Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: A review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts

Reading and Writing

Volumn 10, Issue 3-5, 1998, Pages 165-200

  Li Hai, Tan ^a   Perfetti, Charles A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Chinese character recognition; Phonological mediation; Phonological processing; Prelexical phonology; Reading chinese; Semantic processing in chinese; Visual recognition

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000545162     PISSN: 09224777     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Baron, J. & Strawson, C. (1976). Use of orthographie and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2: 386-393.
2. Carr, T. H. & Pollatsek, A. (1985). Recognizing printed words: A look at current models. In: D. Besner, T. G. Waller & E. MacKinnon (eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 5 (pp. 1-82). New York: Academic Press.
3. Chen, H.-C., Flores d'Arcais, G. B. & Cheung, S.-L. (1995). Orthographic and phonological activation in recognizing Chinese characters, Psychological Research 58: 144-153.
4. Chen, M. J., Yung, Y. F. & Ng, T. W. (1988). The effect of context on the perception of Chinese characters. In: I. M. Liu, H.-C. Chen & M. J. Chen (eds.), Cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 27-39). Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.
5. Cheng, C. M. (1982). Analysis of present-day Mandarin, Journal of Chinese Linguistics 10: 281-358.
6. Cheng, C. M. & Shih, S. I. (1988). The nature of lexical access in Chinese: Evidence from experiments on visual and phonological priming in lexical judgment. In: I. M. Eiu, H.-C. Chen & M. J. Chen (eds.), Cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 1-14). Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.
7. Coltheart, M. (1978). Eexical access in simple reading tasks. In: G. Underwood (ed.), Strategies of information processing (pp. 151-216). New York: Academic Press.
8. DeFrancis, J. (1989). Visual speech: The diverse oneness of writing systems. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
9. Fan, K. Y. (1986). Graphic symbols of Chinese characters. Paper presented at the symposium on Chinese character modernization, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
10. Fan, K. Y, Gao, J. Y & Ao, X. P. (1984). Pronunciation principles of Chinese characters and alphabetic writing scripts, Hanzi gaige [Chinese Character Reform] 3: 23-27 (in Chinese).
11. Fang, S. P., Horng, R. Y & Tzeng, O. J. E. (1986). Consistency effects in the Chinese character and pseudo-character naming tasks. In: H. S. R. Kao & R. Hoosain (eds.), Linguistics, psychology, and the Chinese language (pp. 11-21). Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies.
12. Feldman, E. & Siok, W. T. T. (1997). The role of component function in visual recognition of Chinese characters, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23: 776-781.
13. Ferrand, E. & Grainger, J. (1992). Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Evidence from masked nonword priming, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A: 325-350.
14. Ferrand, E. & Grainger, J. (1994). Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 47A: 325-350.
15. Fleming, K. (1993). Phonologically mediated priming in spoken and printed word recognition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 272-284.
16. Frost, R. (1994). Prelexical and postlexical strategies in reading: Evidence from a deep and a shallow orthography, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20: 116-129.
17. Frost, R. (1995). Phonological computation and missing vowels: Mapping lexical involvement in reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 398-4108.
18. Frost, R. (1998). Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails, Psychological Bulletin 123: 71-99.
19. Frost, R., Katz, L. & Bentin, S. (1987). Strategies for visual word recognition and orthographic depth: A multilingual comparison, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13: 104-115.
20. Hoosain, H. (1981). Processing of English and Chinese words. In: H. S. R. Kao & C. M. Cheng (eds.), The psychological research into the Chinese language. Taiwan: Wen Hoe Press.
21. Hoosain, R. (1991). Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity: A case study of Chinese. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Hoosain, R. & Osgood, C. E. (1983). Information processing times for English and Chinese words, Perception and Psychophysics 34: 573-577.
23. Huang, J. T. (1986). Visual integration process in recognizing fragmented Chinese characters. In: H. S. R. Kao & R. R. Hoosain (eds.), Linguistic, psychology, and the Chinese language (pp. 45-54). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
24. Hung, D. E. & Tzeng, O. J. E. (1981). Orthographic variations and visual information processing, Psychological Bulletin 90: 377-4-14.
25. Hung, D. E., Tzeng, O. J. E. & Tzeng, A. K. Y. (1992). Automatic activation of linguistic information in Chinese character recognition. In: R. Frost & E. Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 119-130). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
26. Jin, J. H. (1985). On the Chinese character, Hanzi gaige [Chinese Character Reform] 4: 44-50 (in Chinese).
27. Kao, H. S. R. & Cheng, C. M. (1981). The psychological research into the Chinese language. Taiwan: Wen Hoe Press (in Chinese).
28. Kao, H. S. R. & Hoosain, R. (1986). Linguistics, psychology, and the Chinese language. Hong Kong: Center of Asian Studies.
29. Kayamoto, Y., Yamada, J. & Takashima, H. (1996). The consistency of multiplepronunciation effects in reading: The case of Japanese logographs. Manuscript, Hiroshima University.
30. Kucera, H. & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
31. Earn, A., Perfetti, C. A. & Bell, E. (1991). Automatic phonetic transfer in bidialectal reading, Applied Psycholinguistics 12: 299-311.
32. Eeck, K. J., Weekes, B. S. & Chen, M. J. (1995). Visual and phonological pathways to the lexicon: Evidence from Chinese readers, Memory and Cognition 23: 468-4-76.
33. Eeong, C. K. (1973). Reading in Chinese with reference to reading practices in Hong Kong. In: J. Downing (ed.), Comparative reading: Cross-national studies of behavior and processes in reading and writing (pp. 383-4-02). New York: Macmillan.
34. Eeong, C. K. (1997). Paradigmatic analysis of Chinese word reading: Research findings and classroom practices. In: C. K. Eeong & R. M. Joshi (eds.), Cross-language studies of learning to reading and spell: Phonological and orthographic processing (pp. 379417). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
35. Eeong, C. K., Cheng, P. W. & Mulcahy, R. (1987). Automatic processing of morphemic orthography by mature readers, Language and Speech 30: 181-196.
36. Eeong, C. K. & Tamaoka, K. (1995). Use of phonological information in processing kanji and katakana by skilled and less-skilled Japanese readers, Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal 7: 377-393.
37. Eesch, M. F. & Pollatsek, A. (1993). Automatic access of semantic information by phonological codes in visual word recognition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 285-294.
38. Li, P. & Yip, C. W. (1996). Lexical ambiguity and context effects in spoken word recognition: Evidence from Chinese. In: G. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Lrlbaum.
39. Liu, I.-M. (1988). Context effects on word/character naming: Alphabetic versus logographic languages. In: I.-M. Liu, H.-C. Chen & M. J. Chen (eds.), Cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 81-92). Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.
40. Liu, I.-M. (1995). Script factors that affect literacy: Alphabetic vs. logographic languages. In: I. Taylor & D. R. Olson (eds.), Scripts and literacy (pp. 145-162). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
41. Liu, I.-M. Wu, J.-T. & Chou, T.-L. (1996). Lncoding operation and transcoding as the major loci of the frequency effect, Cognition 59: 142-168.
42. Liu, I. M., Chuang, C. J. & Wang, S. C. (1975). Frequency count of 40,000 Chinese words. Taipei: Lucky Books (in Chinese).
43. Lukatela, G. & Turvey, M. T. (1993). Similar attentional, frequency, and associative effects for pseudohomophones and words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19: 166-178.
44. Lukatela, G. & Turvey, M. T. (1996). Inhibition of naming by rhyming primes, Perception and Psychophysics 58: 823-835.
45. Luo, C. R. (1996). How is word meaning accessed in reading? Lvidence from the phonologically mediated interference effect, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22: 883-895.
46. Mattingly, I. C. (1987). Morphological structure and segmental awareness, Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 1: 488-4-93.
47. Mattingly, I. G. (1992). Linguistic awareness and orthographic form. In: R. Frost & L. Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 11-26). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
48. Modern Chinese frequency dictionary (1986). Beijing, China: Beijing Language Institute Press.
49. Monsell, S., Patterson, K., Graham, A., Hughes, C. H. & Milroy, R. (1992). Lexical and sublexical translation of spelling to sound: Strategic anticipation of lexical status, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18: 452-4-67.
50. Naish, P. (1980). The effects of graphemic and phonemic similarity between targets and masks in a backward visual masking paradigm, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32: 57-68.
51. Peng, D. L., Quo, D. J. & Zhang, S. L. (1985). The retrieval of information of Chinese characters in making similarity judgment under recognition condition, Ada Psychologica Sinica 17: 227-234 (in Chinese).
52. Perfetti, C. A. & Bell, L. (1991). Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: Lvidence from backward masking and masked priming, Journal of Memory and Language 30: 473-4185.
53. Perfetti, C. A., Bell, L. & Delaney, S. (1988). Automatic phonetic activation in silent word reading: Lvidence from backward masking, Journal of Memory and Language 27: 5970.
54. Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (1996). Are there structural principles in sentence understanding across languages? Paper presented at the Psychonomic meeting, Chicago, November 1996.
55. Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (1998a). The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic activation in visual Chinese character identification, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 24: 101-118.
56. Perfetti, C. A. & Tan, L. H. (1998b). The constituency model of Chinese character identification. In: J. Wang, A. Inhoff & H.-C. Chen (eds.), Reading Chinese script: A cognitive analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (in press).
57. Perfetti, C. A. & Zhang, S. (1991). Phonemic processes in reading Chinese words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 633-643.
58. Perfetti, C. A. & Zhang, S. (1995a). The universal word identification reflex. In: D. Medin (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 33 (pp. 159-189). New York: Academic Press.
59. Perfetti, C. A. & Zhang, S. (1995b). Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 24-33.
60. Perfetti, C. A., Zhang, S. & Berent, I. (1992). Reading in English and Chinese: Evidence for a 'universal' phonological principle. In: R. Frost & E. Katz (eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning (pp. 227-248). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
61. Peter, M. & Turvey, M. (1994). Phonological codes are early sources of constraint in visual semantic categorization, Perception and Psychophysics 55: 497-504.
62. Pollatsek, A., Eesch, M., Morris, R. K. & Rayner, K. (1992). Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 18: 148-162.
63. Posner, M. & Carr, T. (1992). Eexical access and the brain: Anatomical constraints on cognitive models of word recognition, American Journal of Psychology 105: 1-26.
64. Rayner, K., Sereno, S. C., Eesch, M. F. & Pollatsek, A. (1995). Phonological codes are automatically activated during reading: Evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm, Psychological Science 6: 26-32.
65. Seidenberg, M. S. (1985). The time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems, Cognition 19: 1-30.
66. Smith, F. (1985). Reading without nonsense, 2nd edn. New York: Teachers College Press.
67. Stone, G. O. & Van Orden, G. C. (1994). Building a resonance framework for word recognition using design and systems principles, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20: 1248-1268.
68. Taft, M., Huang, J. & Zhu, X. (1994). The influence of character frequency on word recognition responses in Chinese. In: H. W. Chang, J. T. Hung, C. W. Hue & O. Tzeng (eds.), Advances in the study of Chinese language processing (pp. 59-73). Taipei: National Taiwan University.
69. Taft, M. & Zhu, X. (1997). Sub-morphemic processing in reading Chinese, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23: 761-775.
70. Tan, E. H., Hoosain, R. & Peng, D.-E. (1995). Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 43-54.
71. Tan, E. H., Hoosain, R. & Siok, W. W. T. (1996). The activation of phonological codes before access to character meaning in written Chinese, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22: 865-883.
72. Tan, E. H. & Peng, D.-E. (1991). Visual recognition process of Chinese characters, Acta Psychologica Sinica 23: 272-278 (in Chinese).
73. Tan, E. H. & Perfetti, C. A. (1997a). Visual Chinese character recognition: Does phonological information mediate access to meaning?, Journal of Memory and Language 37: 41-57.
74. Tan, E. H. & Perfetti, C. A. (1997b). Phonology as a constituent of word identification: Evidence from reading Chinese two-character words. Manuscript submitted for publication.
75. Tan, E. H. & Perfetti, C. A. (1998). Phonological and associative inhibition in the early stages of English word identification: Evidence from backward masking, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (in press).
76. Treiman, R. A., Baron, J. & Luk, K. (1981). Speech recoding in silent reading: A comparison of Chinese and English, Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9: 116-125.
77. Tzeng, O. J. L. & Hung, D. L. (1978). Reading the Chinese character: Some basic research, Ada Psychologien Taiwanica 20: 45-4-9.
78. Tzeng, O. J. L. & Hung, D. L. (1981). Linguistic determinism: A written language perspective. In: O. J. L. Tzeng & H. Singer (eds.), Perception of print: Reading research in experimental psychology (pp. 237-255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
79. Tzeng, O. J. L., Hung, D. L. & Wang, W. S.-Y. (1977). Speech recoding in reading Chinese characters, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Memory and Language 3: 621-630.
80. Van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound and reading, Memory and Cognition 15: 181-198.
81. Van Orden, G. C. & Goldinger, S. D. (1994). Interdependence of form and function in cognitive systems explains perception of printed words, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20: 1269-1291.
82. Van Orden, G. C., Pennington, B. F. & Stone, G. O. (1990). Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics, Psychological Review 97: 488-522.
83. Verstaen, A., Humphreys, G. W., Olson, A. & d'Ydewalle, G. (1995). Are phonemic effects in backward masking evidence for automatic prelexical phonemic activation in visual word recognition?, Journal of Memory and Language 34: 335-356.
84. Wang, W. S.-Y. (1973). The Chinese language, Scientific American 228: 50-60.
85. Wydell, T. N., Butterworth, B. & Patterson, K. E. (1995). The inconsistency of consistency effects in reading: The case of Japanese Kanji, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 1155-1168.
86. Xu, Y (1991). Depth of phonological recoding in short-term memory, Memory and Cognition 19: 263-273.
87. Yeung, N. C. (1989). Pre-lexical phonological activation in silent reading of Chinese. Unpublished master's thesis, the University of Hong Kong.
88. Yik, W. F. (1978). The effect of visual and acoustic similarity on short-term memory for Chinese words, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 30: 487-4-94.
89. Zhang, B. Y & Peng, D. E. (1991). Decomposed representations of Chinese compound words. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Educational Psychology Society, Changsha, China, May 1991 (in Chinese).
90. Zhang, H. & Shu, H. (1989). Effects of phonetic components on naming compound characters, Acta Psychologica Sinica 21: 284-289 (in Chinese).
91. Zhang, S. & Perfetti, C. A. (1993). The tongue-twister effects in reading Chinese, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 1082-1093.
92. Zhang, S. & Perfetti, C. A. (1997). Whole-word phonology in reading Chinese. Unpublished manuscript.
93. Zhang, W. T. & Feng, E. (1992). Processes of reading Chinese words and pinyin: A comparison. In: P. Kuang & J. Zhang (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on cognitive aspects of the Chinese language (pp. 72-76). Beijing, China: Science Press (in Chinese).
94. Zhang, W. T., Feng, E. & He, H. D. (1994). The activation of phonological and semantic information in Chinese character recognition. In: H.-W. Chang, J.-T. Huang, C.-W. Hue & O. J. E. Tzeng (eds.), Advances in the study of Chinese language processing (pp. 185198). Taiwan: National Taiwan University (in Chinese).
95. Zhou, Y (1978). To what degree are the 'phonetics' of present-day Chinese characters still phonetic?, Zhongguo Yuwen 146: 172-177 (in Chinese).
96. Zhou, X. & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1996). Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon. In: G. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 714-719). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
97. Zhu, X. (1988). Analysis of cueing function of phonetic components in modern Chinese. In: X. Yuan (ed.), Proceedings of the symposium on the Chinese language and characters (pp. 260-288). Beijing, China: Guang Ming Daily Press (in Chinese).
98. Zhu, X. & Taft, M. (1994). The influence of perceptual experience on Chinese character processing. In: H. W. Chang, J. T. Huang, C. W. Hue & O. Tzeng (eds.), Advances in the study of Chinese language processing (pp. 85-100). Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University.
99. Ziegler, J. C. & Jacobs, A. M. (1995). Phonological information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings, Journal of Memory and Language 34: 567593.
100. Ziegler, J. C., Montant, M. & Jacobs, A. M. (1997). The feedback consistency effect in lexical decision and naming, Journal of Memory and Language 37: 533-554.