commerce, on Telecommunications Reform Legislation, before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives, January 27, 1994.
159. Utterback, J. M., "Innovation in Industry and the Diffusion of Technology, " Science, February, 1974, 112-120.
160. Vernon, R., Sovereignty at Bay, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971.
161. -, Storm Over the Multinationals: the Real Issues, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1977.
162. Von Hayek, F., "The Uses of Knowledge in Society, " American Economic Review, 35 (1945), 515-530.
163. Von Hippel, E., "The Dominant Role of Users in the Scientific Instrument Innovation Process, " Research Policy, 5(1976), 212-239.
164. Warren, R. L., "The Interorganizational Field as a Focus for Investigation, " Administrative Science Quarterly, 12 (1967), 396-419.
165. Williamson, O. E., Markets and Hierarchies, Free Press, New York, 1975.
166. Williamson, O. E. the Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: the Free Press, 1985.
167. Willinger, M. and E. Luscovitch, "Towards the Economics of Information-intensive Production Systems: the Case of Advanced Materials, " in G. Dosi et al., Technical Change and Economic theory, Pinter Publishers, New York, 1988, 432-457.
168. Wood, W. C, Insuring Nuclear Power: Liability, Safety, and Economic Efficiency, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1982.
169. Yates, J., Control Through Communication: the Rise of System in American Management, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1989.
170. -, "Co-evolution of Information Processing Technology and Use: Interaction Between the Life Insurance and Tabulating Industries, " MIT Center for Coordination Science Working Paper, Cambridge, MA, 1994.
171. Zucker, L. G., "The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence, " American Journal of Sociology, 42(1977), 726-743.