Interannual climate simulation and predictability in a coupled TOGA GCM

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 125, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 721-741

  Ineson, Sarah ^a   Davey, Michael K ^a  

^a MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000652984     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0721:ICSAPI>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Balmaseda, M. A., M. K. Davey, and D. L. T. Anderson, 1995: Decadal and seasonal dependence of ENSO prediction skill. J. Climate, 8, 2705-2715.
2. Barnston, A. G., and Coauthors, 1994: Long-lead seasonal forecasts-Where do we stand? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 2097-2114.
3. Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, 1988: Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere-ocean system: Influence of the basic state and ocean geometry. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1687-1712.
4. Chang, C.-P., J. E. Erickson, and K. M. Lau, 1979: Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MO-NEX area during December 1974. Part 1: Synoptic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 812-829.
5. Chao, Y, and S. G. H. Philander, 1993: On the structure of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 6, 450-469.
6. Cox, M. D., 1984: A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech Rep. 1, 108 pp. [Available from Geophys. Fluid Dyn. Lab./NOAA, Princeton. NJ 08540.]
7. Cullen, M. J. P., 1993: The unified forecast/climate model. Meteor. Mag., 122, 81-94.
8. Davey, M. K., S. Ineson, and M. A. Balmaseda, 1994: Simulation and hindcasts of tropical Pacific Ocean interannual variability. Tellus, 46A, 433-447.
9. Gent, P. R., and J. J. Tribbia, 1993: Simulation and predictability in a coupled TOGA model. J. Climate, 6, 1843-1858.
10. Goldenberg, S. D., and J. J. O'Brien, 1981: Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind stress. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1190-1207.
11. Hasselmann, K., 1988: PIPs and POPs: The reduction of complex dynamical systems using principal interaction and oscillation patterns. J. Geophys. Res., 93(D9), 11015-11021.
12. Hastenrath, S., 1991: Climate Dynamics of the Tropics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 488 pp.
13. Hellerman, S., and M. Rosenstein, 1983: Normal monthly windstress over the World Ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104.
14. Hirst, A. C., 1988: Slow instabilities in tropical ocean basin-global atmosphere models. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 830-852.
15. Ineson, S., and C. Gordon, 1989: Parametrization of the upper ocean mixed layer in a tropical ocean GCM. Dynamical Climatology Tech. Note No. 74, 20 pp. [Available from Hadley Centre, Meteorological Office, London, Rd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 254, U.K.]
16. Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner, 1967: A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. Part II. Tellus, 19, 98-105.
17. Latif, M., A. Sterl, E. Maier-Reimer, and M. M. Junge, 1993a: Climate variability in a coupled GCM. Part I: The tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 6, 1-21.
18. _, _, _, and _, 1993b: Structure and predictability of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. J. Climate, 6, 700-708.
19. Legates, D. R., and C. J. Willmott, 1990: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127.
20. Luther, D. S., D. E. Harrison, and R. A. Knox, 1983: Zonal winds in the central equatorial Pacific and El Niño. Science, 222, 327-330.
21. McCreary, J. P., and D. L. T. Anderson, 1991: An overview of coupled ocean-atmosphere models of El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3125-3150.
22. McPhaden, M. J., H. P. Freitag, S. P. Hayes, B. A. Taft, Z. Chen, and K. Wyrtki, 1988: The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to a westerly wind burst in May 1986. J. Geophys. Res., 93(C9), 10589-10603.
23. Mechoso, C. R., and Coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838.
24. Moum, J. N., and D. R. Caldwell, 1994: Experiment explores the dynamics of ocean mixing. Eos Trans. Amer., Geophys., Union, 75, 489-495.
25. Neelin, J. D., 1991: The slow sea surface temperature mode and the fast wave limit: Analytic theory for tropical interannual oscillations and experiments in a hybrid coupled model. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 584-606.
26. _, and Coauthors, 1992: Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 73-104.
27. _, M. Latif, and F.-F. Jin, 1994: Dynamics of coupled oceanatmosphere models. Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech., 26, 617-659.
28. Oberhuber, J. M., 1988: An atlas based on the COADS dataset. Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Report No. 15, 20 pp. [Available from Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Bundestrasse 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.]
29. Pacanowski, R., and S. G. H. Philander, 1981: Parametrization of vertical mixing in numerical models of the tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.
30. Palmer, T. N., and D. L. T. Anderson, 1994: The prospects for seasonal forecasting - A review paper. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 755-793.
31. Philander, S. G. H., 1990: El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, 293 pp.
32. _, R. C. Pacanowski, N.-C. Lau, and M. J. Nath, 1992: Simulation of ENSO with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution tropical Pacific Ocean GCM. J. Climate, 5, 308-329.
33. Reverdin, G., C. Frankignoul, E. Kestenare, and M. J. McPhaden, 1994: Seasonal variability in the surface currents of the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20323-20344.
34. Robertson, A. W., C.-C. Ma, M. Ghil, and C. R. Mechoso, 1995: Simulation of the tropical Pacific climate with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Part II: Interannual variabilty. J. Climate, 8, 1199-1216.
35. Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
36. _, and _, 1989: Precipitation patterns associated with the high index phase of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 2, 268-284.
37. Smith, T. M., and M. Chelliah, 1995: The annual cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean based on assimilated ocean data from 1983 to 1992. J. Climate, 8, 1600-1614.
38. Stockdale, T., D. Anderson, M. Davey, P. Delecluse, A. Kattenberg, Y. Kitamura, M. Latif, and T. Yamagata, 1993: Intercomparison of tropical ocean GCMs. WCRP-79, WMO/TD-No. 545, 90 pp. [Available from WMO, Publication Sales Unit, Case Postale 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland.]
39. _, M. Latif, G. Burgers, and J.-O. Wolff, 1994: Some sensitivities of a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. Tellus, 46A, 367-380.
40. 2 increase. J. Climate, 8, 1473-1502.
41. Trenberth, K. E., and D. J. Shea, 1987: On the evolution of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 3078-3096.
42. von Storch, H., G. Bürger, R. Schnur, and J.-S. von Storch, 1995: Principal oscillation patterns: A review. J. Climate, 8, 377-400.
43. Ward, M. N., and C. K. Folland, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the north Nordeste of Brazil using eigenvectors of sea-surface temperature. Int. J. Climatol., 11, 711-743.
44. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A comprehensive ocean-atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
45. Wyrtki, K., and B. Kilonsky, 1984: Mean water and current structure during the Hawaii to Tahiti shuttle experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 242-254.