Myxobolus cerebralis, a worldwide cause of salmonid whirling disease

Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1990, Pages 30-37

  Hoffman, G L ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000557307     PISSN: 08997659     EISSN: 15488667     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1577/1548-8667(1990)002<0030:MCAWCO>2.3.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Amandi, A., R. A. Holt, and J. L. Fryer. 1985. Observations on Myxobolus insidiosus (Myxozoa;Myxosporea) a parasite of salmon id fishes. Fish Pathology 20:287-304.
2. Anderson, D. E., and R. W. Goede. 1988. Report to the Technical Committee relative to whirling disease. Colorado River Fish and Wildlife Council, Salt Lake City, Utah.
3. Barney, P., D. E. Anderson, and P. G. Walker. 1988. Whirling disease identified in Colorado. American Fisheries Society, Fish Health Section Newsletter 16(1):3. (Bethesda, Maryland.)
4. Bartholomew, J. L., J. S. Rohovec, and J. L. Fryer. 1989. Development, characteristics and use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the myxospo- rean, Ceratomyxa shasta. Journal of Protozoology 36:397-401.
5. Bogdanova, E. A. 1968. Modern data on the distribution and biology of Myxosoma cerebralis (Protozoa, Cnidosporidea) as agent of whirling disease of salmonids. Troisième Symposium de la Commission de l’Office International des Épizooties pour l’Étude des Maladies des Poissons, Stockholm.
6. Bogdanova, E. A. 1972. Scientific communication on investigation of whirling disease of salmonids in different regions of the world. In Symposium on the major communicable fish diseases in Europe and their control. EIFAC (European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission) 72/SC II-Symposium 18, Rome.
7. Bregnballe, F. 1963. Trout culture in Denmark. Progressive Fish-Culturist 25:115-120.
8. Christensen, N. O. 1966. Fiskesygdomme. Forelaes- ninger holdt for veterinaerstuderende ved Den kgl. Veterinaer-og Landbohejskole, Copenhagen.
9. Cordero del Campillo, M., A. Escudero Diez, M. P. Alvarez Pellitero, and F. A. Rojo Vazquez. 1975. Torneo de la trucha (Myxosomosis). Revisión. Suplemento Científico del Boletín Informativo Consejo General de Colegio Veterinarios de España, Madrid.
10. Corliss, J. 1985. Consideration of the taxonomic-no- menclatural problems posed by discovery of myxosporideans with a two-host life cycle. Journal of Protozoology 32:589-591.
11. El-Matbouli, M., and R. Hoffmann. 1989. Experimental transmission of two Myxobolus spp. developing bisporogeny via tubificid worms. Parasitology Research 75:461-464.
12. Elson, K.G. R. 1969. Whirling disease in trout. Nature (London) 223:968.
13. Gerard, J. P., and L. Tiret. 1974. Dispositif de filtration des eaux pour les laboratoires d’alevinage en pisciculture. Bulletin Français de Pisciculture 254: 23-33.
14. Ghittino, P., and E. Vigliani. 1978. Myxosomiasis of trout: an old parasitosis which is still topical. Rivis- ta Italiana di Piscicotura e Ittiopatologia 13:15-20, 49-58. (In Italian.) English translation: Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia.
15. Halliday, M. M. 1973. Studies on Myxosoma cerebralis a parasite of salmonids, II. The development and pathology of Myxosoma cerebralis in experimentally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fry reared at different temperatures. Nordisk Veteri- naermedicin 25:349-358.
16. Halliday, M. M. 1976. The biology of Myxosoma cerebralis: the causative organism of whirling disease of salmonids. Journal of Fish Biology 9:339-357.
17. Hamilton, A. J., and E. U. Canning. 1987. Studies on the proposed role of Tubifex tubifex (Muller) as an intermediate host in the life cycle of Myxosoma cerebralis (Hofer, 1903). Journal of Fish Diseases 10: 145-152.
18. Hamilton, A. J., and E. U. Canning. 1988. The production of mouse anti-Myxosoma cer-ebralis antiserum from Percoll R-purified spores and its use in immunofluorescent labelling of Historesin R-embedded cartilage derived from infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 11:185-190.
19. Hauck, A. K., S. Landin, and S. Wavra. 1988. Whirling disease in Idaho. American Fisheries Society Fish Health Section Newsletter 16(2): 5.
20. Hewitt, G. C, and R. W. Little. 1972. Whirling disease in New Zealand trout caused by Myxosoma cerebralis (Hofer, 1903) (Protozoa: Myxoosporidia). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 6:1-10.
21. Hnath, J. G. 1970. Whirling disease in the state of Michigan. Journal of Parasitology 56(4) Sect. II, Part 1, 273:149-150.
22. Hofer, B. 1893. Ueber die Drehkrankheit der Regen- bogenforelle. Allgemeine Fischerei Zeitschrift 18: 7-8.
23. Hofer, B. 1904. Handbuch der Fischkrankheiten. B. Heller, Munich.
24. Hoffman, G. L. 1970. Intercontinental and transcontinental dissemination and transfaunation of fish parasites with emphasis on whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis). American Fisheries Society Special Publication 5:69-81.
25. Hoffman, G. L. 1974. Disinfection of contaminated water by ultraviolet irradiation, with emphasis on whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis) and its effect on fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103:541-550.
26. Hoffman, G. L. 1975. Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis) control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11:505-507.
27. Hoflman, G. L. 1976. Whirling disease of trout. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish Disease Leaflet 47.
28. Hoffman, G. L., C. E. Dunbar, and A. Bradford. 1962. Whirling disease of trouts caused by Myxosoma cerebralis in the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Fisheries 427.
29. Hoffman, G. L., and F. P. Meyer. 1974. Parasites of freshwater fishes. A review of their control and treatment. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey.
30. Hoffman, G. L., and R. E. Putz. 1969. Host susceptibility and the effect of aging, freezing, heat, and chemicals on spores of Myxosoma cerebralis. Progressive Fish-Culturist 31:35-37.
31. Holt, R. A., C. R. Banner, and T. O. Kreps. 1987.Whirling disease in Oregon. American Fisheries Society Fish Health Section Newsletter 15(1):1. (Be- thesda, Maryland.)
32. Horsch, C. 1987. A case history of whirling disease in a drainage system: Battle Creek drainage of the upper Sacramento River Basin, California, U.S.A. Journal of Fish Diseases 10:453-460.
33. Keiz, G. 1964. Observations on the spread and control of Myxosoma cerebralis Hofer-Plehn in the trout culture industry. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 25: 12-13. (In German.)
34. Kimura, M., and M. Endo. 1979. Whirling disease caused by metacercaria of a fluke. Fish Pathology 13:211-213.
35. Kocylowski, B., and T. Miaczynski. 1960. Whirling disease of salmonids (Myxobolus salmonum). Cho- roby Ryb i Rakow, State Publishing Company for Agriculture and Forestry, Warsaw. (In Polish. Translation of pages 271-274 by S. F. Snieszko, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.)
36. Kudo, R. 1933. A taxonomic consideration of Myxo- sporidia. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 52:195-216.
37. Lom, J. 1987. Myxosporea: a new look at long-known parasites offish. Parasitology Today 3:327-332.
38. Lom, J., and G. L. Hoffman. 1971. Morphology of the spores of Myxosoma cerebralis (Hofer, 1903) and M. cartilaginis (Hoffman, Putz.and Dunbar, 1965). Journal of Parasitology 57:1302-1308.
39. Lom, J., and E. Noble. 1984. Revised classification of the class Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881. Folia Parasitológica (Prague) 31:193-205.
40. Lunger, P. D., B. Z. Rhoads, K. Wolf, and M. E. Markiw. 1975. Thin-section microscopy of mature Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidea) spores. Journal of Parasitology 61:476-480.
41. Markiw, M. 1989. Salmonid whirling disease: myxo- sporean and actinosporean stages cross-react in direct fluorescent antibody test. Journal of Fish Diseases 12:137-141.
42. Markiw, M., and K. E. Wolf. 1974. Myxosoma cere-bralis-. isolation and concentration from fish skeletal elements—sequential enzymatic digestions and purification by differential centrifugation. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31:15-20.
43. Markiw, M., and K. E. Wolf. 1978. Myxosoma cerebralis: fluorescent antibody techniques for antigen recognition. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35:828-832.
44. O’Grodnick, J. J. 1975. Whirling disease, Myxosoma cerebralis, spore concentration using the continuous plankton centrifuge. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11:54-57.
45. O’Grodnick, J. J. 1978. Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis) study. Final Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, contract 14-16-0009-77-060, Washington, D.C.
46. O’Grodnick, J. J. 1979. Susceptibility of various salmonids to whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 108: 187-190.
47. Plehn, M. 1905. Über die Drehkrankheit der salmoni-den [Lentospora cerebralis (Hofer) Plehn]. Archiv Protistenkunde 5:145-166. English translation of pages 145-152; 156-165.
48. Plehn, M. 1924. Praktikum der Fishkrankheiten. Stuttgart, West Germany. English translation of pages 365-368: 1939-1940. Manual offish diseases. California State Division of Fish and Game, Project 50-11861, Sacramento.
49. Podlipaev, S. A., and S. S. Schulman. 1978. The nature of the iodinophilous vacuole in Myxosporidia. Acta Protozoologica 17:109-124.
50. Príhoda, J. 1978. Analysis of the basic aspects of the myxomatosis epizootiology in salmonid culture. Doctoral dissertation. Helminthological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Czechoslovakia.
51. Rasmussen, C. J. 1965. Control of whirling disease in Danish trout farms. EIFAC (European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission) Technical Paper 2:14-19.
52. Schâperclaus, W. 1931. XXI. Die Drehkrankheit in der Forellenzucht und ihre Bekâmpfung. [Whirling disease “giddiness” in trout culture and its control.] Zeitschrift Fischerei 29:521-567. (English translation: Owens-Illinois, Translation 12996, Toledo, Ohio.)
53. Schâperclaus, W. 1954. Fisch-Krankheiten. Akade- mie-Verlag, Berlin.
54. Schâperclaus, W., editor. 1979. Fischkrankheiten, 2 volumes. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
55. Schulman, S. S. 1966. Myxosporidan fauna of USSR. Akademia Nauk SSSR, Moscow. (In Russian.) English translation: 1988. Amerind Publishing Co., TT 77-52043, New Delhi, India, and Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, Arkansas.
56. Schulman, S. S., Z. S. Donee, and S. A. Podlipaev. 1978. The use of iodinophilous vacuole in taxonomy of Myxosporidia. Acta Protozoologica 17:133-140.
57. Taylor, R. L., and M. Lott. 1978. Transmission of salmonid whirling disease by birds fed trout infected with Myxosoma cerebralis. Journal of Protozoology 25:105-106.
58. Uspenskaya, A. V. 1955. Biology, distribution and economic importance of Myxosoma cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease of trout. Lectures of the Academy of Science USSR 105:1132-1135.
59. Uspenskaya, A. V. 1957. The ecology and spreading of the pathogen of trout whirling disease—Myxosoma cerebralis (Hofer, 1903; Plehn, 1905) in the fish ponds of the Soviet Union. Pages 47-55 in G. K. Petrushevskii, editor. Parasites and diseases of fish. Bulletin All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fresh-water Fisheries, Leningrad. (In Russian.) English translation: Office of Technical Services, OTS 60-51169, Springfield, Virginia.
60. Uspenskaya, A. V. 1978. Biological features of the spore stage of Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidia: Myxosomatidae). Parazitologiya 12:15-20. (In Russian.) English translation: Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand.Uspenskaya, A. V. 1979. Nutrition of the vegetative stages of Myxosoma cerebral is (Hofer 1903; Plehn 1905) (Myxosporidia).
61. Uspenskaya, A. V. 1978. Biological features of the spore stage of Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxosporidia: Myxosomatidae). Parazitologiya 13:169-171. (In Russian.) English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, ITP-145, Washington, D.C.
62. Wolf, K. 1982. Fish smoking process inactivates whirling disease parasite. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Research Information Bulletin 82-4, Washington, D.C.
63. Wolf, K. 1986. Salmonid whirling disease: status in the United States, 1985. journal of Wildlife Diseases 22:295-299.
64. Wolf, K., and M. E. Markiw. 1984. Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: new discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Science (Washington, D.C) 225:1449-1452.
65. Wolf, K., and M. E. Markiw. 1985. Salmonid whirling disease. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish Disease Leaflet 69.
66. Williams, R. C, S. G. Hughes, and G. Z. Rumsey. 1982. Use of ozone in water re-use system for salmonids. Progressive Fish-Culturist 44:102-105.