Selling the meaning of place: Entrepreneurship, tourism, and community transformation in the twentieth-century American West

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 525-556

  Rothman, Hal K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000670242     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3640295     Document Type: Article

References (218)

1. Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York, 1957) is the standard work even after more than thirty-five years. For a general overview of tourism history, see John Jakle, The Tourist in 20th Century America (Lincoln, 1985); John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989); Michael Kammen, The Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991); and Anne F. Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990).
2. Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York, 1957) is the standard work even after more than thirty-five years. For a general overview of tourism history, see John Jakle, The Tourist in 20th Century America (Lincoln, 1985); John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989); Michael Kammen, The Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991); and Anne F. Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990).
3. Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York, 1957) is the standard work even after more than thirty-five years. For a general overview of tourism history, see John Jakle, The Tourist in 20th Century America (Lincoln, 1985); John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989); Michael Kammen, The Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991); and Anne F. Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990).
4. Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York, 1957) is the standard work even after more than thirty-five years. For a general overview of tourism history, see John Jakle, The Tourist in 20th Century America (Lincoln, 1985); John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989); Michael Kammen, The Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991); and Anne F. Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990).
5. Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York, 1957) is the standard work even after more than thirty-five years. For a general overview of tourism history, see John Jakle, The Tourist in 20th Century America (Lincoln, 1985); John F. Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1989); Michael Kammen, The Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York, 1991); and Anne F. Hyde, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920 (New York, 1990).
6. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
7. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
8. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
9. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
10. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
11. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
12. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
13. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
14. John R. White to Stephen T. Mather, Dec. 13, 1921, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Series 6, Grand Canyon National Park, National Archives; James O. Henderson, Meals by Fred Harvey (N.P., 1969); Lesley Poling-Kempes, The Harvey Girts: Women Who Opened the West (New York, 1989), 167-169; Keith L. Bryant, Jr., History of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (Lincoln, 1974), 120-121, 186; John Willy, "Fred Harvey's Facilities and Service at the Grand Canyon," Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1928), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Collection, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; and Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days (Albuquerque, 1963), 5-6. George Wharton James, The Grand Canyon of Arizona (Boston, 1910), describes the coming of the railroad to the area. While the consensus is that AT&SF rail service to the Grand Canyon began in 1904, Gordon Strachan, in "Arizona: Jewel in the Crown," Santa Fe Magazine (Aug., 1948), 14, gives July 1, 1907, as the date. The Santa Fe Magazine (Dec. 1929), 38, shows a photo of the first train to Grand Canyon that is dated September 18, 1901. This photo is surely of the abortive Grand Canyon Railway Line, swallowed by the AT&SF. While train service certainly operated to the canyon before 1907, Strachan's assertion suggests that the AT&SF did not formally take over this line until 1907. According to Al Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents and Kings: The Story of the Grand Canyon Railway (Flagstaff, 1985), the line was held in AT&SF-controlled receivership from 1901 to 1907.
15. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
16. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
17. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
18. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
19. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
20. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
21. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
22. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
23. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
24. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
25. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
26. T. C. McLuhan, Dream Tracks: The Railroad and the American Indian, 1890-1930 (New York, 1985), 16-23; E. R. Bingham, Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest (San Marino, Calif., 1955); Charles F. Lummis, A Tramp across the Continent (New York, 1892), 244; Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience (2d ed., Lincoln, 1987), 82-105; Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, 1984), 12-16, 36; Bryant, Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, 105-122, 186; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 7. For the "See America First" movement, see Marguerite S. Schaffer, "See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1905-1930(Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1994); see also Diane L. Thomas, The Southwestern Indian Detours: The Story of the Fred Harvey/Santa Fe Railway Experiment in Detourism (Phoenix, 1978), for a version of the development of AT&SF tourism in the 1920s and 1930s. Alfred Runte, "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad," California History, LXX (1991), 62-75, has coined the phrase "experience advertising" to describe the promotion process. Although the development of the Yosemite Valley precedes that of the Grand Canyon in time, it served as a "romantic pleasure resort" until the popularization of the region as a result of the activities of John Muir. Only later did it acquire any sort of cultural meaning, which ironically was first associated with a recreational activity, camping; see Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite, 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City, 1991), 27-54. Alfred Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Lincoln, 1990), 13-21, makes the best case for Yosemite as an example of cultural and heritage tourism.
27. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
28. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
29. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
30. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
31. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
32. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
33. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
34. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
35. Congress in 1893 created the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve; in 1906 replaced the forest reserve with a game reserve; in 1908 established the national monument; and in 1919 established the national park. U.S. Statutes at Large, XXVII, 1064 (1893), XXXIV, 607 and 3263 (1906), XXXV, 2175 (1908), XL, 1175 (1919). Forest Notes (April 20, 1916) estimated that automobiles carried 20,000 people to Grand Canyon National Monument in 1915; an additional 92,000 arrived by rail. See also The California Limited, 1914 and The California Limited, 1915 promotional brochures, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka; Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley, 1957), 159-161; John Ise, Our National Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore, 1961), 232-235; and Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana, 1989), 64-69.
36. Ralph Henry Cameron to P. D. Berry, june 22, 1909, Feb. 14, 1910, Jan. 2, 1914; Max Salzman to Berry, April 25, 1910, all in P. D. Berry Papers, Museum Collection, Grand Canyon National Park; 1915 Summer Excursions California and North Pacific Coast, promotional brochure, AT&SF collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 1, 4-5; Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents, and Kings, 59-67.
37. Ralph Henry Cameron to P. D. Berry, june 22, 1909, Feb. 14, 1910, Jan. 2, 1914; Max Salzman to Berry, April 25, 1910, all in P. D. Berry Papers, Museum Collection, Grand Canyon National Park; 1915 Summer Excursions California and North Pacific Coast, promotional brochure, AT&SF collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 1, 4-5; Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents, and Kings, 59-67.
38. Ralph Henry Cameron to P. D. Berry, june 22, 1909, Feb. 14, 1910, Jan. 2, 1914; Max Salzman to Berry, April 25, 1910, all in P. D. Berry Papers, Museum Collection, Grand Canyon National Park; 1915 Summer Excursions California and North Pacific Coast, promotional brochure, AT&SF collection, RR 929, Kansas State Historical Society; Hegemann, Navajo Trading Days, 1, 4-5; Richmond, Cowboys, Miners, Presidents, and Kings, 59-67.
39. The P. D. Berry Papers are full of examples of poor business practice; see, for example, P. D. Berry to John Chetwood, April 12, 1902; Max Salzman to Berry, Aug. 11, 1909; and Maurice Salzman to Berry, Oct. 4, 1913. See also Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 64; Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, D.C., 1919), 94-102, 270; Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1920), 25, 100-104; Horace M. Albright and Frank Taylor, Oh, Ranger! (Stanford, 1928), 18; J. Donald Hughes, In the House of Stone and Light: A Human History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz., 1978), 47-57.
40. The P. D. Berry Papers are full of examples of poor business practice; see, for example, P. D. Berry to John Chetwood, April 12, 1902; Max Salzman to Berry, Aug. 11, 1909; and Maurice Salzman to Berry, Oct. 4, 1913. See also Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 64; Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, D.C., 1919), 94-102, 270; Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1920), 25, 100-104; Horace M. Albright and Frank Taylor, Oh, Ranger! (Stanford, 1928), 18; J. Donald Hughes, In the House of Stone and Light: A Human History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz., 1978), 47-57.
41. The P. D. Berry Papers are full of examples of poor business practice; see, for example, P. D. Berry to John Chetwood, April 12, 1902; Max Salzman to Berry, Aug. 11, 1909; and Maurice Salzman to Berry, Oct. 4, 1913. See also Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 64; Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, D.C., 1919), 94-102, 270; Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1920), 25, 100-104; Horace M. Albright and Frank Taylor, Oh, Ranger! (Stanford, 1928), 18; J. Donald Hughes, In the House of Stone and Light: A Human History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz., 1978), 47-57.
42. The P. D. Berry Papers are full of examples of poor business practice; see, for example, P. D. Berry to John Chetwood, April 12, 1902; Max Salzman to Berry, Aug. 11, 1909; and Maurice Salzman to Berry, Oct. 4, 1913. See also Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 64; Report of the Director of the National Park Service (Washington, D.C., 1919), 94-102, 270; Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1920), 25, 100-104; Horace M. Albright and Frank Taylor, Oh, Ranger! (Stanford, 1928), 18; J. Donald Hughes, In the House of Stone and Light: A Human History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz., 1978), 47-57.
43. Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 237-242; Hal K. Rothman, "A Regular Ding-Dong Fight: Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 150-152; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 235-238; Edwin Corle, Listen Bright Angel (New York, 1946), 206-210; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birlh of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1986), 169-186; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919 (Washington, D. C., 1919), 365-369, for the text of the Commissioner of the General Land Office final decree in the Cameron mineral cases. For the details of the NPS-Cameron battles, which lasted well into the 1920s, see Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Grand Canyon National Park, Series 6, Buildings, part 1, boxes 50-54, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as RG 79, NA). Cameron was finally evicted from the canyon during his tenure as a U.S. senator.
44. Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 237-242; Hal K. Rothman, "A Regular Ding-Dong Fight: Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 150-152; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 235-238; Edwin Corle, Listen Bright Angel (New York, 1946), 206-210; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birlh of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1986), 169-186; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919 (Washington, D. C., 1919), 365-369, for the text of the Commissioner of the General Land Office final decree in the Cameron mineral cases. For the details of the NPS-Cameron battles, which lasted well into the 1920s, see Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Grand Canyon National Park, Series 6, Buildings, part 1, boxes 50-54, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as RG 79, NA). Cameron was finally evicted from the canyon during his tenure as a U.S. senator.
45. Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 237-242; Hal K. Rothman, "A Regular Ding-Dong Fight: Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 150-152; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 235-238; Edwin Corle, Listen Bright Angel (New York, 1946), 206-210; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birlh of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1986), 169-186; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919 (Washington, D. C., 1919), 365-369, for the text of the Commissioner of the General Land Office final decree in the Cameron mineral cases. For the details of the NPS-Cameron battles, which lasted well into the 1920s, see Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Grand Canyon National Park, Series 6, Buildings, part 1, boxes 50-54, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as RG 79, NA). Cameron was finally evicted from the canyon during his tenure as a U.S. senator.
46. Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 237-242; Hal K. Rothman, "A Regular Ding-Dong Fight: Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 150-152; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 235-238; Edwin Corle, Listen Bright Angel (New York, 1946), 206-210; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birlh of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1986), 169-186; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919 (Washington, D. C., 1919), 365-369, for the text of the Commissioner of the General Land Office final decree in the Cameron mineral cases. For the details of the NPS-Cameron battles, which lasted well into the 1920s, see Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Grand Canyon National Park, Series 6, Buildings, part 1, boxes 50-54, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as RG 79, NA). Cameron was finally evicted from the canyon during his tenure as a U.S. senator.
47. Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 237-242; Hal K. Rothman, "A Regular Ding-Dong Fight: Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 150-152; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 235-238; Edwin Corle, Listen Bright Angel (New York, 1946), 206-210; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birlh of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1986), 169-186; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919 (Washington, D. C., 1919), 365-369, for the text of the Commissioner of the General Land Office final decree in the Cameron mineral cases. For the details of the NPS-Cameron battles, which lasted well into the 1920s, see Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Grand Canyon National Park, Series 6, Buildings, part 1, boxes 50-54, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as RG 79, NA). Cameron was finally evicted from the canyon during his tenure as a U.S. senator.
48. Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 237-242; Hal K. Rothman, "A Regular Ding-Dong Fight: Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 150-152; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 235-238; Edwin Corle, Listen Bright Angel (New York, 1946), 206-210; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birlh of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, 1986), 169-186; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919 (Washington, D. C., 1919), 365-369, for the text of the Commissioner of the General Land Office final decree in the Cameron mineral cases. For the details of the NPS-Cameron battles, which lasted well into the 1920s, see Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Grand Canyon National Park, Series 6, Buildings, part 1, boxes 50-54, National Archives, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as RG 79, NA). Cameron was finally evicted from the canyon during his tenure as a U.S. senator.
49. Hegemann, Navaho Trading Days, 13; J. Ross Eakin to Stephen T. Mather, June 11, 1924; Eakin to F. H. Bernard, April 4, 1924, Grand Canyon National Park, box 50, RG 79, NA; C. J. Birchfield, "First Airplane Landing at Bottom of the Grand Canon," Santa Fe Magazine (Oct. 1922), 17-20; "Fred Harvey Coat Rule Upheld by Oklahoma Supreme Court," ibid. (Oct. 1922), 29-32; Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman, 1962), 265-270.
50. Hegemann, Navaho Trading Days, 13; J. Ross Eakin to Stephen T. Mather, June 11, 1924; Eakin to F. H. Bernard, April 4, 1924, Grand Canyon National Park, box 50, RG 79, NA; C. J. Birchfield, "First Airplane Landing at Bottom of the Grand Canon," Santa Fe Magazine (Oct. 1922), 17-20; "Fred Harvey Coat Rule Upheld by Oklahoma Supreme Court," ibid. (Oct. 1922), 29-32; Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman, 1962), 265-270.
51. Hegemann, Navaho Trading Days, 13; J. Ross Eakin to Stephen T. Mather, June 11, 1924; Eakin to F. H. Bernard, April 4, 1924, Grand Canyon National Park, box 50, RG 79, NA; C. J. Birchfield, "First Airplane Landing at Bottom of the Grand Canon," Santa Fe Magazine (Oct. 1922), 17-20; "Fred Harvey Coat Rule Upheld by Oklahoma Supreme Court," ibid. (Oct. 1922), 29-32; Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman, 1962), 265-270.
52. Hegemann, Navaho Trading Days, 13; J. Ross Eakin to Stephen T. Mather, June 11, 1924; Eakin to F. H. Bernard, April 4, 1924, Grand Canyon National Park, box 50, RG 79, NA; C. J. Birchfield, "First Airplane Landing at Bottom of the Grand Canon," Santa Fe Magazine (Oct. 1922), 17-20; "Fred Harvey Coat Rule Upheld by Oklahoma Supreme Court," ibid. (Oct. 1922), 29-32; Frank McNitt, The Indian Traders (Norman, 1962), 265-270.
53. Stephen J. Pyne, Dutton's Point: An Illustrated History of the Grand Canyon (Grand Canyon, Ariz., 1978), 1-11.
54. Jerry I. Williams and Paul E. McAllister, New Mexico in Maps (Albuquerque, 1979), 104, provides population information for late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Santa Fe; Oakah L. Jones, Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain (Norman, 1979), 117-129, provides earlier population figures. According to these sources, the 6,728 people in Santa Fe in 1817 roughly equaled the 1880 population of 6,635, but outnumbered the population of 1900 (5,603) and 1910 (5,072).
55. Jerry I. Williams and Paul E. McAllister, New Mexico in Maps (Albuquerque, 1979), 104, provides population information for late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Santa Fe; Oakah L. Jones, Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain (Norman, 1979), 117-129, provides earlier population figures. According to these sources, the 6,728 people in Santa Fe in 1817 roughly equaled the 1880 population of 6,635, but outnumbered the population of 1900 (5,603) and 1910 (5,072).
56. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37; Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, and Suzanne Forrest, Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque, 1989).
57. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden
58. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37; Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, and Suzanne Forrest, Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque, 1989).
59. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37; Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, and Suzanne Forrest, Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque, 1989).
60. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37; Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, and Suzanne Forrest, Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque, 1989).
61. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37; Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, and Suzanne Forrest, Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque, 1989).
62. DeBuys, Enchantment and Exploitation, 245-259; Hal Rothman, "Cultural and Environmental Change on the Pajarito Plateau, 1880-1910," New Mexico Historical Review, LXIV (1989), 185-212; Robert MacCameron, "Environmental Change in Colonial New Mexico," Environmental History Review, XVIII (1994), 17-40; Craig D. Allen, "Changes in the Landscape of the jemez Mountains, New Mexico" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1989); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37; Deutsch, No Separate Refuge, and Suzanne Forrest, Preservation of the Village (Albuquerque, 1989).
63. The Edgar L. Hewett Papers, box 22, Museum of New Mexico History library, contain much of Hewett's correspondence on these matters. See also Beatrice Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends: A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era (Santa Fe, 1983), 109-116; Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr., Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981), 231-256; Henry Adams, The Education (New York, 1931); T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), describes the intellectual and cultural climate of opinion at the turn of the century.
64. The Edgar L. Hewett Papers, box 22, Museum of New Mexico History library, contain much of Hewett's correspondence on these matters. See also Beatrice Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends: A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era (Santa Fe, 1983), 109-116; Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr., Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981), 231-256; Henry Adams, The Education (New York, 1931); T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), describes the intellectual and cultural climate of opinion at the turn of the century.
65. The Edgar L. Hewett Papers, box 22, Museum of New Mexico History library, contain much of Hewett's correspondence on these matters. See also Beatrice Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends: A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era (Santa Fe, 1983), 109-116; Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr., Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981), 231-256; Henry Adams, The Education (New York, 1931); T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), describes the intellectual and cultural climate of opinion at the turn of the century.
66. The Edgar L. Hewett Papers, box 22, Museum of New Mexico History library, contain much of Hewett's correspondence on these matters. See also Beatrice Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends: A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era (Santa Fe, 1983), 109-116; Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr., Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981), 231-256; Henry Adams, The Education (New York, 1931); T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981), describes the intellectual and cultural climate of opinion at the turn of the century.
67. Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 63-174; see Rothman, On Rims and Ridges, 84-89, 95-104, 117-130, 150-152, for more on Hewett's personality and role in the cultural history of Santa Fe in the early twentieth century.
68. Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 63-174; see Rothman, On Rims and Ridges, 84-89, 95-104, 117-130, 150-152, for more on Hewett's personality and role in the cultural history of Santa Fe in the early twentieth century.
69. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New York, 1970), 136-201; Arrell M. Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942, (Norman, 1983), 69-86, 199-217; Erna Fergusson, New Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (New York, 1971), 366-381; Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 104-109; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37. For a comic view of the way many nineteenth-century Americans viewed Santa Fe, see Richard Allan Baker, Conservation Politics: The Senate Career of Clinton P. Anderson (Albuquerque, 1985), 15.
70. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New York, 1970), 136-201; Arrell M. Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942, (Norman, 1983), 69-86, 199-217; Erna Fergusson, New Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (New York, 1971), 366-381; Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 104-109; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37. For a comic view of the way many nineteenth-century Americans viewed Santa Fe, see Richard Allan Baker, Conservation Politics: The Senate Career of Clinton P. Anderson (Albuquerque, 1985), 15.
71. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New York, 1970), 136-201; Arrell M. Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942, (Norman, 1983), 69-86, 199-217; Erna Fergusson, New Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (New York, 1971), 366-381; Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 104-109; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37. For a comic view of the way many nineteenth-century Americans viewed Santa Fe, see Richard Allan Baker, Conservation Politics: The Senate Career of Clinton P. Anderson (Albuquerque, 1985), 15.
72. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New York, 1970), 136-201; Arrell M. Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942, (Norman, 1983), 69-86, 199-217; Erna Fergusson, New Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (New York, 1971), 366-381; Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 104-109; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37. For a comic view of the way many nineteenth-century Americans viewed Santa Fe, see Richard Allan Baker, Conservation Politics: The Senate Career of Clinton P. Anderson (Albuquerque, 1985), 15.
73. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New York, 1970), 136-201; Arrell M. Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942, (Norman, 1983), 69-86, 199-217; Erna Fergusson, New Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (New York, 1971), 366-381; Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 104-109; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37. For a comic view of the way many nineteenth-century Americans viewed Santa Fe, see Richard Allan Baker, Conservation Politics: The Senate Career of Clinton P. Anderson (Albuquerque, 1985), 15.
74. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History (New York, 1970), 136-201; Arrell M. Gibson, The Santa Fe and Taos Colonies: Age of the Muses, 1900-1942, (Norman, 1983), 69-86, 199-217; Erna Fergusson, New Mexico: A Pageant of Three Peoples (New York, 1971), 366-381; Chauvenet, Hewett and Friends, 104-109; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 37. For a comic view of the way many nineteenth-century Americans viewed Santa Fe, see Richard Allan Baker, Conservation Politics: The Senate Career of Clinton P. Anderson (Albuquerque, 1985), 15.
75. Charlie Meyers, Colorado Ski Country (Helena and Billings, 1987), 12-14, 49-50; Towler, History of Skiing at Steamboat Springs, 49; O. E. Rolvaag, Giants in the Earth (New York, 1927), 447-453. There is no comprehensive history of the ski industry to date; the closest is E. John B. Alien, From Skisport to Skiing: One Hundred Years of an American Sport (Amherst, N.H., 1993).
76. Charlie Meyers, Colorado Ski Country (Helena and Billings, 1987), 12-14, 49-50; Towler, History of Skiing at Steamboat Springs, 49; O. E. Rolvaag, Giants in the Earth (New York, 1927), 447-453. There is no comprehensive history of the ski industry to date; the closest is E. John B. Alien, From Skisport to Skiing: One Hundred Years of an American Sport (Amherst, N.H., 1993).
77. Charlie Meyers, Colorado Ski Country (Helena and Billings, 1987), 12-14, 49-50; Towler, History of Skiing at Steamboat Springs, 49; O. E. Rolvaag, Giants in the Earth (New York, 1927), 447-453. There is no comprehensive history of the ski industry to date; the closest is E. John B. Alien, From Skisport to Skiing: One Hundred Years of an American Sport (Amherst, N.H., 1993).
78. Charlie Meyers, Colorado Ski Country (Helena and Billings, 1987), 12-14, 49-50; Towler, History of Skiing at Steamboat Springs, 49; O. E. Rolvaag, Giants in the Earth (New York, 1927), 447-453. There is no comprehensive history of the ski industry to date; the closest is E. John B. Alien, From Skisport to Skiing: One Hundred Years of an American Sport (Amherst, N.H., 1993).
79. Allen, From Skisport to Skiing, 1-37; Raymond Flower, The History of Skiing and Other Winter sports (New York, 1977), 120. For Mount Rainier, see Theodore Catton, "Mount Rainier National Park Administrative History," draft manuscript (copy in possession of author), part V, sections 1.0-4.0 (pagination not yet available); and Linda Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," 8-9, undated typescript, Mount Rainier National Park Library. See also Runte, Yosemite, 152-153; Denver Post, Dec. 1, 1929.
80. Allen, From Skisport to Skiing, 1-37; Raymond Flower, The History of Skiing and Other Winter sports (New York, 1977), 120. For Mount Rainier, see Theodore Catton, "Mount Rainier National Park Administrative History," draft manuscript (copy in possession of author), part V, sections 1.0-4.0 (pagination not yet available); and Linda Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," 8-9, undated typescript, Mount Rainier National Park Library. See also Runte, Yosemite, 152-153; Denver Post, Dec. 1, 1929.
81. Allen, From Skisport to Skiing, 1-37; Raymond Flower, The History of Skiing and Other Winter sports (New York, 1977), 120. For Mount Rainier, see Theodore Catton, "Mount Rainier National Park Administrative History," draft manuscript (copy in possession of author), part V, sections 1.0-4.0 (pagination not yet available); and Linda Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," 8-9, undated typescript, Mount Rainier National Park Library. See also Runte, Yosemite, 152-153; Denver Post, Dec. 1, 1929.
82. Allen, From Skisport to Skiing, 1-37; Raymond Flower, The History of Skiing and Other Winter sports (New York, 1977), 120. For Mount Rainier, see Theodore Catton, "Mount Rainier National Park Administrative History," draft manuscript (copy in possession of author), part V, sections 1.0-4.0 (pagination not yet available); and Linda Helleson, "The History of Skiing in Mount Rainier National Park," 8-9, undated typescript, Mount Rainier National Park Library. See also Runte, Yosemite, 152-153; Denver Post, Dec. 1, 1929.
83. Rocky Mountain News, Dec. 18, 1938; Silverton Standard, Nov. 26, 1937, Dec. 8, 1939; Pueblo Star Journal and Chieftain, Nov. 7, 1937; Leadville Herald Democrat, March 26, 1938, Oct. 26, 1939; Routt National Forest, Colorado (Denver, 1941); Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13.
84. Rocky Mountain News, Dec. 18, 1938; Silverton Standard, Nov. 26, 1937, Dec. 8, 1939; Pueblo Star Journal and Chieftain, Nov. 7, 1937; Leadville Herald Democrat, March 26, 1938, Oct. 26, 1939; Routt National Forest, Colorado (Denver, 1941); Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13.
85. Rocky Mountain News, Dec. 18, 1938; Silverton Standard, Nov. 26, 1937, Dec. 8, 1939; Pueblo Star Journal and Chieftain, Nov. 7, 1937; Leadville Herald Democrat, March 26, 1938, Oct. 26, 1939; Routt National Forest, Colorado (Denver, 1941); Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13.
86. Rocky Mountain News, Dec. 18, 1938; Silverton Standard, Nov. 26, 1937, Dec. 8, 1939; Pueblo Star Journal and Chieftain, Nov. 7, 1937; Leadville Herald Democrat, March 26, 1938, Oct. 26, 1939; Routt National Forest, Colorado (Denver, 1941); Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13.
87. Rocky Mountain News, Dec. 18, 1938; Silverton Standard, Nov. 26, 1937, Dec. 8, 1939; Pueblo Star Journal and Chieftain, Nov. 7, 1937; Leadville Herald Democrat, March 26, 1938, Oct. 26, 1939; Routt National Forest, Colorado (Denver, 1941); Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13.
88. Rocky Mountain News, Dec. 18, 1938; Silverton Standard, Nov. 26, 1937, Dec. 8, 1939; Pueblo Star Journal and Chieftain, Nov. 7, 1937; Leadville Herald Democrat, March 26, 1938, Oct. 26, 1939; Routt National Forest, Colorado (Denver, 1941); Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13.
89. Jakle, The Tourist, 59-61; Horace Sutton, Travelers: The American Tourist from Stagecoach to Space Shuttle (New York, 1980), 225-228; Polly Redford, BillionDollar Sandbar: A Biography of Miami Beach (New York, 1970); National Park Service, "Park Conservation: A Report on Park and Outdoor Recreational Resources in the United States for the Secretary of the Interior" (Jan. 28, 1946), 40-41, copy in possession of the author.
90. Jakle, The Tourist, 59-61; Horace Sutton, Travelers: The American Tourist from Stagecoach to Space Shuttle (New York, 1980), 225-228; Polly Redford, BillionDollar Sandbar: A Biography of Miami Beach (New York, 1970); National Park Service, "Park Conservation: A Report on Park and Outdoor Recreational Resources in the United States for the Secretary of the Interior" (Jan. 28, 1946), 40-41, copy in possession of the author.
91. Jakle, The Tourist, 59-61; Horace Sutton, Travelers: The American Tourist from Stagecoach to Space Shuttle (New York, 1980), 225-228; Polly Redford, BillionDollar Sandbar: A Biography of Miami Beach (New York, 1970); National Park Service, "Park Conservation: A Report on Park and Outdoor Recreational Resources in the United States for the Secretary of the Interior" (Jan. 28, 1946), 40-41, copy in possession of the author.
92. Dorice Taylor, Sun Valley (Sun Valley, 1980), 39-52; Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986 (New York, 1992), 221-233; Carlos A. Schwantes, In Mountain Shadows: A History of Idaho (Lincoln, 1991), 210-214; Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1840-1880 (New York, 1963), 144-149.
93. Dorice Taylor, Sun Valley (Sun Valley, 1980), 39-52; Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986 (New York, 1992), 221-233; Carlos A. Schwantes, In Mountain Shadows: A History of Idaho (Lincoln, 1991), 210-214; Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1840-1880 (New York, 1963), 144-149.
94. Dorice Taylor, Sun Valley (Sun Valley, 1980), 39-52; Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986 (New York, 1992), 221-233; Carlos A. Schwantes, In Mountain Shadows: A History of Idaho (Lincoln, 1991), 210-214; Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1840-1880 (New York, 1963), 144-149.
95. Dorice Taylor, Sun Valley (Sun Valley, 1980), 39-52; Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986 (New York, 1992), 221-233; Carlos A. Schwantes, In Mountain Shadows: A History of Idaho (Lincoln, 1991), 210-214; Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1840-1880 (New York, 1963), 144-149.
96. "East Goes West to Idaho's Sun Valley, Society's Newest Winter Playground," Life (March 8,1937), 20-27; Rocky Mountain News, Feb. 9, 1986, p. 72; Taylor, Sun Valley 45-46; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 222-230; A. Scott Berg, Goldwyn: A Biography (New York, 1989), 287.
97. "East Goes West to Idaho's Sun Valley, Society's Newest Winter Playground," Life (March 8,1937), 20-27; Rocky Mountain News, Feb. 9, 1986, p. 72; Taylor, Sun Valley 45-46; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 222-230; A. Scott Berg, Goldwyn: A Biography (New York, 1989), 287.
98. "East Goes West to Idaho's Sun Valley, Society's Newest Winter Playground," Life (March 8,1937), 20-27; Rocky Mountain News, Feb. 9, 1986, p. 72; Taylor, Sun Valley 45-46; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 222-230; A. Scott Berg, Goldwyn: A Biography (New York, 1989), 287.
99. "East Goes West to Idaho's Sun Valley, Society's Newest Winter Playground," Life (March 8,1937), 20-27; Rocky Mountain News, Feb. 9, 1986, p. 72; Taylor, Sun Valley 45-46; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 222-230; A. Scott Berg, Goldwyn: A Biography (New York, 1989), 287.
100. "East Goes West to Idaho's Sun Valley, Society's Newest Winter Playground," Life (March 8,1937), 20-27; Rocky Mountain News, Feb. 9, 1986, p. 72; Taylor, Sun Valley 45-46; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 222-230; A. Scott Berg, Goldwyn: A Biography (New York, 1989), 287.
101. Lloyd R. Arnold, Hemingway: High on the Wild (New York, 1968), 1-33; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 225-230.
102. Lloyd R. Arnold, Hemingway: High on the Wild (New York, 1968), 1-33; Abramson, Spanning the Century, 225-230.
103. Spend Your Vacation in Colorful Aspen Colorado (N.p., ca. 1927), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1920-1929, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), 153-156, 158-159; Donald C. Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, 1921-1933 (Berkeley, 1963), 137-138. For a history of the mining boom in Aspen, see Malcolm J. Rohrbaugh, Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879-1893 (New York, 1986) ; for a history of the so-called "quiet years," see Anne M. Gilbert, "Rural People with Connections: Farm and Ranch Families in the Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado" (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1992).
104. Spend Your Vacation in Colorful Aspen Colorado (N.p., ca. 1927), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1920-1929, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), 153-156, 158-159; Donald C. Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, 1921-1933 (Berkeley, 1963), 137-138. For a history of the mining boom in Aspen, see Malcolm J. Rohrbaugh, Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879-1893 (New York, 1986) ; for a history of the so-called "quiet years," see Anne M. Gilbert, "Rural People with Connections: Farm and Ranch Families in the Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado" (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1992).
105. Spend Your Vacation in Colorful Aspen Colorado (N.p., ca. 1927), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1920-1929, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), 153-156, 158-159; Donald C. Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, 1921-1933 (Berkeley, 1963), 137-138. For a history of the mining boom in Aspen, see Malcolm J. Rohrbaugh, Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879-1893 (New York, 1986) ; for a history of the so-called "quiet years," see Anne M. Gilbert, "Rural People with Connections: Farm and Ranch Families in the Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado" (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1992).
106. Spend Your Vacation in Colorful Aspen Colorado (N.p., ca. 1927), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1920-1929, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), 153-156, 158-159; Donald C. Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, 1921-1933 (Berkeley, 1963), 137-138. For a history of the mining boom in Aspen, see Malcolm J. Rohrbaugh, Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879-1893 (New York, 1986) ; for a history of the so-called "quiet years," see Anne M. Gilbert, "Rural People with Connections: Farm and Ranch Families in the Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado" (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1992).
107. Spend Your Vacation in Colorful Aspen Colorado (N.p., ca. 1927), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1920-1929, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service: A History (Seattle, 1976), 153-156, 158-159; Donald C. Swain, Federal Conservation Policy, 1921-1933 (Berkeley, 1963), 137-138. For a history of the mining boom in Aspen, see Malcolm J. Rohrbaugh, Aspen: The History of a Silver Mining Town, 1879-1893 (New York, 1986) ; for a history of the so-called "quiet years," see Anne M. Gilbert, "Rural People with Connections: Farm and Ranch Families in the Roaring Fork Valley, Colorado" (M.A. thesis, University of Colorado, 1992).
108. Robert Benchley, "How to Ski Aspen," Aspen Clippings, 1930-1939, subject file, Denver Public Library; Gunnison News-Champion, Dec. 2, 1937; Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western: Rebel of the Rockies (Lincoln, 1977), 158-164; F. Martin Brown, "Let's Aspen," n. d., F1, Thomas Flynn Papers, Denver Public Library; "Highland-Bavarian Lodge, Highland, Colorado," ibid.; Denver Post, April 4, 1937; Aspen Times, April 14, 1938. For the history of streamliners, see Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth-Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 (Philadelphia, 1979); Thomas Flynn to W. C. Tagert, Jan. 14, 1936(?), June 5, 1938; Flynn to K. G. Fuller, Dec. 8, 1938; Flynn to William S. Biddle, Dec. 12, 1938, all in FF24, Flynn Papers.
109. Robert Benchley, "How to Ski Aspen," Aspen Clippings, 1930-1939, subject file, Denver Public Library; Gunnison News-Champion, Dec. 2, 1937; Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western: Rebel of the Rockies (Lincoln, 1977), 158-164; F. Martin Brown, "Let's Aspen," n. d., F1, Thomas Flynn Papers, Denver Public Library; "Highland-Bavarian Lodge, Highland, Colorado," ibid.; Denver Post, April 4, 1937; Aspen Times, April 14, 1938. For the history of streamliners, see Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth-Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 (Philadelphia, 1979); Thomas Flynn to W. C. Tagert, Jan. 14, 1936(?), June 5, 1938; Flynn to K. G. Fuller, Dec. 8, 1938; Flynn to William S. Biddle, Dec. 12, 1938, all in FF24, Flynn Papers.
110. Robert Benchley, "How to Ski Aspen," Aspen Clippings, 1930-1939, subject file, Denver Public Library; Gunnison News-Champion, Dec. 2, 1937; Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western: Rebel of the Rockies (Lincoln, 1977), 158-164; F. Martin Brown, "Let's Aspen," n. d., F1, Thomas Flynn Papers, Denver Public Library; "Highland-Bavarian Lodge, Highland, Colorado," ibid.; Denver Post, April 4, 1937; Aspen Times, April 14, 1938. For the history of streamliners, see Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth-Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 (Philadelphia, 1979); Thomas Flynn to W. C. Tagert, Jan. 14, 1936(?), June 5, 1938; Flynn to K. G. Fuller, Dec. 8, 1938; Flynn to William S. Biddle, Dec. 12, 1938, all in FF24, Flynn Papers.
111. Robert Benchley, "How to Ski Aspen," Aspen Clippings, 1930-1939, subject file, Denver Public Library; Gunnison News-Champion, Dec. 2, 1937; Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western: Rebel of the Rockies (Lincoln, 1977), 158-164; F. Martin Brown, "Let's Aspen," n. d., F1, Thomas Flynn Papers, Denver Public Library; "Highland-Bavarian Lodge, Highland, Colorado," ibid.; Denver Post, April 4, 1937; Aspen Times, April 14, 1938. For the history of streamliners, see Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth-Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 (Philadelphia, 1979); Thomas Flynn to W. C. Tagert, Jan. 14, 1936(?), June 5, 1938; Flynn to K. G. Fuller, Dec. 8, 1938; Flynn to William S. Biddle, Dec. 12, 1938, all in FF24, Flynn Papers.
112. Robert Benchley, "How to Ski Aspen," Aspen Clippings, 1930-1939, subject file, Denver Public Library; Gunnison News-Champion, Dec. 2, 1937; Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western: Rebel of the Rockies (Lincoln, 1977), 158-164; F. Martin Brown, "Let's Aspen," n. d., F1, Thomas Flynn Papers, Denver Public Library; "Highland-Bavarian Lodge, Highland, Colorado," ibid.; Denver Post, April 4, 1937; Aspen Times, April 14, 1938. For the history of streamliners, see Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth-Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 (Philadelphia, 1979); Thomas Flynn to W. C. Tagert, Jan. 14, 1936(?), June 5, 1938; Flynn to K. G. Fuller, Dec. 8, 1938; Flynn to William S. Biddle, Dec. 12, 1938, all in FF24, Flynn Papers.
113. Robert Benchley, "How to Ski Aspen," Aspen Clippings, 1930-1939, subject file, Denver Public Library; Gunnison News-Champion, Dec. 2, 1937; Robert Athearn, The Denver and Rio Grande Western: Rebel of the Rockies (Lincoln, 1977), 158-164; F. Martin Brown, "Let's Aspen," n. d., F1, Thomas Flynn Papers, Denver Public Library; "Highland-Bavarian Lodge, Highland, Colorado," ibid.; Denver Post, April 4, 1937; Aspen Times, April 14, 1938. For the history of streamliners, see Jeffrey L. Meikle, Twentieth-Century Limited: Industrial Design in America, 1925-1939 (Philadelphia, 1979); Thomas Flynn to W. C. Tagert, Jan. 14, 1936(?), June 5, 1938; Flynn to K. G. Fuller, Dec. 8, 1938; Flynn to William S. Biddle, Dec. 12, 1938, all in FF24, Flynn Papers.
114. Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13, 54; Verna Noel Jones, "Downhill in Colorado: From Boat Tows to High Speed Lifts," Rocky Mountain News Sunday Magazine (Nov. 13, 1988), 17M-19M; Aspen Times, April 6, 1939; "Colorado Rockies Unsurpassed as Skiing Territory,Western Nyheter, Dec. 21, 1939.
115. Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13, 54; Verna Noel Jones, "Downhill in Colorado: From Boat Tows to High Speed Lifts," Rocky Mountain News Sunday Magazine (Nov. 13, 1988), 17M-19M; Aspen Times, April 6, 1939; "Colorado Rockies Unsurpassed as Skiing Territory,Western Nyheter, Dec. 21, 1939.
116. Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13, 54; Verna Noel Jones, "Downhill in Colorado: From Boat Tows to High Speed Lifts," Rocky Mountain News Sunday Magazine (Nov. 13, 1988), 17M-19M; Aspen Times, April 6, 1939; "Colorado Rockies Unsurpassed as Skiing Territory,Western Nyheter, Dec. 21, 1939.
117. Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 13, 54; Verna Noel Jones, "Downhill in Colorado: From Boat Tows to High Speed Lifts," Rocky Mountain News Sunday Magazine (Nov. 13, 1988), 17M-19M; Aspen Times, April 6, 1939; "Colorado Rockies Unsurpassed as Skiing Territory,Western Nyheter, Dec. 21, 1939.
118. Earl Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (New York, 1965), 366-367; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 209-211.
119. Earl Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (New York, 1965), 366-367; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 209-211.
120. Earl Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (New York, 1965), 366-367; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 209-211.
121. Leadville Herald Democrat, Oct. 26, 1939; Verna Noel Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M-19M.
122. Leadville Herald Democrat, Oct. 26, 1939; Verna Noel Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M-19M.
123. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
124. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
125. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
126. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
127. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
128. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
129. Monthly Reports, Grand Canyon National Park, Aug., Sept., and Oct., 1945, all in series 7, Grand Canyon, RG 79, NA; Eugene P. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno, 1989); Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade-and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 1960), 4-5, 12-15; Jakle, The Tourist, 185-198; Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune, XXXV (1947), 120-121; DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine, CCVII (1953), 49-52; Robert D. Baker, Robert S. Maxwell, Victor H. Treat, and Henry C. Dethloff, Timeless Heritage: A History of the Faresl Service in the Southwest (Washington, D.C., 1988), 59-68, 131-133; Foresta, American National Parks, 50-55.
130. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
131. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
132. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
133. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
134. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
135. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
136. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
137. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
138. H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., "Skiing Soldiers to Skiing Entrepreneurs: Development of the Western Ski Industry," 8-9, typescript, H. Benjamin Duke, Jr., Vail Associates Collection, Denver Public Library; Ski News, Dec. 1, 1945; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," Overland News, I (1958), 1-2; Runte, National Parks, 156-177; Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 123-130, 145-151; John Findlay, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992), 14-33; Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, 1990); Carl Abbott, The Metropolitan Frontier: Cities in the Modern American West (Tucson, 1993), 3-31.
139. Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10-12; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," 1-2.
140. Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10-12; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," 1-2.
141. Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10-12; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 17M; "Skiing Then and Now," 1-2.
142. Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 9; Bill Sonn, "The Life and Times of Aspen," Colorful Colorado Magazine, XII (1977), 6-10, 72-73; James Sloan Alien, The Romance of Commerce and Culture: Capitalism, Modernism and the Chicago-Aspen Crusade for Cultural Reform (Chicago, 1983).
143. Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 9; Bill Sonn, "The Life and Times of Aspen," Colorful Colorado Magazine, XII (1977), 6-10, 72-73; James Sloan Alien, The Romance of Commerce and Culture: Capitalism, Modernism and the Chicago-Aspen Crusade for Cultural Reform (Chicago, 1983).
144. Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 9; Bill Sonn, "The Life and Times of Aspen," Colorful Colorado Magazine, XII (1977), 6-10, 72-73; James Sloan Alien, The Romance of Commerce and Culture: Capitalism, Modernism and the Chicago-Aspen Crusade for Cultural Reform (Chicago, 1983).
145. Pitkin County: Year-Round Playground (N.p., 1940), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1940-1949, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Aspen Chamber of Commerce, Beethoven, the Brown Hackle, and the Schuss (N.p., 1949), promotional brochure, ibid.; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 4, 1968, 5C, pp. 1-5; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 38; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 18M-19M; Luke Short, "Nightmare in Lace Pants," Denver Post Empire Magazine (Oct. 22, 1950); Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10.
146. Pitkin County: Year-Round Playground (N.p., 1940), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1940-1949, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Aspen Chamber of Commerce, Beethoven, the Brown Hackle, and the Schuss (N.p., 1949), promotional brochure, ibid.; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 4, 1968, 5C, pp. 1-5; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 38; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 18M-19M; Luke Short, "Nightmare in Lace Pants," Denver Post Empire Magazine (Oct. 22, 1950); Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10.
147. Pitkin County: Year-Round Playground (N.p., 1940), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1940-1949, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Aspen Chamber of Commerce, Beethoven, the Brown Hackle, and the Schuss (N.p., 1949), promotional brochure, ibid.; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 4, 1968, 5C, pp. 1-5; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 38; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 18M-19M; Luke Short, "Nightmare in Lace Pants," Denver Post Empire Magazine (Oct. 22, 1950); Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10.
148. Pitkin County: Year-Round Playground (N.p., 1940), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1940-1949, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Aspen Chamber of Commerce, Beethoven, the Brown Hackle, and the Schuss (N.p., 1949), promotional brochure, ibid.; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 4, 1968, 5C, pp. 1-5; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 38; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 18M-19M; Luke Short, "Nightmare in Lace Pants," Denver Post Empire Magazine (Oct. 22, 1950); Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10.
149. Pitkin County: Year-Round Playground (N.p., 1940), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1940-1949, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Aspen Chamber of Commerce, Beethoven, the Brown Hackle, and the Schuss (N.p., 1949), promotional brochure, ibid.; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 4, 1968, 5C, pp. 1-5; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 38; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 18M-19M; Luke Short, "Nightmare in Lace Pants," Denver Post Empire Magazine (Oct. 22, 1950); Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10.
150. Pitkin County: Year-Round Playground (N.p., 1940), promotional brochure, Aspen Clippings, 1940-1949, Western History Department, Denver Public Library; Aspen Chamber of Commerce, Beethoven, the Brown Hackle, and the Schuss (N.p., 1949), promotional brochure, ibid.; Pueblo Chieftain, Feb. 4, 1968, 5C, pp. 1-5; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 38; Jones, "Downhill in Colorado," 18M-19M; Luke Short, "Nightmare in Lace Pants," Denver Post Empire Magazine (Oct. 22, 1950); Duke, "Skiing Soldiers," 10.
151. Rocky Mountain News, March 12, 1978, Sept. 4, 1988; New York Times, March 2, 1975; Denver Post, Jan. 20, 1963; Colorado Ski Country USA, Lift Tickets Issued (N.p., ca. 1972), Steven Knowlton Collection, Denver Public Library; Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (Niwot, Colo., 1982), 317; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 43.
152. Rocky Mountain News, March 12, 1978, Sept. 4, 1988; New York Times, March 2, 1975; Denver Post, Jan. 20, 1963; Colorado Ski Country USA, Lift Tickets Issued (N.p., ca. 1972), Steven Knowlton Collection, Denver Public Library; Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (Niwot, Colo., 1982), 317; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 43.
153. Rocky Mountain News, March 12, 1978, Sept. 4, 1988; New York Times, March 2, 1975; Denver Post, Jan. 20, 1963; Colorado Ski Country USA, Lift Tickets Issued (N.p., ca. 1972), Steven Knowlton Collection, Denver Public Library; Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (Niwot, Colo., 1982), 317; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 43.
154. Rocky Mountain News, March 12, 1978, Sept. 4, 1988; New York Times, March 2, 1975; Denver Post, Jan. 20, 1963; Colorado Ski Country USA, Lift Tickets Issued (N.p., ca. 1972), Steven Knowlton Collection, Denver Public Library; Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (Niwot, Colo., 1982), 317; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 43.
155. Rocky Mountain News, March 12, 1978, Sept. 4, 1988; New York Times, March 2, 1975; Denver Post, Jan. 20, 1963; Colorado Ski Country USA, Lift Tickets Issued (N.p., ca. 1972), Steven Knowlton Collection, Denver Public Library; Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (Niwot, Colo., 1982), 317; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 43.
156. Rocky Mountain News, March 12, 1978, Sept. 4, 1988; New York Times, March 2, 1975; Denver Post, Jan. 20, 1963; Colorado Ski Country USA, Lift Tickets Issued (N.p., ca. 1972), Steven Knowlton Collection, Denver Public Library; Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and David McComb, Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (Niwot, Colo., 1982), 317; Meyers, Colorado Ski Country, 43.
157. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
158. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
159. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
160. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
161. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
162. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
163. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
164. Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle, 1988); Cox, "Before the Casino: James G. Scrugham, State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 333-350; Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 129-173; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, America's Highways, 1776-1976: A History of the Federal Aid Program (Washington, D.C., 1977); Jakle, The Tourist, 123-125; Michael Wallis, Route 66: The Mother Road (New York, 1990); Quinta Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, Route 66 (Norman, 1988); Virginia Scharff, Taking the Wheel: Women and the Coming of the Motor Age (New York, 1991). There had been federal efforts to pave roads across western states prior to the New Deal. The Federal Highway Act of 1916 allowed for a 50-50 split between state and federal funds; the Highway Act of 1921 changed the ratio to 84-16, and the Oddie-Colten Highway Act of 1927 had the federal government paying all of the cost across federal lands and Indian reservations.
165. John M. Findlay, People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (New York, 1986), 111-116; Moehring, Las Vegas, 41, 68; Richard Lilliard, Desert Challenge: An Interpretation of Nevada (New York, 1942), 335-376; Russell R. Elliott with William D. Rowley, History of Nevada (2d. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 284-285; Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York, 1991), 135-144. For a community study of another "division
166. John M. Findlay, People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (New York, 1986), 111-116; Moehring, Las Vegas, 41, 68; Richard Lilliard, Desert Challenge: An Interpretation of Nevada (New York, 1942), 335-376; Russell R. Elliott with William D. Rowley, History of Nevada (2d. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 284-285; Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York, 1991), 135-144. For a community study of another "division point" on a railroad, see Paxton P. Price, "The Railroad, Rincon, and the River," New Mexico Historical Review, LXV (1990), 437-454.
167. John M. Findlay, People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (New York, 1986), 111-116; Moehring, Las Vegas, 41, 68; Richard Lilliard, Desert Challenge: An Interpretation of Nevada (New York, 1942), 335-376; Russell R. Elliott with William D. Rowley, History of Nevada (2d. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 284-285; Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York, 1991), 135-144. For a community study of another "division point" on a railroad, see Paxton P. Price, "The Railroad, Rincon, and the River," New Mexico Historical Review, LXV (1990), 437-454.
168. John M. Findlay, People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (New York, 1986), 111-116; Moehring, Las Vegas, 41, 68; Richard Lilliard, Desert Challenge: An Interpretation of Nevada (New York, 1942), 335-376; Russell R. Elliott with William D. Rowley, History of Nevada (2d. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 284-285; Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York, 1991), 135-144. For a community study of another "division point" on a railroad, see Paxton P. Price, "The Railroad, Rincon, and the River," New Mexico Historical Review, LXV (1990), 437-454.
169. John M. Findlay, People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (New York, 1986), 111-116; Moehring, Las Vegas, 41, 68; Richard Lilliard, Desert Challenge: An Interpretation of Nevada (New York, 1942), 335-376; Russell R. Elliott with William D. Rowley, History of Nevada (2d. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 284-285; Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York, 1991), 135-144. For a community study of another "division point" on a railroad, see Paxton P. Price, "The Railroad, Rincon, and the River," New Mexico Historical Review, LXV (1990), 437-454.
170. John M. Findlay, People of Chance: Gambling in American Society from Jamestown to Las Vegas (New York, 1986), 111-116; Moehring, Las Vegas, 41, 68; Richard Lilliard, Desert Challenge: An Interpretation of Nevada (New York, 1942), 335-376; Russell R. Elliott with William D. Rowley, History of Nevada (2d. ed., Lincoln, 1987), 284-285; Glenda Riley, Divorce: An American Tradition (New York, 1991), 135-144. For a community study of another "division point" on a railroad, see Paxton P. Price, "The Railroad, Rincon, and the River," New Mexico Historical Review, LXV (1990), 437-454.
171. Findlay, People of Chance, 115-117; Alan Hess, Viva Las Vegas: After-Hours Architecture (San Francisco, 1993), 14-26.
172. Findlay, People of Chance, 115-117; Alan Hess, Viva Las Vegas: After-Hours Architecture (San Francisco, 1993), 14-26.
173. Findlay, People of Chance, 122-126; Moehring, Las Vegas, 42-43; Perry Kaufman, "The Best City of Them All: A History of Las Vegas, 1930-1960" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1974), 189-190.
174. Findlay, People of Chance, 122-126; Moehring, Las Vegas, 42-43; Perry Kaufman, "The Best City of Them All: A History of Las Vegas, 1930-1960" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1974), 189-190.
175. Findlay, People of Chance, 122-126; Moehring, Las Vegas, 42-43; Perry Kaufman, "The Best City of Them All: A History of Las Vegas, 1930-1960" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1974), 189-190.
176. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 43-44; Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 4, 1941; Georg Stamos, "The Great Resorts of Las Vegas and How They Began," Las Vegas Sun Magazine (April 1, 1979), 6-10; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 26-32; Kaufman, "The Best City," 170-172.
177. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 43-44; Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 4, 1941; Georg Stamos, "The Great Resorts of Las Vegas and How They Began," Las Vegas Sun Magazine (April 1, 1979), 6-10; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 26-32; Kaufman, "The Best City," 170-172.
178. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 43-44; Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 4, 1941; Georg Stamos, "The Great Resorts of Las Vegas and How They Began," Las Vegas Sun Magazine (April 1, 1979), 6-10; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 26-32; Kaufman, "The Best City," 170-172.
179. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 43-44; Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 4, 1941; Georg Stamos, "The Great Resorts of Las Vegas and How They Began," Las Vegas Sun Magazine (April 1, 1979), 6-10; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 26-32; Kaufman, "The Best City," 170-172.
180. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 43-44; Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 4, 1941; Georg Stamos, "The Great Resorts of Las Vegas and How They Began," Las Vegas Sun Magazine (April 1, 1979), 6-10; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 26-32; Kaufman, "The Best City," 170-172.
181. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 44-46; Findlay, People of Chance, 124-128; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 32-33; Findlay, Magic Lands, 27-28, 65-70.
182. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 44-46; Findlay, People of Chance, 124-128; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 32-33; Findlay, Magic Lands, 27-28, 65-70.
183. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 44-46; Findlay, People of Chance, 124-128; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 32-33; Findlay, Magic Lands, 27-28, 65-70.
184. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 44-46; Findlay, People of Chance, 124-128; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 32-33; Findlay, Magic Lands, 27-28, 65-70.
185. Uri Dan, Dennis Eisenberg, and Eli Landau, Meyer Lansky: Mogul of the Mob (New York, 1979); Peter Wiley and Robert Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun: The Rise of the New American West (New York, 1982), 191.
186. Uri Dan, Dennis Eisenberg, and Eli Landau, Meyer Lansky: Mogul of the Mob (New York, 1979); Peter Wiley and Robert Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun: The Rise of the New American West (New York, 1982), 191.
187. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 47-49; Findlay, People of Chance, 163-164; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 38-46; Wiley and Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun, 191.
188. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 47-49; Findlay, People of Chance, 163-164; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 38-46; Wiley and Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun, 191.
189. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 47-49; Findlay, People of Chance, 163-164; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 38-46; Wiley and Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun, 191.
190. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 47-49; Findlay, People of Chance, 163-164; Hess, Viva Las Vegas, 38-46; Wiley and Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun, 191.
191. Kenneth Hudson, Air Travel: A Social History (Totowa, N.J., 1980); Sutton, Travelers, 247-260; Jakle, The Tourist, 176-184.
192. Kenneth Hudson, Air Travel: A Social History (Totowa, N.J., 1980); Sutton, Travelers, 247-260; Jakle, The Tourist, 176-184.
193. Kenneth Hudson, Air Travel: A Social History (Totowa, N.J., 1980); Sutton, Travelers, 247-260; Jakle, The Tourist, 176-184.
194. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 238. Findlay, People of Chance, 134, 137, 138-139, suggests that Las Vegas "amounted to little more than another subdivision of metropolitan Los Angeles" because before 1960 "Southern Californians amounted to between three-fifths and three-fourths of all visitors to Las Vegas," while also arguing that Las Vegas "demonstrat[ed] its nationwide popularity" in the same time period as the "futuristic strip captured the imaginations of Americans." By the 1970s, Californians and the westerners made up a significantly smaller percentage of Las Vegas visitors. The lowest years for California visitation were 1979, when approximately thirty-one percent of visitors reported Golden State addresses, and 1988 when the total was twenty-nine percent. See Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study (Las Vegas, 1975-1990); Nevada State Highway Department, Nevada Out-of-State Visitor Survey (Carson City, Nev., 1963).
195. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 238. Findlay, People of Chance, 134, 137, 138-139, suggests that Las Vegas "amounted to little more than another subdivision of metropolitan Los Angeles" because before 1960 "Southern Californians amounted to between three-fifths and three-fourths of all visitors to Las Vegas," while also arguing that Las Vegas "demonstrat[ed] its nationwide popularity" in the same time period as the "futuristic strip captured the imaginations of Americans." By the 1970s, Californians and the westerners made up a significantly smaller percentage of Las Vegas visitors. The lowest years for California visitation were 1979, when approximately thirty-one percent of visitors reported Golden State addresses, and 1988 when the total was twenty-nine percent. See Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study (Las Vegas, 1975-1990); Nevada State Highway Department, Nevada Out-of-State Visitor Survey (Carson City, Nev., 1963).
196. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 238. Findlay, People of Chance, 134, 137, 138-139, suggests that Las Vegas "amounted to little more than another subdivision of metropolitan Los Angeles" because before 1960 "Southern Californians amounted to between three-fifths and three-fourths of all visitors to Las Vegas," while also arguing that Las Vegas "demonstrat[ed] its nationwide popularity" in the same time period as the "futuristic strip captured the imaginations of Americans." By the 1970s, Californians and the westerners made up a significantly smaller percentage of Las Vegas visitors. The lowest years for California visitation were 1979, when approximately thirty-one percent of visitors reported Golden State addresses, and 1988 when the total was twenty-nine percent. See Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study (Las Vegas, 1975-1990); Nevada State Highway Department, Nevada Out-of-State Visitor Survey (Carson City, Nev., 1963).
197. Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 238. Findlay, People of Chance, 134, 137, 138-139, suggests that Las Vegas "amounted to little more than another subdivision of metropolitan Los Angeles" because before 1960 "Southern Californians amounted to between three-fifths and three-fourths of all visitors to Las Vegas," while also arguing that Las Vegas "demonstrat[ed] its nationwide popularity" in the same time period as the "futuristic strip captured the imaginations of Americans." By the 1970s, Californians and the westerners made up a significantly smaller percentage of Las Vegas visitors. The lowest years for California visitation were 1979, when approximately thirty-one percent of visitors reported Golden State addresses, and 1988 when the total was twenty-nine percent. See Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study (Las Vegas, 1975-1990); Nevada State Highway Department, Nevada Out-of-State Visitor Survey (Carson City, Nev., 1963).
198. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 35-38, 95-96, 135-166; Elliott, History of Nevada, 333-336; Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 86-87, 243-244. Most who work in the hotel and casino industry attribute their high wages to unionization. Even non-unionized resorts pay well; owners and managers are often prepared to pay higher than union scale and to offer more benefits to keep unions out. Interviews with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Robert Guebard, Nov. 22, 1993; Cathleen Dooley Loucks, Nov. 18, 1993; and Paul Schmitt, Nov. 17, 1993. See also Las Vegas Review Journal, May 12, 1989.
199. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 35-38, 95-96, 135-166; Elliott, History of Nevada, 333-336; Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 86-87, 243-244. Most who work in the hotel and casino industry attribute their high wages to unionization. Even non-unionized resorts pay well; owners and managers are often prepared to pay higher than union scale and to offer more benefits to keep unions out. Interviews with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Robert Guebard, Nov. 22, 1993; Cathleen Dooley Loucks, Nov. 18, 1993; and Paul Schmitt, Nov. 17, 1993. See also Las Vegas Review Journal, May 12, 1989.
200. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 35-38, 95-96, 135-166; Elliott, History of Nevada, 333-336; Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 86-87, 243-244. Most who work in the hotel and casino industry attribute their high wages to unionization. Even non-unionized resorts pay well; owners and managers are often prepared to pay higher than union scale and to offer more benefits to keep unions out. Interviews with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Robert Guebard, Nov. 22, 1993; Cathleen Dooley Loucks, Nov. 18, 1993; and Paul Schmitt, Nov. 17, 1993. See also Las Vegas Review Journal, May 12, 1989.
201. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 35-38, 95-96, 135-166; Elliott, History of Nevada, 333-336; Moehring, Resort City in the Sun Belt, 86-87, 243-244. Most who work in the hotel and casino industry attribute their high wages to unionization. Even non-unionized resorts pay well; owners and managers are often prepared to pay higher than union scale and to offer more benefits to keep unions out. Interviews with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Robert Guebard, Nov. 22, 1993; Cathleen Dooley Loucks, Nov. 18, 1993; and Paul Schmitt, Nov. 17, 1993. See also Las Vegas Review Journal, May 12, 1989.
202. Findlay, People of Chance, 142-143, 201-202, 205-208; David Rich Lewis, "Still Native: The Significance of Native Americans in the History of the Twentieth-Century West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 215; "Indian Gaming: Law and Legislation," NARF Legal Review, X (1985), 1-5; Wall Street Journal, Aug. 5, 1991.
203. Findlay, People of Chance, 142-143, 201-202, 205-208; David Rich Lewis, "Still Native: The Significance of Native Americans in the History of the Twentieth-Century West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 215; "Indian Gaming: Law and Legislation," NARF Legal Review, X (1985), 1-5; Wall Street Journal, Aug. 5, 1991.
204. Findlay, People of Chance, 142-143, 201-202, 205-208; David Rich Lewis, "Still Native: The Significance of Native Americans in the History of the Twentieth-Century West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 215; "Indian Gaming: Law and Legislation," NARF Legal Review, X (1985), 1-5; Wall Street Journal, Aug. 5, 1991.
205. Findlay, People of Chance, 142-143, 201-202, 205-208; David Rich Lewis, "Still Native: The Significance of Native Americans in the History of the Twentieth-Century West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 215; "Indian Gaming: Law and Legislation," NARF Legal Review, X (1985), 1-5; Wall Street Journal, Aug. 5, 1991.
206. Drexel Burnham Lambert Research, "Circus Circus Enterprises," April 9, 1984; "Souvenir Program and Guide, Circus Circus Casino, Las Vegas," ca 1971, both in Circus Circus Collection, Special Collections, James Dickinson Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; interview with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Las Vegas Sun, July 22, 1984, Oct. 17, 1993. Circus Circus's occupancy rate is consistently above ninety-nine percent.
207. Drexel Burnham Lambert Research, "Circus Circus Enterprises," April 9, 1984; "Souvenir Program and Guide, Circus Circus Casino, Las Vegas," ca 1971, both in Circus Circus Collection, Special Collections, James Dickinson Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; interview with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Las Vegas Sun, July 22, 1984, Oct. 17, 1993. Circus Circus's occupancy rate is consistently above ninety-nine percent.
208. Drexel Burnham Lambert Research, "Circus Circus Enterprises," April 9, 1984; "Souvenir Program and Guide, Circus Circus Casino, Las Vegas," ca 1971, both in Circus Circus Collection, Special Collections, James Dickinson Library, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; interview with Joyce Marshall, Oct. 23, 1993; Las Vegas Sun, July 22, 1984, Oct. 17, 1993. Circus Circus's occupancy rate is consistently above ninety-nine percent.
209. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 17-59; Dial Torgerson, Kerkorian: An American Success Story (New York, 1974); Susan Could, "Kirk Kerkorian," Signature, IV (1969), 1-5; Las Vegas Review Journal, Jan. 23 and Nov. 13, 1983; Oct. 30, 1986; March 1, May 28, June 16, Nov. 20, 1987; Dec. 10, 1988; March 22, Oct. 1, 12, 27, 29, 1989; Nov. 20, 22, 23, Dec. 7,22, 1989; April 8, May 16, Oct. 7 and 8, 1991; April 7, 1992.
210. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 17-59; Dial Torgerson, Kerkorian: An American Success Story (New York, 1974); Susan Could, "Kirk Kerkorian," Signature, IV (1969), 1-5; Las Vegas Review Journal, Jan. 23 and Nov. 13, 1983; Oct. 30, 1986; March 1, May 28, June 16, Nov. 20, 1987; Dec. 10, 1988; March 22, Oct. 1, 12, 27, 29, 1989; Nov. 20, 22, 23, Dec. 7,22, 1989; April 8, May 16, Oct. 7 and 8, 1991; April 7, 1992.
211. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 17-59; Dial Torgerson, Kerkorian: An American Success Story (New York, 1974); Susan Could, "Kirk Kerkorian," Signature, IV (1969), 1-5; Las Vegas Review Journal, Jan. 23 and Nov. 13, 1983; Oct. 30, 1986; March 1, May 28, June 16, Nov. 20, 1987; Dec. 10, 1988; March 22, Oct. 1, 12, 27, 29, 1989; Nov. 20, 22, 23, Dec. 7,22, 1989; April 8, May 16, Oct. 7 and 8, 1991; April 7, 1992.
212. Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 17-59; Dial Torgerson, Kerkorian: An American Success Story (New York, 1974); Susan Could, "Kirk Kerkorian," Signature, IV (1969), 1-5; Las Vegas Review Journal, Jan. 23 and Nov. 13, 1983; Oct. 30, 1986; March 1, May 28, June 16, Nov. 20, 1987; Dec. 10, 1988; March 22, Oct. 1, 12, 27, 29, 1989; Nov. 20, 22, 23, Dec. 7,22, 1989; April 8, May 16, Oct. 7 and 8, 1991; April 7, 1992.
213. Las Vegas Review journal, Sept. 23, 1988, Nov. 11, 1989, Dec. 22, 1991, Aug. 27, 1992, Jan. 31 and Aug. 22, 1993; Jeff Rubio, "Las Vegas: A Sure Bet for the Entire Family," Hemisphere (1993), 119-121; Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 83-85, 99-101. The analysis of the major hotels and their themes is courtesy of Gene Moehring (copy in possession of author).
214. Las Vegas Review journal, Sept. 23, 1988, Nov. 11, 1989, Dec. 22, 1991, Aug. 27, 1992, Jan. 31 and Aug. 22, 1993; Jeff Rubio, "Las Vegas: A Sure Bet for the Entire Family," Hemisphere (1993), 119-121; Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 83-85, 99-101. The analysis of the major hotels and their themes is courtesy of Gene Moehring (copy in possession of author).
215. Las Vegas Review journal, Sept. 23, 1988, Nov. 11, 1989, Dec. 22, 1991, Aug. 27, 1992, Jan. 31 and Aug. 22, 1993; Jeff Rubio, "Las Vegas: A Sure Bet for the Entire Family," Hemisphere (1993), 119-121; Spanier, Welcome to the Pleasuredome, 83-85, 99-101. The analysis of the major hotels and their themes is courtesy of Gene Moehring (copy in possession of author).
216. Findlay, People of Chance, 110-135, 157, 163; Richard O. Davies, The Age of Asphalt: The Automobile, the Freeway, and the Condition of Metropolitan America (New York, 1975); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 218-232.
217. Findlay, People of Chance, 110-135, 157, 163; Richard O. Davies, The Age of Asphalt: The Automobile, the Freeway, and the Condition of Metropolitan America (New York, 1975); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 218-232.
218. Findlay, People of Chance, 110-135, 157, 163; Richard O. Davies, The Age of Asphalt: The Automobile, the Freeway, and the Condition of Metropolitan America (New York, 1975); Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West, 218-232.