Australian journalists' professional and ethical values

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 206-218

  Henningham, John ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0000538467     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300118     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. But judgments by Australia's High Court in 1992 and 1994, based on its interpretation of representative government as permitting free political discourse, appear to have taken Australia some way in the U.S. direction. In 1992 the court struck down federal government legislation limiting broadcast political advertising during election campaigns, while in 1994 it held in relation to recent defamation actions brought by politicians against newspapers that the constitution involved an implied right of free political speech.
2. These issues are discussed in David Bowman, The Captive Press (Ringwood, Australia: Penguin, 1988); John Henningham, ed. Issues in Australian Journalism (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1990).
3. These issues are discussed in David Bowman, The Captive Press (Ringwood, Australia: Penguin, 1988); John Henningham, ed. Issues in Australian Journalism (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1990).
4. John Henningham, "Journalism in the USA and Australia: Some Comparisons," Australian Journal of Communication 22 (1995):77-91. Australia has a population of 17 million.
5. Of total circulation of national and metropolitan dailies, 66 percent is published by Rupert Murdoch's News Ltd, while 22 percent is published by Conrad Black's Fairfax group. Australian-born Murdoch became a U.S. citizen in 1985; Black is a Canadian. The biggest player in the nonmetropolitan market is Irish publisher (and president of the U.S.-based Heinz company), Tony O'Reilly (John Henningham, "Mass Media" in Institutions in Australian Society, ed. J. Henningham (Sydney: Oxford University Press, 1995).
6. John W.C. Johnstone, E.J. Slawski, and W.W. Bowman, The News People (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976); David H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 2d ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); John Henningham, Looking at Television News (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1988); John Henningham, "Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii's Newspeople," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 550-57.
7. John W.C. Johnstone, E.J. Slawski, and W.W. Bowman, The News People (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976); David H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 2d ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); John Henningham, Looking at Television News (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1988); John Henningham, "Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii's Newspeople," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 550-57.
8. John W.C. Johnstone, E.J. Slawski, and W.W. Bowman, The News People (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976); David H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 2d ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); John Henningham, Looking at Television News (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1988); John Henningham, "Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii's Newspeople," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 550-57.
9. John W.C. Johnstone, E.J. Slawski, and W.W. Bowman, The News People (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976); David H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist, 2d ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); John Henningham, Looking at Television News (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1988); John Henningham, "Multicultural Journalism: A Profile of Hawaii's Newspeople," Journalism Quarterly 70 (autumn 1993): 550-57.
10. David H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist in the 1990s: A Preliminary Report of Key Findings From a 1992 National Survey of U.S. Journalists (Arlington: Freedom Forum, 1992).
11. John Henningham, "Australian Journalists' Attitudes to Education," Australian Journalism Review 15 (July 1993): 77-90. Further details on the Australian journalists' occupational characteristics are published in John Henningham, "Characteristics and attitudes of Australian journalists," Electronic Journal of Communication 4 (1993). Analysis of political journalists' values and ideologies may be found in John Henningham, "Political journalists' political and professional values," Australian Journal of Political Science 30 (July 1995): 321-34.
12. John Henningham, "Australian Journalists' Attitudes to Education," Australian Journalism Review 15 (July 1993): 77-90. Further details on the Australian journalists' occupational characteristics are published in John Henningham, "Characteristics and attitudes of Australian journalists," Electronic Journal of Communication 4 (1993). Analysis of political journalists' values and ideologies may be found in John Henningham, "Political journalists' political and professional values," Australian Journal of Political Science 30 (July 1995): 321-34.
13. John Henningham, "Australian Journalists' Attitudes to Education," Australian Journalism Review 15 (July 1993): 77-90. Further details on the Australian journalists' occupational characteristics are published in John Henningham, "Characteristics and attitudes of Australian journalists," Electronic Journal of Communication 4 (1993). Analysis of political journalists' values and ideologies may be found in John Henningham, "Political journalists' political and professional values," Australian Journal of Political Science 30 (July 1995): 321-34.
14. Clem Lloyd, Profession: Journalist (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1985).
15. W.J. Hudson, "Occupational characteristics of journalism," First Summer School of Professional Journalism, vol. 1 (Canberra, 1965): 168.
16. John Henningham, "Is Journalism a Profession?" in Issues in Australian Journalism, ed. J. Henningham (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1990).
17. John Henningham, Journalism's Threat to Freedom of the Press (University of Queensland Inaugural Lecture series, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1992).
18. Henningham, "Is Journalism a Profession?"
19. Definitions of these terms were not given to or asked of the journalists, and hence we cannot be entirely sure what they had in mind when labelling journalism. The term "craft," referring to skilled work with perhaps a more artistic and individual aspect than the output of a "trade," has some currency among older Australian journalists, perpetuated in an early textbook: L. Revill and C. Roderick, The Journalist's Craft (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1965). The term has some usage in the United States: Penn Kimball, "Journalism: Art, Craft or Profession?" in The Professions in America, ed. K. Lynn, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).
20. Definitions of these terms were not given to or asked of the journalists, and hence we cannot be entirely sure what they had in mind when labelling journalism. The term "craft," referring to skilled work with perhaps a more artistic and individual aspect than the output of a "trade," has some currency among older Australian journalists, perpetuated in an early textbook: L. Revill and C. Roderick, The Journalist's Craft (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1965). The term has some usage in the United States: Penn Kimball, "Journalism: Art, Craft or Profession?" in The Professions in America, ed. K. Lynn, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).
21. Henningham, "Is Journalism a Profession?"
22. Jack M. McLeod and Searle E. Hawley, "Professionalization among Newsmen," Journalism Quarterly 41 (autumn 1964): 529-38; Jack M. McLeod and Ramona R. Rush, "Professionalization of Latin American and U.S. journalists," Journalism Quarterly 46 (autumn, winter 1969): 583-90, 784-89; Oguz B. Nayman, "Professional Orientations of Journalists: An Introduction to Communicator Analysis Studies," Gazette 19 (1973): 195-212.
23. Jack M. McLeod and Searle E. Hawley, "Professionalization among Newsmen," Journalism Quarterly 41 (autumn 1964): 529-38; Jack M. McLeod and Ramona R. Rush, "Professionalization of Latin American and U.S. journalists," Journalism Quarterly 46 (autumn, winter 1969): 583-90, 784-89; Oguz B. Nayman, "Professional Orientations of Journalists: An Introduction to Communicator Analysis Studies," Gazette 19 (1973): 195-212.
24. Jack M. McLeod and Searle E. Hawley, "Professionalization among Newsmen," Journalism Quarterly 41 (autumn 1964): 529-38; Jack M. McLeod and Ramona R. Rush, "Professionalization of Latin American and U.S. journalists," Journalism Quarterly 46 (autumn, winter 1969): 583-90, 784-89; Oguz B. Nayman, "Professional Orientations of Journalists: An Introduction to Communicator Analysis Studies," Gazette 19 (1973): 195-212.
25. Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 55 (autumn 1978): 466-73; John Henningham, "Comparisons between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-09. Note that calculation of professional scores in the current Australian study did not involve subtraction of job security scores.
26. Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 55 (autumn 1978): 466-73; John Henningham, "Comparisons between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-09. Note that calculation of professional scores in the current Australian study did not involve subtraction of job security scores.
27. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist, 95. The factor analysis in the present study used varimax rotation principal components analysis. Three factors emerged with eigenvalues greater than 1, accounting for 52% of the variance.
28. Johnstone, Slawski, and Bowman, The News People. See Morris Janowitz, "Professional Models in Journalism: The Gatekeeper and the Advocate," Journalism Quarterly 52 (1975): 618-26.
29. Johnstone, Slawski, and Bowman, The News People. See Morris Janowitz, "Professional Models in Journalism: The Gatekeeper and the Advocate," Journalism Quarterly 52 (1975): 618-26.
30. "Nurses rate highest for ethics and honesty," The Bulletin, 30 April 1996, 38.
31. Henningham, "Is Journalism a Profession?"
32. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
33. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
34. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
35. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
36. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
37. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
38. Weaver and Wilhoit, American Journalist; R. Kocher, "Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists," European Journal of Communication 1 (March 1986): 43-64; American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Changing Face of the Newsroom: A Human Resources Report (Washington: ASNE, 1989); Aralynn Abare McMane, "Ethical standards of French and U.S. Newspaper Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 8 (1993): 207-18; David Weaver, Klaus Schoenbach, and Beate Schneider, "West German and U.S. Journalists: Similarities and Differences in the 1990s" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Kansas City, 1993); Henningham, Looking at Television News; John Henningham, "Ethnic Differences in Journalists' Ethical Attitudes," Asian Journal of Communication 4 (1994): 1-11.
39. The scale excluded the confidentiality item ("agreeing to protect confidentiality and not doing so") because the almost universal level of disapproval resulted in the item having no discriminatory value.