Polymer synthesis and characterization in liquid / supercritical carbon dioxide

Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

Volumn 1, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 761-768

  Cooper, Andrew I ^b   DeSimone, Joseph M ^a  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000556613     PISSN: 13590286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-0286(96)80100-8     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. McHugh MA, Krukonis VJ: Supercritical fluid extraction, (edn 2nd), Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.
2. DeSimone JM, Guan Z, Eisbernd CS: Synthesis of fluoropolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Science 1992, 257:945-947.
3. Tuminello WH, Dee GT, McHugh MA: Dissolving perfluoropolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 1995, 28:1506-1510.
4. 2; why high pressures and temperatures are needed. Polym Mater Sci Eng 1996, 74:178-179.
5. Maury EE, Batten HJ, Killian SK, Menceloglu YZ, Combes JR, DeSimone JM: Graft copolymer surfactants for supercritical carbon dioxide applications. ACS Polym Prepr 1993, 34:664-665.
6. Romack TJ, Combes JR, DeSimone JM: Free-radical telomerization of tetrafluoroethylene in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 1995, 28:1724-1726.
7. 2.
8. Romack TJ, Maury EE, DeSimone JM: Precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 1995, 28:912-914.
9. Odell PG, Hamer GK: Living free radical polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polym Mater Sci Eng 1996, 74:404-405.
10. 2 as the continuous phase. FT-IR analysis showed that the concentration of undesirable acid fluoride end groups in the polymers was very low.
11. Cooper AI, DeSimone JM: Synthesis of polyesters from diacid chlorides in carbon dioxide. Polym Mater Sci Eng 1996, 74:262-263.
12. Guan Z, DeSimone JM: Fluorocarbon-based heterophase polymeric materials. 1. Block copolymer surfactants for carbon dioxide applications. Macromolecules 1994, 27:5527-5532.
13. DeSimone JM, Maury EE, Menceloglu YZ, McClain JB, Romack TJ, Combes JR: Dispersion polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide. Science 1994, 265:356-359.
14. 2 prove that lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase behavior is exhibited. An excellent example of collaborative research in this area.
15. 2. Poly(styrene) was formed as small spherical particles and it was found that the particle size distribution was affected by changes in the relative block lengths of the stabilizer. Systematic studies of this type will be invaluable for stabilizer design in the future.
16. Canelas DA, Betts DE, DeSimone JM: Dispersion polymerizations stabilized by amphiphilic diblock copolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polym Mater Sci Eng 1996, 74:400-401.
17. Kappellen KK, Mistele CD, DeSimone JM: Synthesis of poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) in carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 1996, 29:495-496.
18. 2 at considerably lower pressures; this is a very important consideration when evaluating potential for industrial applications.
19. Mistele CD, Thorp HH, DeSimone JM: Ring-opening metathesis polymerizations in carbon dioxide. J Macromol Sci - Pure Appl Cham 1996, A33:953-960. One of relatively few papers which do not involve free radical polymerization. This work should also prove interesting to those involved with organometallic catalysis in SCFs. The authors report the effect of methanol cosolvent concentration on the microstructure of the resulting polymer.
20. 2 with cationic polymerization mechanisms. Heterogeneous and homogeneous polymerizations were observed, depending on the nature of the particular monomer. Good polymer yields were reported in both cases.
21. Pemecker T, Kennedy JP: Carbocationic polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide. I. Exploratory experiments with isobutylene. Polym Bull 1994, 32:537-543.
22. Adamsky FA, Beckman EJ: Inverse emulsion polymerization of acrylamide in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 1994, 27:312-314.
23. (See also correction in Macromolecules 1994, 27:5238).
24. 2/water systems. This approach could open up a range of new possibilities in polymer synthesis.
25. 2/aqueous systems. Polym Mat Sci Eng 1996, 74:264-265.
26. Guan Z, Combes JR, Menceloglu YZ, DeSimone JM: Homogeneous free radical polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide: 2. Thermal decomposition of 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrite). Macromolecules 1993, 26:2663-2669.
27. Combes JR, Guan Z, DeSimone JM: Homogeneous free-radical polymerization in carbon dioxide. 3. Telomerization of 1,1-difluoroethylene in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 1994, 27:865-867.
28. Condo PD, Johnston KP: in situ measurement of the glass transition temperature of polymers with compressed diluents. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 1994, 32:523-533.
29. Briscoe BJ, Kelly CT: The plasticization of a polyurethane by carbon dioxide at high pneumatic stress. Polymer 1995, 36:3099-3102.
30. Kwag C, Gerhardt LJ, Khan V, Gulari E, Manke CW: Plasticization of polymer melts with dense or supercritical carbon dioxide. Pofym Mater Sci Eng 1996, 74:183-185.
31. Watkins JJ, McCarthy TJ: Polymerization in supercritical fluid-swollen polymers: a new route to polymer blends. Macromolecules 1994, 27:4845-4847.
32. 2 as a swelling agent, only surface modifications were observed.
33. Watkins JJ, McCarthy TJ: Chemistry in supercritical carbon dioxide -swollen polymers. Polym Mater Sci Eng 1996, 74:402-403.
34. Howdle SM, Ramsay JM, Cooper Al: Spectroscopic analysis and in situ monitoring of impregnation and extraction of polymer films and powders using supercritical fluids. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 1994, 32:541-549.
35. Shieh Y-T, Su J-H, Manivannan G, Lee PHC, Sawan SP, Spall WD: Interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with polymers. I. Crystalline polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 1996, 59:695-705.
36. Shieh Y-T, Su J-H, Manivannan G, Lee PHC, Sawan SP, Spall WD; Interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with polymers, II. Amorphous polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 1996, 69:707-717.
37. 2 is a problem which will need to be addressed in order to exploit this idea.
38. Canelas DA, DeSimone JM: Polymerization in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. Adv Polym Sci 1996, in press.
39. Yee GG, Fulton JL, Smith RD: Fourier infrared spectroscopy of molecular interactions of heptafluoro-1-butanol or 1-butanol in supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical ethane. J Phys Chem 1992, 96:6172-6181.
40. 2. An understanding of the specific contributions of individual fluorinated moieties would be useful in the design of surfactants.
41. 2, arising from a Lewis acid-base interaction with these functional groups. This splitting was not observed in polymers which do not contain basic groups e.g. poly(ethylene), poly(styrene).
42. Kazarian SG, Vincent MF, Eckert CA: Infrared cell for supercritical fluid - polymer interactions. Rev Sci Instrumen 1996, 67:1586-1589.
43. 2. The SAXS technique can provide direct measurements of aggregate size and geometry.
44. 2-soluble species and this work should lead to a much better understanding of solution properties and aggregation phenomena.
45. 2-based applications.
46. 2. J Phys Chem 1991, 35:7127-7129.
47. Harrison K, Goveas J, Johnston KP, O'Rear EA: Water-in-carbon dioxide microemulsions with a fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon hybrid surfactant Langmuir 1994, 10:3536-3541.
48. McFann GJ, Johnston KP, Howdle SM: Solubilization of nonionic reverse micelles in carbon dioxide. AIChE J 1994, 40:543-555.
49. 2 and other compressed fluids. The review discusses the fundamental aspects of this topic and also goes into some detail about the potential scientific and industrial applications of the research.
50. 2 and demonstrates how it may be necessary to use several techniques to characterize these complex systems. Even greater amounts of emulsified water may be necessary to realise many practical applications and further research in this area will be essential.