메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 107-114

Group A streptococcal disease in the 1990s: New clues to pathogenesis

Author keywords

Capsular polysaccharide; Group A streptococcus; Hyaluronic acid; M protein; Necrotizing fasciitis; Pyrogenic exotoxin; Rheumatic fever; Streptococcus pyogenes; Toxic shock syndrome

Indexed keywords


EID: 0000669401     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1201-9712(96)90064-8     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (9)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0028183240 scopus 로고
    • Superbug stars in media-made epidemic
    • Pini P. Superbug stars in media-made epidemic. Lancet 1994; 343:1376-1377.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 1376-1377
    • Pini, P.1
  • 2
    • 84882879888 scopus 로고
    • Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis
    • Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG. Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. Lancet 1994; 344:556.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 556
    • Descamps, V.1    Aitken, J.2    Lee, M.G.3
  • 3
    • 2842557962 scopus 로고
    • London: Heinemann, for Harvard University Press
    • Hippocrates. Epidemics. Vol I London: Heinemann, for Harvard University Press, 1957:24-43.
    • (1957) Hippocrates. Epidemics , vol.1 , pp. 24-43
  • 4
    • 0026530698 scopus 로고
    • Severe streptococcal infection in historical perspective
    • Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infection in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:298-307.
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 298-307
    • Katz, A.R.1    Morens, D.M.2
  • 5
    • 0023846067 scopus 로고
    • Penicillin and the marked decrease in morbidity and mortality from rheumatic fever in the United States
    • Massell B, Chute C, Walker A, Kurland G. Penicillin and the marked decrease in morbidity and mortality from rheumatic fever in the United States. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:280-286.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , pp. 280-286
    • Massell, B.1    Chute, C.2    Walker, A.3    Kurland, G.4
  • 6
    • 0023096263 scopus 로고
    • Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States
    • Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1298-1315.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 1298-1315
    • Veasy, L.G.1    Wiedmeier, S.E.2    Orsmond, G.S.3
  • 8
    • 0023772261 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of mucoid M-18 Streptococcus pyogenes in a central Ohio pediatric population
    • Marcon MJ, Hribar MM, Hosier DM, et al. Occurrence of mucoid M-18 Streptococcus pyogenes in a central Ohio pediatric population. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:1539-1542.
    • (1988) J Clin Microbiol , vol.26 , pp. 1539-1542
    • Marcon, M.J.1    Hribar, M.M.2    Hosier, D.M.3
  • 9
    • 0025240388 scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in Tennessee
    • Westlake R, Graham T, Edwards K. An outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in Tennessee. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9(1):97-100.
    • (1990) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-100
    • Westlake, R.1    Graham, T.2    Edwards, K.3
  • 10
    • 0023219580 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and bacteriologic observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Cone LA, Woodard DR, Schlievert PM, Tomory GS. Clinical and bacteriologic observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:146-149.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 146-149
    • Cone, L.A.1    Woodard, D.R.2    Schlievert, P.M.3    Tomory, G.S.4
  • 11
    • 0024340460 scopus 로고
    • Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A
    • Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1-8
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 1-8
    • Stevens, D.L.1    Tanner, M.H.2    Winship, J.3
  • 12
    • 0027506870 scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome
    • Hoge CW, Schwartz B, Talkington DF, Breiman RF, MacNeill EM, Englender SJ. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. JAMA 1993, 269:384-389.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 384-389
    • Hoge, C.W.1    Schwartz, B.2    Talkington, D.F.3    Breiman, R.F.4    MacNeill, E.M.5    Englender, S.J.6
  • 13
    • 0028856117 scopus 로고
    • Increasing severity of invasive group A streptococcal disease in Australia: Clinical and molecular epidemiological features and identification of a new virulent M-nontypeable clone
    • Carapetis J, Robins-Browne R, Martin D, Shelby-James T, Hogg G. Increasing severity of invasive group A streptococcal disease in Australia: clinical and molecular epidemiological features and identification of a new virulent M-nontypeable clone. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1220-1227.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 1220-1227
    • Carapetis, J.1    Robins-Browne, R.2    Martin, D.3    Shelby-James, T.4    Hogg, G.5
  • 15
    • 0029009843 scopus 로고
    • Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis complicating primary varicella: A series of fourteen patients
    • Brogan TV, Nizet V, Waldhausen JHT, Rubens CE, Clarke WR. Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis complicating primary varicella: a series of fourteen patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14.588-594.
    • (1995) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.14 , pp. 588-594
    • Brogan, T.V.1    Nizet, V.2    Waldhausen, J.H.T.3    Rubens, C.E.4    Clarke, W.R.5
  • 16
    • 0029360659 scopus 로고
    • Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia: Historical overview, changing inci- Dence, and recent association with varicella
    • Doctor A, Harper MB, Fleisher GR. Group A β-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia: historical overview, changing inci- dence, and recent association with varicella. Pediatrics 1995; 96:428-433.
    • (1995) Pediatrics , vol.96 , pp. 428-433
    • Doctor, A.1    Harper, M.B.2    Fleisher, G.R.3
  • 17
    • 0030051365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive group A steptococcal infections in children with varicella in southern California
    • Vugia DJ, Peterson CL, Meyers HB, et al. Invasive group A steptococcal infections in children with varicella in southern California. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:145-150.
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.15 , pp. 145-150
    • Vugia, D.J.1    Peterson, C.L.2    Meyers, H.B.3
  • 18
    • 0001197006 scopus 로고
    • Current knowledge of the type specific M antigens of group A streptococci
    • Lancefield RC. Current knowledge of the type specific M antigens of group A streptococci. J Immunol 1962; 89:307-313.
    • (1962) J Immunol , vol.89 , pp. 307-313
    • Lancefield, R.C.1
  • 19
    • 0017647716 scopus 로고
    • Purification and properties of M protein extracted from group A streptococci with pepsin: Covalent structure of the amino terminal region of type 24 M antigen
    • Beachey EH, Stollerman GH, Chiang EY, Chiang TM, Seyer JM, Kang AH. Purification and properties of M protein extracted from group A streptococci with pepsin: covalent structure of the amino terminal region of type 24 M antigen. J Exp Med 1977; 145:1469-1483.
    • (1977) J Exp Med , vol.145 , pp. 1469-1483
    • Beachey, E.H.1    Stollerman, G.H.2    Chiang, E.Y.3    Chiang, T.M.4    Seyer, J.M.5    Kang, A.H.6
  • 20
    • 0018890664 scopus 로고
    • Studies on group A streptococcal M-proteins. purification of type 5 M-protein and comparison of its amino terminal sequence with two immunologically unrelated M-protein molecules
    • Manjula BN, Fischetti VA. Studies on group A streptococcal M-proteins. purification of type 5 M-protein and comparison of its amino terminal sequence with two immunologically unrelated M-protein molecules. J Immunol 1980; 124:261-267.
    • (1980) J Immunol , vol.124 , pp. 261-267
    • Manjula, B.N.1    Fischetti, V.A.2
  • 21
    • 0024412074 scopus 로고
    • Streptococcal M protein: Molecular design and biological behavior
    • Fischetti VA. Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989; 2:285-314.
    • (1989) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.2 , pp. 285-314
    • Fischetti, V.A.1
  • 22
    • 0343017792 scopus 로고
    • Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: Selective binding of complement control protein factor H
    • Horstmann RD, Sievertsen HJ, Knobloch J, Fischetti VA. Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: selective binding of complement control protein factor H. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:1657-1661.
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.85 , pp. 1657-1661
    • Horstmann, R.D.1    Sievertsen, H.J.2    Knobloch, J.3    Fischetti, V.A.4
  • 23
    • 0028916290 scopus 로고
    • Role of the conserved C-repeat region of the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Perez-Casal J, Okada N, Caparon MG, Scott JR. Role of the conserved C-repeat region of the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15:907-916.
    • (1995) Mol Microbiol , vol.15 , pp. 907-916
    • Perez-Casal, J.1    Okada, N.2    Caparon, M.G.3    Scott, J.R.4
  • 24
    • 0020052104 scopus 로고
    • Antiopsonic activity of fibrinogen bound to M protein on the surface of group A streptococci
    • Whitnack E, Beachey EH. Antiopsonic activity of fibrinogen bound to M protein on the surface of group A streptococci. J Clin Invest 1982; 69:1042-1045.
    • (1982) J Clin Invest , vol.69 , pp. 1042-1045
    • Whitnack, E.1    Beachey, E.H.2
  • 25
    • 0020075242 scopus 로고
    • Restricted deposition of C3 on M+ group A streptococci: Correlation with resistance to phagocytosis
    • Jacks-Weis J, Kim Y, Cleary PP. Restricted deposition of C3 on M+ group A streptococci: correlation with resistance to phagocytosis. J Immunol 1982; 128(4):1897-1902.
    • (1982) J Immunol , vol.128 , Issue.4 , pp. 1897-1902
    • Jacks-Weis, J.1    Kim, Y.2    Cleary, P.P.3
  • 26
    • 0029922220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyaluronate capsule and surface M protein in resistance to opsonization of group A streptococci
    • Dale JB, Washburn RG, Marques MB, Wessels MR. Hyaluronate capsule and surface M protein in resistance to opsonization of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1495-1501.
    • (1996) Infect Immun , vol.64 , pp. 1495-1501
    • Dale, J.B.1    Washburn, R.G.2    Marques, M.B.3    Wessels, M.R.4
  • 28
    • 0027394334 scopus 로고
    • Three different types of organization of the vir regulon in group A streptococci
    • Podbielski A. Three different types of organization of the vir regulon in group A streptococci. Mol Gen Genet 1993; 237:287-300.
    • (1993) Mol Gen Genet , vol.237 , pp. 287-300
    • Podbielski, A.1
  • 29
    • 0027174042 scopus 로고
    • Structural heterogeneity of the emm gene cluster in group A streptococci
    • Hollingshead SK, Readdy TL, Yung DL, Bessen DE. Structural heterogeneity of the emm gene cluster in group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol 1993; 8:707-717.
    • (1993) Mol Microbiol , vol.8 , pp. 707-717
    • Hollingshead, S.K.1    Readdy, T.L.2    Yung, D.L.3    Bessen, D.E.4
  • 30
    • 0022406656 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of the group A streptococcal C5a inactivator
    • Wexler DE, Chenoweth ED, Cleary PP. Mechanism of action of the group A streptococcal C5a inactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:8144-8148.
    • (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.82 , pp. 8144-8148
    • Wexler, D.E.1    Chenoweth, E.D.2    Cleary, P.P.3
  • 31
    • 9044220226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C5a peptidase alters clearance and trafficking of group A streptococci by infected mice
    • Ji Y, McLandsborough L, Kondagunta A, Cleary PP. C5a peptidase alters clearance and trafficking of group A streptococci by infected mice. Infect Immun 1996; 64:503-510.
    • (1996) Infect Immun , vol.64 , pp. 503-510
    • Ji, Y.1    McLandsborough, L.2    Kondagunta, A.3    Cleary, P.P.4
  • 32
    • 0025190287 scopus 로고
    • Coregulation of type 12 M protein and streptococcal C5a peptidase genes in group A streptococci: Evidence for a virulence regulon controlled by the virR locus
    • Simpson WJ, LaPenta D, Chen C, Cleary PP Coregulation of type 12 M protein and streptococcal C5a peptidase genes in group A streptococci: evidence for a virulence regulon controlled by the virR locus. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:696-700.
    • (1990) J Bacteriol , vol.172 , pp. 696-700
    • Simpson, W.J.1    Lapenta, D.2    Chen, C.3    Cleary, P.P.4
  • 33
    • 0025865798 scopus 로고
    • Mry, a trans-acting positive regulator of the M protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes with similarity to the receptor proteins of two-component regulatory systems
    • Perez-Casal J, Caparon MG, Scott JR. Mry, a trans-acting positive regulator of the M protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes with similarity to the receptor proteins of two-component regulatory systems. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:2617-2624.
    • (1991) J Bacteriol , vol.173 , pp. 2617-2624
    • Perez-Casal, J.1    Caparon, M.G.2    Scott, J.R.3
  • 34
    • 0027413670 scopus 로고
    • Positive transcriptional control of mry regulates virulence in the group A streptococcus
    • Okada N, Geist RT, Caparon MG. Positive transcriptional control of mry regulates virulence in the group A streptococcus. Mol Microbiol 1993; 7:893-903.
    • (1993) Mol Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 893-903
    • Okada, N.1    Geist, R.T.2    Caparon, M.G.3
  • 35
    • 0028857768 scopus 로고
    • Specific binding of the activator Mga to promoter sequences of the emm and scpA genes in the group A streptococcus
    • McIver KS, Heath AS. Green BD, Scott JR. Specific binding of the activator Mga to promoter sequences of the emm and scpA genes in the group A streptococcus. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6619-6624.
    • (1995) J Bacteriol , vol.177 , pp. 6619-6624
    • McIver, K.S.1    Heath, A.S.2    Green, B.D.3    Scott, J.R.4
  • 36
    • 0026595486 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequences of two adjacent M or M-like protein genes of group A streptococci: Different RNA transcript levels and identification of a unique immunoglobulin A-binding protein
    • Bessen DE, Fischetti VA. Nucleotide sequences of two adjacent M or M-like protein genes of group A streptococci: different RNA transcript levels and identification of a unique immunoglobulin A-binding protein. Infect Immun 1992; 60:124-135.
    • (1992) Infect Immun , vol.60 , pp. 124-135
    • Bessen, D.E.1    Fischetti, V.A.2
  • 37
    • 0028255981 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of genes encoding two unique type IIa immunoglobulin G-binding proteins expressed by a single group A streptococcal isolate
    • Boyle MDP, Hawlitzky J, Raeder R, Podbielski A. Analysis of genes encoding two unique type IIa immunoglobulin G-binding proteins expressed by a single group A streptococcal isolate. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1336-1347.
    • (1994) Infect Immun , vol.62 , pp. 1336-1347
    • Boyle, M.D.P.1    Hawlitzky, J.2    Raeder, R.3    Podbielski, A.4
  • 38
    • 0028331996 scopus 로고
    • M1 protein and protein H: IgGFc- And albumin-binding streptococcal surface proteins encoded by adjacent genes
    • Akesson P, Schmidt K-H, Cooney J, Bjorck L. M1 protein and protein H: IgGFc- and albumin-binding streptococcal surface proteins encoded by adjacent genes. Biochem J 1994; 300:877-886.
    • (1994) Biochem J , vol.300 , pp. 877-886
    • Akesson, P.1    Schmidt, K.-H.2    Cooney, J.3    Bjorck, L.4
  • 39
    • 0028831310 scopus 로고
    • Ig-binding surface proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes also bind human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a regulatory component of the complement system
    • Them A, Stenberg L, Dahlback B, Lindahl G. Ig-binding surface proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes also bind human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a regulatory component of the complement system. J Immunol 1995; 154:375-386.
    • (1995) J Immunol , vol.154 , pp. 375-386
    • Them, A.1    Stenberg, L.2    Dahlback, B.3    Lindahl, G.4
  • 40
    • 0030055805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M-related protein (Mrp) contributes to group A streptococcal resistance to phagocytosis by human granulocytes
    • Podbielski A, Schnitzler N, Beyhs P, Boyle MDP. M-related protein (Mrp) contributes to group A streptococcal resistance to phagocytosis by human granulocytes. Mol Microbiol 1996; 19:429-441.
    • (1996) Mol Microbiol , vol.19 , pp. 429-441
    • Podbielski, A.1    Schnitzler, N.2    Beyhs, P.3    Boyle, M.D.P.4
  • 41
    • 0026717164 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis
    • Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:374-382.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 374-382
    • Johnson, D.R.1    Stevens, D.L.2    Kaplan, E.L.3
  • 42
    • 0026771289 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of pathogenesis of serious streptococcal infection in Sweden, 1988-89
    • Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm A-M, Norgren M. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious streptococcal infection in Sweden, 1988-89. J Infect Dis 1992, 166:31-37.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 31-37
    • Holm, S.E.1    Norrby, A.2    Bergholm, A.-M.3    Norgren, M.4
  • 43
    • 0027327055 scopus 로고
    • The serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes present in Britain during 1980-1990 and their association with disease
    • Colman G, Tanna A, Efstratiou A, Gaworzewska ET. The serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes present in Britain during 1980-1990 and their association with disease. J Med Microbiol 1993; 39:165-178.
    • (1993) J Med Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 165-178
    • Colman, G.1    Tanna, A.2    Efstratiou, A.3    Gaworzewska, E.T.4
  • 44
    • 0025084696 scopus 로고
    • Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA
    • Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman RE Changing epidemiology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990; 336:1167-1171.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 1167-1171
    • Schwartz, B.1    Facklam, R.R.2    Breiman, R.E.3
  • 45
    • 0026567343 scopus 로고
    • Clonal basis for resurgence of serious Streptococcus pyogenes disease in the 1980s
    • Cleary PP, Kaplan EL, Handley JP et al. Clonal basis for resurgence of serious Streptococcus pyogenes disease in the 1980s. Lancet 1992; 339:518-521.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 518-521
    • Cleary, P.P.1    Kaplan, E.L.2    Handley, J.P.3
  • 46
    • 0025790953 scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: Clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression
    • Musser JM, Hauser AR, Kim MH, Schlievert PM, Nelson K, Selander RK. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:2668-2672.
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.88 , pp. 2668-2672
    • Musser, J.M.1    Hauser, A.R.2    Kim, M.H.3    Schlievert, P.M.4    Nelson, K.5    Selander, R.K.6
  • 47
    • 0028951369 scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: Recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease
    • Musser JM, Kapur V, Szeto JXP, Swanson D, Martin D. Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease. Infect Immun 1995; 63:994-1003.
    • (1995) Infect Immun , vol.63 , pp. 994-1003
    • Musser, J.M.1    Kapur, V.2    Szeto, J.X.P.3    Swanson, D.4    Martin, D.5
  • 48
    • 0021683436 scopus 로고
    • The gene for type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) is located in bacteriophage T12
    • Weeks CR, Ferretti JJ. The gene for type A streptococcal exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) is located in bacteriophage T12. Infect Immun 1984; 46:531-536.
    • (1984) Infect Immun , vol.46 , pp. 531-536
    • Weeks, C.R.1    Ferretti, J.J.2
  • 49
    • 0023762786 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C
    • Goshorn SC, Schlievert PM. Nucleotide sequence of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2518-2520.
    • (1988) Infect Immun , vol.56 , pp. 2518-2520
    • Goshorn, S.C.1    Schlievert, P.M.2
  • 50
    • 0027290733 scopus 로고
    • Cleavage of interleukin 1β precursor to produce active IL-1β by a conserved extracellular cysteine protease from Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Kapur V, Majesky MW, Li L-L, Black RA, Musser JM. Cleavage of interleukin 1β precursor to produce active IL-1β by a conserved extracellular cysteine protease from Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:7676-7680.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.90 , pp. 7676-7680
    • Kapur, V.1    Majesky, M.W.2    Li, L.-L.3    Black, R.A.4    Musser, J.M.5
  • 51
    • 0025817199 scopus 로고
    • Selective stimulation of human T cells with streptococcal erythrogenic toxins A and B
    • Abe J, Forrester J, Nakahara T, Lafferty JA. Selective stimulation of human T cells with streptococcal erythrogenic toxins A and B. J Immunol 1991; 146:3747-3750.
    • (1991) J Immunol , vol.146 , pp. 3747-3750
    • Abe, J.1    Forrester, J.2    Nakahara, T.3    Lafferty, J.A.4
  • 52
    • 0027245533 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of human T cells by streptococcal "'superantigen" erythrogenic toxins (scarlet fever toxins)
    • Braun MA, Gerlach D, Hartwig UF, et al. Stimulation of human T cells by streptococcal "'superantigen" erythrogenic toxins (scarlet fever toxins). J Immunol 1993; 150:2457-2466.
    • (1993) J Immunol , vol.150 , pp. 2457-2466
    • Braun, M.A.1    Gerlach, D.2    Hartwig, U.F.3
  • 53
    • 0000466986 scopus 로고
    • Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice
    • Eagle H. Experimental approach to the problem of treatment failure with penicillin. I. Group A streptococcal infection in mice. Am J Med 1952; 13:389-399.
    • (1952) Am J Med , vol.13 , pp. 389-399
    • Eagle, H.1
  • 54
    • 0023786989 scopus 로고
    • The Eagle effect revisited: Efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis
    • Stevens DL, Gibbons AE, Bergstrom R, Winn V. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:23-28.
    • (1988) J Infect Dis , vol.158 , pp. 23-28
    • Stevens, D.L.1    Gibbons, A.E.2    Bergstrom, R.3    Winn, V.4
  • 55
    • 0030584899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production
    • Norrby-Teglund A, Kaul R, Low DE, et al. Plasma from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production. J Immunol 1996; 156:3057-3064.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.156 , pp. 3057-3064
    • Norrby-Teglund, A.1    Kaul, R.2    Low, D.E.3
  • 57
    • 0014394863 scopus 로고
    • Immunologic and chemical similarities between the streptococcus and human connective tissue
    • Sandson J, Hamerman D, Janic R, Rojkind M. Immunologic and chemical similarities between the streptococcus and human connective tissue. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1968; 81:249-257.
    • (1968) Trans Assoc Am Physicians , vol.81 , pp. 249-257
    • Sandson, J.1    Hamerman, D.2    Janic, R.3    Rojkind, M.4
  • 58
    • 85009303749 scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of the capsule and the M antigen in determining colony form of group A streptococci
    • Wilson AT. The relative importance of the capsule and the M antigen in determining colony form of group A streptococci. J Exp Med 1959; 109:257-270.
    • (1959) J Exp Med , vol.109 , pp. 257-270
    • Wilson, A.T.1
  • 60
    • 0028069536 scopus 로고
    • Effects on virulence of mutations in a locus essential for hyaluronic acid capsule expression in group A streptococci
    • Wessels MR, Goldberg JB, Moses AE, DiCesare TJ. Effects on virulence of mutations in a locus essential for hyaluronic acid capsule expression in group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1994; 62:433-441.
    • (1994) Infect Immun , vol.62 , pp. 433-441
    • Wessels, M.R.1    Goldberg, J.B.2    Moses, A.E.3    Dicesare, T.J.4
  • 61
    • 0028109950 scopus 로고
    • Critical role of the group A streptococcal capsule in pharyngeal colonization and infection in mice
    • Wessels MR, Bronze MS. Critical role of the group A streptococcal capsule in pharyngeal colonization and infection in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:12238-12242.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.91 , pp. 12238-12242
    • Wessels, M.R.1    Bronze, M.S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.