Girls, media, and the negotiation of sexuality: A study of race, class, and gender in adolescent peer groups

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 76, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 193-216

  Durham, Meenakshi Gigi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000532833     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909907600202     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. This study was funded in part by a grant from the University of Texas at Austin, as well as grants from the UT College of Communication. The author would like to thank Frank Durham, Steve Reese, Jo Ellen Fair, Lucia Gilbert, Christine Williams, Charlotte Canning, Don Heider, and Kris Downing for their help and support; Melissa Biggs for her assistance with this study; and the teachers, principals, administrators, social workers, and students at "East" and "West" Middle Schools - especially D. K. and C. R. for welcoming me into their classrooms, and T. H. for her vital role in making it all happen.
2. Lyn Mikel Brown and Carol Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992).
3. Peggy Orenstein, Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap (New York: Doubleday, 1994); Mary Pipher, Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls (New York: Ballantine, 1994); Lori Stern, "Disavowing the Self in Female Adolescence," in Women, Girls and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance, ed. Carol Gilligan, Annie G. Rogers, and Deborah L. Tolman (New York: Haworth Press, 1991), 105-117.
4. Peggy Orenstein, Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap (New York: Doubleday, 1994); Mary Pipher, Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls (New York: Ballantine, 1994); Lori Stern, "Disavowing the Self in Female Adolescence," in Women, Girls and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance, ed. Carol Gilligan, Annie G. Rogers, and Deborah L. Tolman (New York: Haworth Press, 1991), 105-117.
5. Peggy Orenstein, Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap (New York: Doubleday, 1994); Mary Pipher, Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls (New York: Ballantine, 1994); Lori Stern, "Disavowing the Self in Female Adolescence," in Women, Girls and Psychotherapy: Reframing Resistance, ed. Carol Gilligan, Annie G. Rogers, and Deborah L. Tolman (New York: Haworth Press, 1991), 105-117.
6. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
7. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
8. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
9. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
10. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
11. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
12. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
13. Margaret Duffy and Micheal Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy: The Rhetorical Vision of Power and Seduction in the Teen Magazine YM," Journal of Communication Inquiry 21 (spring 1996): 32-48; Lisa Duke and Peggy J. Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity: Girls in Early Adolescence Read Teen Magazines," Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (January 1998): 48-71; Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire: Representations of Adolescent Sexuality in Two Teen Magazines," Youth and Society 29 (March 1998): 369-89; Ellen McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines: From Mademoiselle to Ms. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993); Angela McRobbie, "Jackie: An Ideology of Adolescent Femininity," in Mass Communication Review Yearbook vol. 4, ed. Ellen Wartella, D. Charles Whitney, and Sven Windahl (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983), 251-71; Angela McRobbie, "Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Femininity," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 155-76; Kate Pierce, "A Feminist Theoretical Perspective on the Socialization of Teenage Girls through Seventeen Magazine," Sex Roles 23 (1990): 491-500; Kate Pierce, "Socialization of Teenage Girls through Teen-Magazine Fiction: The Making of a New Woman or an Old Lady?" Sex Roles 29 (1993): 59-68.
14. Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Pipher, Reviving Ophelia.
15. Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Pipher, Reviving Ophelia.
16. Orenstein, Schoolgirls; American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, How Schools Shortchange Girls (Washington, DC: American Association of University Women, 1992).
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21. Sue Lees, Sugar and Spice: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1993); Naomi Wolf, Promiscuities (New York: Random House, 1997).
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27. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); B. Bradford Brown and Mary Jane Lohr, "Peer-group Affiliation and Adolescent Self-Esteem: An Integration of Ego-Identity and Symbolic Interaction Theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (January 1987): 47-56; Donna Eder, Catherine Colleen Evans, and Stephen Parker, School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Cathy Evans and Donna Eder, "'No Exit': Processes of Social Isolation in the Middle School," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 (July 1993): 139-70; William N. Evans, Wallace E. Oates, and Robert M. Schwab, "Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior," Journal of Political Economy 100 (October 1992): 966-92; Harris, "Where Is the Child's Environment?"; Katica Lackovic-Grgin, "Pubertal Status, Interaction with Others, and Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls," Adolescence 29 (fall 1994): 691-701; Erica H. van Roosmalen, "Peer Group Influence As A Factor in Smoking Behavior of Adolescents," Adolescence 24 (winter 1989): 801-817.
28. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); B. Bradford Brown and Mary Jane Lohr, "Peer-group Affiliation and Adolescent Self-Esteem: An Integration of Ego-Identity and Symbolic Interaction Theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (January 1987): 47-56; Donna Eder, Catherine Colleen Evans, and Stephen Parker, School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Cathy Evans and Donna Eder, "'No Exit': Processes of Social Isolation in the Middle School," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 (July 1993): 139-70; William N. Evans, Wallace E. Oates, and Robert M. Schwab, "Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior," Journal of Political Economy 100 (October 1992): 966-92; Harris, "Where Is the Child's Environment?"; Katica Lackovic-Grgin, "Pubertal Status, Interaction with Others, and Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls," Adolescence 29 (fall 1994): 691-701; Erica H. van Roosmalen, "Peer Group Influence As A Factor in Smoking Behavior of Adolescents," Adolescence 24 (winter 1989): 801-817.
29. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); B. Bradford Brown and Mary Jane Lohr, "Peer-group Affiliation and Adolescent Self-Esteem: An Integration of Ego-Identity and Symbolic Interaction Theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (January 1987): 47-56; Donna Eder, Catherine Colleen Evans, and Stephen Parker, School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Cathy Evans and Donna Eder, "'No Exit': Processes of Social Isolation in the Middle School," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 (July 1993): 139-70; William N. Evans, Wallace E. Oates, and Robert M. Schwab, "Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior," Journal of Political Economy 100 (October 1992): 966-92; Harris, "Where Is the Child's Environment?"; Katica Lackovic-Grgin, "Pubertal Status, Interaction with Others, and Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls," Adolescence 29 (fall 1994): 691-701; Erica H. van Roosmalen, "Peer Group Influence As A Factor in Smoking Behavior of Adolescents," Adolescence 24 (winter 1989): 801-817.
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31. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); B. Bradford Brown and Mary Jane Lohr, "Peer-group Affiliation and Adolescent Self-Esteem: An Integration of Ego-Identity and Symbolic Interaction Theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (January 1987): 47-56; Donna Eder, Catherine Colleen Evans, and Stephen Parker, School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Cathy Evans and Donna Eder, "'No Exit': Processes of Social Isolation in the Middle School," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 (July 1993): 139-70; William N. Evans, Wallace E. Oates, and Robert M. Schwab, "Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior," Journal of Political Economy 100 (October 1992): 966-92; Harris, "Where Is the Child's Environment?"; Katica Lackovic-Grgin, "Pubertal Status, Interaction with Others, and Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls," Adolescence 29 (fall 1994): 691-701; Erica H. van Roosmalen, "Peer Group Influence As A Factor in Smoking Behavior of Adolescents," Adolescence 24 (winter 1989): 801-817.
32. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); B. Bradford Brown and Mary Jane Lohr, "Peer-group Affiliation and Adolescent Self-Esteem: An Integration of Ego-Identity and Symbolic Interaction Theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (January 1987): 47-56; Donna Eder, Catherine Colleen Evans, and Stephen Parker, School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Cathy Evans and Donna Eder, "'No Exit': Processes of Social Isolation in the Middle School," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 (July 1993): 139-70; William N. Evans, Wallace E. Oates, and Robert M. Schwab, "Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior," Journal of Political Economy 100 (October 1992): 966-92; Harris, "Where Is the Child's Environment?"; Katica Lackovic-Grgin, "Pubertal Status, Interaction with Others, and Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls," Adolescence 29 (fall 1994): 691-701; Erica H. van Roosmalen, "Peer Group Influence As A Factor in Smoking Behavior of Adolescents," Adolescence 24 (winter 1989): 801-817.
33. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); B. Bradford Brown and Mary Jane Lohr, "Peer-group Affiliation and Adolescent Self-Esteem: An Integration of Ego-Identity and Symbolic Interaction Theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (January 1987): 47-56; Donna Eder, Catherine Colleen Evans, and Stephen Parker, School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995); Cathy Evans and Donna Eder, "'No Exit': Processes of Social Isolation in the Middle School," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22 (July 1993): 139-70; William N. Evans, Wallace E. Oates, and Robert M. Schwab, "Measuring Peer Group Effects: A Study of Teenage Behavior," Journal of Political Economy 100 (October 1992): 966-92; Harris, "Where Is the Child's Environment?"; Katica Lackovic-Grgin, "Pubertal Status, Interaction with Others, and Self-Esteem of Adolescent Girls," Adolescence 29 (fall 1994): 691-701; Erica H. van Roosmalen, "Peer Group Influence As A Factor in Smoking Behavior of Adolescents," Adolescence 24 (winter 1989): 801-817.
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35. Vivienne Griffiths, Adolescent Girls and Their Friends: A Feminist Ethnography (Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995); Helena Wulff, "Inter-racial Friendship: Consuming Youth Styles, Ethnicity, and Teenage Femininity in South London," in Youth Cultures: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, ed. Vered Amit-Talai and Helena Wulff (London: Routledge, 1995), 63-80.
36. Vivienne Griffiths, Adolescent Girls and Their Friends: A Feminist Ethnography (Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995); Helena Wulff, "Inter-racial Friendship: Consuming Youth Styles, Ethnicity, and Teenage Femininity in South London," in Youth Cultures: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, ed. Vered Amit-Talai and Helena Wulff (London: Routledge, 1995), 63-80.
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52. Duffy and Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy"; Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire"; McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines.
53. Duffy and Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy"; Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire"; McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines.
54. Duffy and Gotcher, "Crucial Advice on How to Get the Guy"; Durham, "Dilemmas of Desire"; McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines.
55. Melissa A. Milkie, "Social World Approach to Cultural Studies: Mass Media and Gender in the Adolescent Peer Group," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 23 (October 1994): 354-80; James L. Peterson, Kristin A. Moore, and Frank F. Furstenberg, "Television Viewing and Early Initiation of Sexual Intercourse: Is There A Link?" Journal of Homosexuality 21 (January/February 1991): 93-118.
56. Melissa A. Milkie, "Social World Approach to Cultural Studies: Mass Media and Gender in the Adolescent Peer Group," Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 23 (October 1994): 354-80; James L. Peterson, Kristin A. Moore, and Frank F. Furstenberg, "Television Viewing and Early Initiation of Sexual Intercourse: Is There A Link?" Journal of Homosexuality 21 (January/February 1991): 93-118.
57. Carole R. Beal, Boys and Girls: The Development of Gender Roles (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994); Orenstein, Schoolgirls; Pipher, Reviving Ophelia.
58. Carole R. Beal, Boys and Girls: The Development of Gender Roles (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994); Orenstein, Schoolgirls; Pipher, Reviving Ophelia.
59. Carole R. Beal, Boys and Girls: The Development of Gender Roles (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994); Orenstein, Schoolgirls; Pipher, Reviving Ophelia.
60. Angela McRobbie, "Different, Youthful Subjectivities: Toward A Cultural Sociology of Youth," in Postmodernism and Popular Culture, ed. Angela McRobbie (London: Routledge, 1994), 193.
61. For example, Elizabeth Frazer, "Teenage Girls Reading Jackie," Media Culture and Society 9 (October 1987): 407-25.
62. Jane D. Brown, Anne Barton White, and Lia Nikopoulou, "Disinterest, Intrigue, Resistance: Early Adolescent Girls' Use of Sexual Media Content," in Media, Sex, and the Adolescent, ed. Greenberg, Brown, and Buerkel-Rothfuss, 177-95.
63. Duke and Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity," 55.
64. The names of all schools, students, social workers, teachers, and places have been changed so as to preserve anonymity and confidentiality.
65. The word "Latino" was used to describe the ethnicity of a group of students who were mainly U.S.-born Mexican-Americans; the group also included students of Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Central and South American origin. Some of these students were mixed-race and self-identified in ways other than according to the school's classification system. In this paper, the corollary term "Mexicanos" is used to designate first-generation Mexican immigrants to the United States. This term was used by the schoolchildren at East Middle School to distinguish second- and third-generation students from new immigrants.
66. Martyn Hammersley and Paul Atkinson, Ethnography: Principles in Practice (London: Routledge, 1995), 8.
67. Margery B. Franklin, "Making Sense: Interviewing and Narrative Representation," in Toward A New Psychology of Gender, ed. Mary M. Gergen and Sara N. Davis (New York: Routledge, 1997), 102.
68. Kevin G. Barnhurst and Ellen Wartella, "Newspapers and Citizenship: Young Adults' Subjective Experience of Newspapers," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8 (June 1991): 195-209; Kevin G. Barnhurst and Ellen Wartella, "Young Citizens, American TV Newscasts, and the Collective Memory," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 15 (September 1998): 279-305; Leo Bogart, Commercial Culture: The Media System and the Public Interest (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
69. Kevin G. Barnhurst and Ellen Wartella, "Newspapers and Citizenship: Young Adults' Subjective Experience of Newspapers," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8 (June 1991): 195-209; Kevin G. Barnhurst and Ellen Wartella, "Young Citizens, American TV Newscasts, and the Collective Memory," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 15 (September 1998): 279-305; Leo Bogart, Commercial Culture: The Media System and the Public Interest (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
70. Kevin G. Barnhurst and Ellen Wartella, "Newspapers and Citizenship: Young Adults' Subjective Experience of Newspapers," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8 (June 1991): 195-209; Kevin G. Barnhurst and Ellen Wartella, "Young Citizens, American TV Newscasts, and the Collective Memory," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 15 (September 1998): 279-305; Leo Bogart, Commercial Culture: The Media System and the Public Interest (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
71. Sandra Lee Bartky, "Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power," in Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on Resistance, ed. Irene Diamond and Lee Quinby (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1988), 64.
72. See Duke and Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity."
73. Bordo, Unbearable Weight.
74. July Siebecker, "Women's Oppression and the Obsession with Thinness," in Women: Images and Realities, ed. Amy Kesselman, Lily D. McNair, and Nancy Schniedewind (Mountainview, CA: Mayfield, 1995), 107.
75. Duke and Kreshel, "Negotiating Femininity."
76. Frazer, "Teenage Girls Reading Jackie."
77. Ien Ang, Watching "Dallas": Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985); John Fiske, "British Cultural Studies and Television," in Channels of Discourse, Reassembled, ed. Robert C. Allen (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 284-326; Stuart Hall, "Encoding/Decoding," in Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79, ed. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (London: Hutchinson, 1980), 128-38; David Morley, The Nationwide Audience: Structure and Decoding (London: Hutchinson, 1980).
78. Ien Ang, Watching "Dallas": Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985); John Fiske, "British Cultural Studies and Television," in Channels of Discourse, Reassembled, ed. Robert C. Allen (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 284-326; Stuart Hall, "Encoding/Decoding," in Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79, ed. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (London: Hutchinson, 1980), 128-38; David Morley, The Nationwide Audience: Structure and Decoding (London: Hutchinson, 1980).
79. Ien Ang, Watching "Dallas": Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985); John Fiske, "British Cultural Studies and Television," in Channels of Discourse, Reassembled, ed. Robert C. Allen (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 284-326; Stuart Hall, "Encoding/Decoding," in Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79, ed. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (London: Hutchinson, 1980), 128-38; David Morley, The Nationwide Audience: Structure and Decoding (London: Hutchinson, 1980).
80. Ien Ang, Watching "Dallas": Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985); John Fiske, "British Cultural Studies and Television," in Channels of Discourse, Reassembled, ed. Robert C. Allen (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 284-326; Stuart Hall, "Encoding/Decoding," in Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79, ed. Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis (London: Hutchinson, 1980), 128-38; David Morley, The Nationwide Audience: Structure and Decoding (London: Hutchinson, 1980).
81. Thompson, A Hunger So Wide and Deep.
82. S. Craig Watkins, Representing: Hip-Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
83. Griffiths, Adolescent Girls and Their Friends; Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Evans and Eder, "No Exit."
84. Griffiths, Adolescent Girls and Their Friends; Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Evans and Eder, "No Exit."
85. Griffiths, Adolescent Girls and Their Friends; Brown and Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads; Evans and Eder, "No Exit."
86. Joke Hermes, Reading Women's Magazines: An Analysis of Everyday Media Use (Cambridge, England: Polity), 25.
87. McCracken, Decoding Women's Magazines, 67.