A general protocol for restoration of regulated rivers

Regulated Rivers: Research and Management

Volumn 12, Issue 4-5, 1996, Pages 391-413

  Stanford, Jack A ^a   Ward, J V ^b   Liss, William J ^c   Frissell, Christopher A ^a   Williams, Richard N ^d   Lichatowich, James A ^d   Coutant, Charles C ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^b SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^c OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Box 2008 ^*  (United States)

^e OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

General protocol; Restoration

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000512027     PISSN: 08869375     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199607)12:4/5<391::aid-rrr436>3.0.co;2-4     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Amoros, C., A. Roux, L., Reygrobellet, J. L., Bravard, J. P. and Pautou, G. 1987. 'A method for applied ecological studies of fluvial hydrosystems', Regul. Riv., 1, 17-36.
2. Anderson, N. H. and Wisseman, R. W. 1987. 'Recovery of the Trichoptera fauna near Mt. St. Helens five years after the 1980 eruption', in Bournaud, M. and Tachet, H. (Eds), Proceedings of the 5th International Society on Trichoptera, Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 367-373.
3. Andrewartha, H. G. and Birch, L. C. 1954. The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 281 pp.
4. Andrews, E. D. 1980. 'Effective and bankfull discharges in the Yampa River Basin, Colorado and Wyoming', J. Hydrol., 43, 311-330.
5. Andrews, E. D. and Nelson, J. M. 1989. 'Topographic response of a bar in the Green River, Utah to variation in discharge', in Ikeda, S. and Parker, G. (Eds), River Meandering. American Geophysical Union. pp. 463-485.
6. Angermeier, P. L. and Karr, J. R. 994. 'Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives', BioScience, 44(10), 690-697.
7. Bachman, R. A. 1983. 'Foraging behavior of free-ranging wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a stream', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 113, 1-32.
8. Bain, M. B., Finn, J. T. and Booke, H. E. 1988. 'Stream-flow regulation and fish community structure', Ecology 69, 382-392.
9. Baxter, R. M. 1977. 'Environmental effects of dams and impoundments', Ann. Rev. Ecol. System., 8, 255-283.
10. Benke, A. C., Hall, C. A. S., Hawkins, C. P., Lowe-McConnell, R. H., Stanford, J. A., Suberkropp K. and Ward, J. V. 1988. 'Bioenergetic considerations in the analyses of stream ecosystems', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. ,7(4), 480-502.
11. Best, J. L. and Bristow, C. S. (Ed.), 1993. Braided Rivers. Geological Society Special Publications. The Geological Society, London. 419 pp.
12. Blikie, P. and Brookfield, H. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. Methuen, New York. 453 pp.
13. Blinn, D. W., Shannon, J. P., Stevens L. E. and Carder, J. P. 1995. 'Consequences of fluctuating discharge for lotic communities', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 14, 233-248.
14. Brett, J. R. 1971. 'Energetic responses of salmon to temperature. A study of some thermal relations in the physiology and freshwater ecology of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)', Am. Zool., 11, 99-113.
15. Brown, J.H. and Kodric-Brown, A. 1977. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effects of immigration on extinction', Ecology, 58, 445-449.
16. Calow, P. and Petts, G. E. (Eds), 1992. The Rivers Handbook, Volume 1, Hydrological and Ecological Principles. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
17. Church, M. 1995. 'Geomorphic response to river flow regulation: case studies and time-scales', Reg. Riv., 11(1), 3-22.
18. Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs', Science, 199, 1302-1310.
19. Connor, J. E. 1993. Hydrology, Hydraulics and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood, US Geological Survey Special Paper 274. US Govt. Printing Office, Washington.
20. Copp, G. H. 1989. 'The habitat diversity and fish reproductive function of floodplain ecosystems', Environ. Biol. Fishes, 26, 1-27.
21. Cummins, K. W., Minshall, G. W., Sedell, J. R., Cushing, C. E. and Petersen, R. C. 1984. 'Stream ecosystem theory', Verh. Internat. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 22, 1818-1827.
22. Cummins, K. W., Wilzbach, M. A., Gates, D. M., Perry, J. B. and Taliaferro, W. B. 1989. 'Shredders and riparian vegetation. Leaf litter that falls into streams influences communities of stream invertebrates', BioScience, 39(1), 24-30.
23. Cushman, R. M. 1985. 'Review of ecological effects of rapidly varying flows downstream of hydroelectric facilities', North Am. J. Fisheries Man., 5, 330-339.
24. Dahm, C. N., Cummins, K. W., Valett, H. M. and Coleman, R. L. 1995. 'An ecosystem view of the restoration of the Kissimmee River'. Restoration Ecol., 3(3), 225-238.
25. Davies, B. R. and Walker, K. F. (Ed.), 1986. The Ecology of River Systems. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 793 pp.
26. Decamps, H. and Tabacchi, E. 1994. 'Species richness in vegetation along river margins', in Giller, P. S., Hildrew, A. G. and Raffaelli, D. G. (Eds), Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
27. DeVore, J. D., James, B. W., Tracy, C. A. and Hale, D. A. 1995. 'Dynamics and potential production of white sturgeon in the unimpounded Lower Columbia River', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 124(6), 845-856.
28. Dolan, R., Howard, A. and Trimble, D. 1978. 'Structural control of the rapids and pools of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon', Science, 202, 629-631.
29. Doppelt, B., Scurlock, M., Frissell, C. and Karr, J. 1993. Entering the Watershed. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 462 pp.
30. Dynesius, M. and Nilsson, C. 1994. 'Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world', Science, 266, 753-762.
31. Ebersole, J.L., Liss, W.J. and Frissell, C.A. In press. 'Restoration of stream habitats in managed landscapes in the western USA: restoration as re-expression of habitat capacity', Environ. Manage.
32. Frissell, C. A. 1993. 'Topology of extinction and endangerment of native fishes in the Pacific northwest and California (U.S.A.)', Conservation Biol., 7(2), 342-354.
33. Frissell, C. A. and Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem management and the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and ecological integrity', Wat. Res. Bull., 32, 229-240.
34. Frissell, C. A. and Nawa R. K. 1992. 'Incidence and causes of physical failure of artificial habitat structures in streams of western Oregon and Washington', North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 12, 182-197.
35. Frissell, C. A., Liss W. J. and Bayles, D. 1993. 'An integrated, biophysical strategy for ecological restoration of large watersheds', in Spangenborg, N. E. and Potts, D. E. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Changing Roles in Water Resources Management and Policy. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda. pp. 449-456.
36. Frissell, C. A., Liss, W. J., Gresswell, R. E., Nawa, R. K. and Ebersole, J. L. In press. 'A resource in crisis: changing the measure of salmon management', in Stouder, D. J., Bisson, P. A. and Naiman, R. J. (Eds). Pacific Salmon and their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman & Hall, New York.
37. Gibert, J., Dole-Olivier, M. J., Marmonier, P. and Vervier, P. 1990. 'Surface water-groundwater ecotones', in Naiman, R. J. and Decamps, H. (Eds), Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones. Partenon Publ., London. pp. 199-255.
38. Gislason, G. M. 1985. 'The life cycle and production of Simulium vittatum Zett. in the River Laxa, North-East Iceland', North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 22, 3281-3287.
39. Goodrich, J. M. and Buskirk, S. W. 1995. 'Control of abundant native vertebrates for conservation of endangered species', Conservation Biol., 9(6), 1357-1364.
40. Gore, J. A., (Ed.), 1985. The Restoration of Rivers and Streams: Theories and Experience. Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham. 280 pp.
41. Gore, J. A. and Shields, J. F. D. 1995. 'Can large rivers be restored?', BioScience, 45(3), 142-152.
42. Gotelli, N.J. 1991. 'Metapopulation models: the rescue effect, the propagule rain, and the core-satellite hypothesis', American Naturalist, 138, 768-776.
43. Gregory, S. V., Swanson, F. J., McKee, W. A. and Cummins, K. W. 1991. 'An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones', BioScience, 41(8), 540-551.
44. Hall, C. A. S. 1986. 'The changing intellectual climate of fisheries management', Environ. Manage., 10(3), 331-334.
45. Hall, C. A. S. 1988a. 'An assessment of several of the historically most influential theoretical models used in ecology and of the data provided in their support', Ecol. Model., 43, 5-31.
46. Hall, C. A. S. 1988b. 'What constitutes a good model and by whose criteria?', Ecol. Model., 43, 125-127.
47. Hall, C. A. S., Stanford, J. A. and Hauer, F. R. 1992. 'The distribution and abundance of organisms as a consequence of energy balances along multiple environmental gradients', Oikos, 65, 377-390.
48. Hanski, I. 1991. 'Single species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models and observations', Biol. J. Linnean Soc., 42, 17-38.
49. Hanski, I. and Gilpin, M. 1991. 'Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain', Biol. J. Linnean Soc., 42, 3-16.
50. Harmon, J. R. and Park, D. L. 1980. 'Evaluation of a bypass sytem for juvenile salmonids at Little Goose Dam', Marine Fish. Rev., June, 25-28.
51. Harrison, S. 1991. 'Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation', Biol. J. Linnean Soc., 42, 73-88.
52. Harrison, S. 1994. 'Metapopulations and conservation', in Edwards, P. J., May, R.M. and Webb, N.R. (Eds), Large-scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 375 pp.
53. Harrison, S. and Quinn, J.F. 1989. 'Correlated environments and the persistence of metapopulations'. Oikos, 56, 293-298.
54. Hauer, F. R., Stanford, J. A. and Ward, J. V. 1989. 'Serial discontinuities in a Rocky Mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of Trichoptera', Regul. Riv. Res., 3, 177-182.
55. Hilborn, R. 1992. 'Hatcheries and the future of salmon in the Northwest', Fisheries, 17(1), 5.
56. Hunter, C. J. 1991. Better Trout Habitat: A Guide to Stream Restoration and Management. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 320 pp.
57. Huntington, C., Nehlsen, W. and Bowers, J. 1996. 'A survey of healthy native stocks of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest and California'. Fisheries, 21, 6-14.
58. Huston, M. 1979. 'A general hypothesis of diversity', American Naturalist, 113, 81-101.
59. Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological Diversity: The Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 681 pp.
60. Hynes, H. B. N. 1966. The Biology of Polluted Waters. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. 202 pp.
61. Hynes, H. B. N. 1975. The stream and its valley', Verh. Intern. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 19, 1-15.
62. Illies, J. 1956. 'Seeausfluss-Biozönosen lappländischer Waldbäche', Ent. Tidskr., 77, 138-153.
63. Illies, J. and Botosaneanu, L. 1963. 'Problemes et methodes de la classification et de la zonation ecologique des eaux courantes, considerees surtout du point de vue faunistique', Mitteil. Internat. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 12, 1-57.
64. Johnson, W. C. 1994. 'Woodland expansion in the Platte River, Nebraska: patterns and causes', Ecol. Monographs, 64(1), 45-84.
65. Jourdonnais, J. H. and F. R. Hauer. 1993. 'Electrical frequency control and its effects on flow and river ecology in the lower Flathead River, Montana', Rivers, 4(2), 132-145.
66. Junk, W. J. and Piedade M. T. F. 1994. 'Species diversity and distribution of herbaceous plants in the floodplain of the middle Amazon', Verh. Internat. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 25, 1862-1865.
67. Junk, W. J., Bayley, P. B. and Sparks, R. E. 1989. 'The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems' in Dodge, D. P. (Ed.), Proc. Int. Large River Symposuim, Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 106, 110-127.
68. Heiler, G., Hein, T., Schiemer, F. and Bornette, G. 1995. 'Hydrological connectivity and flood pulses as the central aspects for the integrity of a river-floodplain system'. Regul. Riv, 11(3/4), 351-361.
69. Kellerhals, R. and Church, M. 1989. 'The morphology of large rivers: characterization and management', Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 106, 31-48.
70. Kondolf, G. M. and Larson, M. 1995. 'Historical channel analysis and its application to riparian and aquatic habitat restoration', Aqua. Conserv. Mar. Freshwater Ecosystems, 5(2), 109-126.
71. Krueger, C. C. and Waters, T. F. 1983. 'Annual production of macroinvertebrates in three streams of different water quality', Ecology, 64, 840-850.
72. Lamberti, G. A., Gregory, S. V., Hawkins, C. P., Wildman, R. C., Ashkenas, L. R. and Denicola, D. M. 1992. 'Plant herbivore interactions in streams near Mount St Helens', Freshwater Biol., 27, 237-247.
73. Lee, K. N. and Lawrence J. 1986. 'Adaptive management: learning from the Columbia River Basin fish and wildlife program', Environ. Law, 16, 431-460.
74. Leider, S. A. 1989. 'Increased straying by adult steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens', Environ. Biol. Fishes, 24, 219-229.
75. Leopold, L. B., Wolman, M. G. and Miller, J. P. 1964. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 522 pp.
76. Li, H. W., Schreck, C. B., Bond, C. E. and Rexstad, E. 1987. 'Factors influencing changes in fish assemblages of Pacific Northwest streams', in Matthews, W. J. and Heins, D. C. (Eds), Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. pp. 193-202.
77. Li, H. Currens, W., K., Bottom, D., Clarke, S., Dambacher, J., Frissell, C., Harris, P., Hughes, R. M., McCullough, D., McGie, A., Moore, K. and Thiel, S. in press. 'Safe havens: refuges and evolutionarily significant units', Am. Fish. Soc. Symp., 17.
78. Lichatowich, J. in press. 'Evaluating the performance of salmon management institutions: the importance of performance measures, temporal scales and production cycles', in Stouder, D. J., Bisson, P. A. and R. J. Naiman (Eds), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, New York.
79. Lichatowich, J. A. and Mobrand, L. E. 1995. Analysis of Chinook salmon in Columbia River from an Ecosystem Perspective. US Department of Energy, Banneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. 102 pp.
80. Lichatowich, J., Mobrand, L., Lestelle, L. and Vogel, T. 1995. 'An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of depleted Pacific salmon populations in Pacific Northwest watersheds', Fisheries, 20(1), 10-18.
81. Ligon, F. K., Dietrich, W. E. and Trush, W. J. 1995. 'Downstream ecological effects of dam', BioScience, 45(3), 183-192.
82. Lillehammer, A. and Saltveit, S. J. (Eds), 1984. Regulated Rivers. Oslo University Press, Oslo. 540 pp.
83. Lowe-McConnell, R. H. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
84. Lubchenco, J., Olson, A. M., Brubaker, L. B., Carpenter, S. R., Holland, M. M., Hubbell, S. P., Levin, S. A., MacMahon, J. A., Matson, P. A., Melillo, J. M., Mooney, H. A., Peterson, C. H., Pulliam, H. R., Real, L. A., Regal, P. J. and Risser, P. G. 1991. 'The sustainable biosphere initiative: An ecological research agenda', Ecology, 72(2), 371-412.
85. Ludwig, D., Hillborn R. and Walters, C. 1993. 'Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: Lessons from history', Science, 260, 17-36.
86. Mangin, A. 1994. 'Karst hydrogeology', in Gibert, J., Danielopol, D. L. and Stanford, J. A. (Eds), Groundwater Ecology. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California. pp. 43-68.
87. McAuliffe, J. R. 1983. 'Competition, colonization patterns and disturbance in stream benthic communities', in Barnes, J. R. and Minshall, G. W. (Eds.), Stream Ecology: Application and Testing of General Ecological Theory, Plenum Press, New York, 399 pp.
88. McAulifle, J. R. 1984. 'Competition for space, disturbance, and the structure of a benthic stream community'. Ecology, 65, 894-908.
89. Meffe, G. K. and Minckley W. L. 1987. 'Persistence and stability of fish and invertebrate assemblages in a repeatedly disturbed Sonoran Desert stream', Am. Midland Naturalist, 117, 177-191.
90. Milner, A. M. and Bailey, R. G. 1989. 'Salmonid colonization of new streams in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska', Aquaculture Fish. Manage., 20, 179-192.
91. Minckley, W. L. and Deacon, J. E. (Eds). 1991. Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 535 pp.
92. Minckley, W. L. and Douglas, M. E. 1991. 'Discovery and extinction of western fishes: a blink of the eye in geologic time', in Minckley, W. L. and Deacon, J. E. (Eds), Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. pp. 7-17.
93. Minshall, G. W. 1978. 'Autotrophy in stream ecosystems', BioScience, 28(12), 767-771.
94. Minshall, G. W., Petersen, R. C., Cummins, K. W., Bott, T. L., Sedell, J. R., Cushing, C. E. and Vannote, R. L. 1983. 'Interbiome comparison of stream ecosystem dynamics' Ecol. Monographs., 53, 1-25.
95. Mooney, H. A. and Drake, J. A. (Eds). 1986. Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York.
96. Moyle, P. B. and Leidy, R. A. 1992. 'Loss of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems: evidence from fish faunas', in Fielder, P. L. and Jain, S. K. (Ed.), Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature, Conservation, Preservation and Management. Chapman and Hall, New York. pp. 128-169.
97. Moyle, P. B., Li H. W. and Barton, B. A. 1986. 'The Frankenstein effect: Impact of introduced fishes on native fishes in North America', in Stroud, R. H. (Ed.), Fish Culture in Fisheries Manag.. Am. Fish. Soc., Maryland. pp. 415-426.
98. Munn, M. and Brusven, M. A. 1991. 'Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in nonregulated and regulated waters of the Clearwater River, Idaho', Regul. Riv., 6, 1-11.
99. Naiman, R. J., Melillo, J. M., Lock, M. A., Ford, T. E. and Reice, S. R. 1987. 'Longitudinal patterns of ecosystem processes and community structure in a subarctic river continuum', Ecology, 68, 1139-1156.
100. Naiman, R. J., Decamps, H., Pastor, J. and Johnston, C. A. 1988. 'The potential importance of boundaries to fluvial ecosystems', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 7(4), 289-306.
101. Naiman, R. J., Magnuson, J. J., McKnight, D. M. and Stanford, J. A. (Eds). 1995a. Freshwater Imperative: A Research Agenda, 1st edn., Island Press, Washington, D.C. 165 pp.
102. Naiman, R. J., Magnuson, J. J., McKnight, D. M., Stanford, J. A. and Karr, J. R. 1995b. 'Freshwater ecosystems and their management: a national initiative', Science, 270(5236), 584-585.
103. National Research Council, 1995. Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 388 pp.
104. Nehlsen, W., Williams, J. E. and Lichatowich, J. A. 1991. 'Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington', Fisheries, 16(2), 4-21.
105. Newbold, J. D., Elwood, J. W., O'Neill, R. V. and Van Winkle, W. 1981. 'Measuring nutrient spiralling in streams', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 38(7), 860-863.
106. Newbold, J. D., O'Neill, R. V., Elwood, J. W. and Van Winkle, W. 1982. 'Nutrient spiralling in streams: implications for nutrient limitation and invertebrate activity', American Naturalist, 120(5), 628-652.
107. Noss, R. F. and Cooperrider, A. Y. 1994. Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
108. Perry, S. A. and Perry, W. B. 1986. 'Effects of experimental flow regulation on invertebrate drift and stranding in the Flathead and Kootenai Rivers, Montana, USA', Hydrobiologia, 134, 171-182.
109. Perry, S. A. and Sheldon, A. L. 1986. 'Effects of exported seston on aquatic insect faunal similarity and species richness in lake outlet streams in Montana, USA', Hydrobiologia, 137, 65-77.
110. Petts, G. E. and Wood, R. (Eds). 1988. 'River regulation in the United Kingdom', Regul. Riv., 2(3).
111. Petts, G. E., Moller, H. and Roux, A. L. (Ed.). 1989. Historical Change of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 355 pp.
112. Pflieger, W. L. and Grace, T. B. 1987. 'Changes in the fish fauna of the Lower Missouri River, 1940-1983', in Matthews, W. J. and Heins, D. C. (Eds), Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. pp. 166-177.
113. Pimm, S. L. 1991. The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 447 pp.
114. Poe, T. P., Hansel, H. C., Vigg, S., Palmer, D. E. and Prendergast, L. A. 1991. 'Feeding of predaceous fishes on out-migrating salmonids in John Day Reservoir, Columbia River', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 120(4), 405-420.
115. Poff, N. L. and Allan, J. D. 1995. 'Functional organization of stream fish assemblages in relation to hydrological variability', Ecology, 76(2), 606-627.
116. Poff, N. L. and Ward, J. V. 1990. 'Physical habitat template of lotic systems: recovery in the context of historical pattern of spatiotemporal heterogeneity', Environ. Manage., 14, 629-645.
117. Power, M. E., Sun, A., Parker, G., Dietrich, W. E. and Wootton, J. T. 1995. 'Hydraulic food-chain models', BioScience, 45(3), 159-167.
118. Quinn, T. P. and Unwin, M. J. 1993. 'Variation in life history patterns among New Zealand chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50, 1414-1421.
119. Regier, H. A., Welcomme, R. L., Stedman, R. J. and Henderson, H. F. 1989. 'Rehabilitation of degraded river ecosystems', in Proceedings, of the International Large River Symposium. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci., pp. 86-89.
120. Reice, S. R. 1994. 'Nonequilibrium determinants of biological community structure', American Scientist, 82(5), 424-435.
121. Reisenbichler, R. R., McIntyre, J. D., Solazzi, M. F. and Landino, S. W. 1992. 'Genetic variation in steelhead of Oregon and Northern California', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 121, 158-169.
122. Resh, V. H., Brown, A. V., Covich, A. P., Gurtz, M. E., Li, H. W., Minshall, G. W., Reice, S. R., Sheldon, A. L., Wallace, J. B. and Wissmar, R. C. 1988. 'The role of disturbance in stream ecology', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 7, 433-455.
123. Rieman, B. E. and McIntyre, J. D. 1993. 'Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout', Report number INT-308, US Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, Idaho, USA. 38 pp.
124. Rieman, B. E. and McIntyre, J. D. 1995. Occurrence of bull trout in naturally fragmented habitat patches of varies size', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 124(3), 285-296.
125. Rieman, B. E., Beamesderfer, R. C., Vigg, S. and Poe, T. P. 1991. 'Estimated loss of juvenile salmonids to predation by northern squaw-fish, walleyes, and smallmouth bass in John Day reservoir, Columbia River', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 120, 448-458.
126. Roth, N. E., Allan, J. D. and Erickson, D. L. in press. 'Landscape influences on stream biotic integrity assessed at multiple spatial scales', Landscape Ecol.
127. Sabater, F., Armengol, J. and Sabater, S. 1989. 'Measuring discontinuities in the Ter River', Regul. Riv. 3, 133-142.
128. Salo, J., Kalliola, R., Häkkinen, I., Mäkinen, P., Niemelä, Puhakka, M. and Coley, P. D. 1986. 'River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forest', Nature, 322, 254-258.
129. Schinberg, A. and Gould, K. A. 1994. Environment and Society: the Enduring Conflict. St. Martins Press, New York. 324 pp.
130. Schlosser, I.J. and Angermeier, P.L. 1995. 'Spatial variation in demographic processes of lotic fishes: conceptual models, empirical evidence, and implications for conservation', Am. Fish. Soc. Symp., 17, 392-401.
131. Schoener, T. 1991. 'Extinction and the nature of the metapopulation', Acta Oecologia, 12, 53-75.
132. Schumm, S. A. and Lichty, R. W. 1956. 'Time, space and causality in geomorphology', Am. J. Sci., 263, 110-119.
133. Sear, D. A. 1994. 'River restoration and geomorphology', Aquat. Conserv. Marine Freshwater Ecosystems, 4, 169-177.
134. Sedell, J. R., Reeves, G. H., Hauer, F. R., Stanford, J. A. and Hawkins, C. P. 1990. 'Role of refugia in recovery from disturbances: modern fragmented and disconnected river systems', Environ. Manage., 14(5) 711-724.
135. Shannon, J. P., Blinn, D. W. and Stevens, L. E. 1994. 'Trophic interactions and benthic animal community structure in the Colorado River, Arizona, U.S.A.', Freshwater Biol., 31, 213-220.
136. Shuman, J. R. 1995. 'Environmental considerations for assessing dam removal alternatives for river restoration', Regul. Riv., 11(3/4), 249-261.
137. Simons, D. B. 1979. 'Effects of stream regulation on channel morphology', in Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. (Eds), The Ecology of Regulated Streams. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 95-111.
138. Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. 'Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies?', J. Animal Ecol., 46, 337-365.
139. Southwood, T. R. E. 1978. Ecological Methods, 2nd edn.. Chapman & Hall, London. 524 pp.
140. Sparks, R. E. 1995. 'Need for ecosystem management of large rivers and their floodplains', BioScience, 45(3), 168-182.
141. Sparks, R. E., Bayley, P. B., Kohler, S. L. and Osborne, L. L. 1990. 'Disturbance and recovery of large floodplain rivers', Environ. Manage., 14, 699-709.
142. Spencer, C. N., McClelland, B. R. and Stanford, J. A. 1991. 'Shrimp stocking, salmon collapse, and eagle displacement: cascading interactions in the food-web of a large aquatic ecosystem', BioScience, 41(1), 14-21.
143. Stacy, P. B. and Taper, M. 1992. 'Environmental variation and the persistence of small populations', Ecol. Appl., 2, 18-29.
144. Stanford, J. A. 1996. 'Landscapes and catchment basins', in Hauer, F. R. and Lamberti, G. A. (Eds), Methods in Stream Ecology. Academic Press, San Diego. pp. 3-22.
145. Stanford, J. A. and Hauer, F. R. 1992. 'Mitigating the impacts of stream and lake regulation in the Flathead River Catchment, Montana, USA: an ecosystem perspective', Aquat. Conserv., 2, 35-63.
146. Stanford, J. A. and Hauer, F. R. (Eds) 1993. 'Fifth International Symposium on Regulated Streams', Regul. Riv., 8(1/2).
147. Stanford, J. A., Hauer, F. R. and Ward, J. V. 1988. 'Serial discontinuity in a large river system', Verh. Internat. Verein. Theor. Angewa. Limnol., 23, 1114-1118.
148. Stanford, J. A. and Poole, G. C. in press. 'A protocol for ecosystem management', Ecol. Applic.
149. Stanford, J. A. and Ward, J. V. 1986. 'Fish of the Colorado system', in Davies, B. R. and Walker, K. F. (Eds), The Ecology of River Systems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 385-402.
150. Stanford, J. A. and Ward, J. V. 1989. 'Serial discontinuities in a Rocky Mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of Plecoptera', Regul. Riv., 3, 169-175.
151. Stanford, J. A. and Ward, J. V. 1992. 'Management of aquatic resources in large catchments: Recognizing interactions between ecosystem connectivity and environmental disturbance', in Naiman, R. J. (Ed.), Watershed Management. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 91-124.
152. Stanford, J. A. and Ward, J. V. 1993. 'An ecosystem perspective of alluvial rivers: connectivity and the hyporheic corridor', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 12(1), 48-60.
153. Statzner, B., Gore, J. A. and Resh, V. H. 1988. 'Hydraulic stream ecology: Observed patterns and potential applications', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 7(4), 307-360.
154. Stevens, L. E., Shannon, J. P. and Blinn, D. W. in press. 'Colorado River benthic ecology in Grand Canyon, Arizona: dam, tributary and geomorphic influences', Reg. Riv.
155. Taylor, E.B. 1991. 'A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon', Aquaculture, 98, 185-207.
156. Toth, L. A., Obeysekera, J. T. B., Perkin, W. A. and Loftin, M. K. 1993. 'Flow regulation and restoration of Florida's Kissimmee River', Reg. Riv., 8(1/2), 155-166.
157. Townsend, C. R. 1989. 'The patch dynamics concept of stream community ecology', J. North Am. Benthol. Soc., 8, 36-50.
158. Travnichek, V. H., Bain, M. B. and Maceina, M. J. 1995. 'Recovery of a warmwater fish assemblage after the initiation of a minimum-flow release downstream from a hydroelectric dam', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 124(6), 836-844.
159. Valett, H. M. and Stanford, J. A. 1987. 'Food quality and hydropsychid caddisfly density in a lake outlet stream in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 77-82.
160. Van Dijk, G. M., Marteijn, E. C. L. and Schulte-Wülwer-Leidig, A. 1995. 'Ecological rehabilitation of the River Rhine: plans, progress and perspectives', Regul. Riv., 11(34), 377-388.
161. Vannote, R. L. and Sweeney, B. W. 1980. 'Geographic analysis of thermal equilibria; a conceptual model for evaluating the effect of natural and modified thermal regimes on aquatic insect communities', American Naturalist, 115(5), 667-695.
162. Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, J. R. and Cushing, C. E. 1980. 'The river continuum concept', Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 37(1), 130-137.
163. Ward, J. V. 1984. 'Stream regulation of the upper Colorado River: Channel configuration and thermal heterogeneity', Verh. Int. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 22, 1862-1866.
164. Ward, J. V. 1985. 'Thermal characteristics of running waters', Hydrobiologia, 125, 31-46.
165. Ward, J. V. in press. 'Riverine landscapes: biodiversity patterns, disturbance regimes and aquatic conservation', Biol. Conserv.
166. Ward, J. V. and Dufford, R. G. 1979. 'Longitudinal and seasonal distribution of macroinvertebrates and epilithic algae in a Colorado springbrook-pond system', Arch. Hydrobiologia, 86(3), 284-321.
167. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. (Ed), 1979. The Ecology of Regulated Streams. Plenum Press, New York. 398 pp.
168. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1982. 'Thermal responses in the evolutionary ecology of aquatic insects', Ann. Rev. Entomol., 27, 97-117.
169. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1983a. 'The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems', in Fontaine III, T. D. I. and Bartell, S. M. (Eds), Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor. pp. 29-42.
170. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1983b. 'The intermediate-disturbance hypothesis: An explanation for biotic diversity patterns in lotic ecosystems', in Fontaine III, T. D. and Bartell, S. M. (Eds), Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems. Butterworth, Kent.
171. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1987. 'The ecology of regulated streams: Past accomplishments and directions for future research', in Craig, J. F. and Kemper, J. B. (Eds.), Regulated Streams-Advances in Ecology. Plenum, New York.
172. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1991. 'Benthic faunal patterns along the longitudinal gradient of a Rocky Mountain river system', Verh. Intern. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 24, 3087-3094.
173. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1995a. 'Ecological connectivity in alluvial river ecosystems and its disruption by flow regulation', Regul. Riv., 11, 105-120.
174. Ward, J. V. and Stanford, J. A. 1995b. 'The serial discontinuity concept: extending the model to floodplain rivers', Regul. Riv., 10, 159-168.
175. Ward, J. V. and Voelz, N. J. 1988. 'Downstream effects of a large, deep-release, high mountain reservoir on lotic zoobenthos', Verh. Internat. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 23, 1174-1178.
176. Ward, J. V. and Wiens, J. A. in press. 'Ecotones of riverine ecosystems: role and typology, spatio-temporal dynamics, and river regulation', in Zalewksi, M., F. Schiemer and Thorpe, J. (Eds), Inland Water Ecotones. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
177. Warren, C. E. 1971. Biology and Water Pollution Control. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 434 pp.
178. Warren, C.E., Allen, M.J. and Haefner, J.W. 1979. 'Conceptual frameworks and the philisophical foundations of general living systems theory', Behavioral Science, 24, 296-310.
179. Waters, T. F. 1995. Sediment in Streams: Sources, Biological Effects and Control. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda. 251 pp.
180. Waters, T. F., Doherty, M. T. and Krueger, C. C. 1990. 'Annual production and production: biomass ratios for three species of stream trout in Lake Superior tributaries', Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 119, 470-474.
181. Weisberg, S. B., Janicki, A. J., Gerritsen, J. and Wilson, H. T. 1990. 'Enhancement of benthic macroinvertebrates by minimum flow from a hydroelectric dam', Regul. Riv., 5, 265-277.
182. Welcomme, R. L. 1979. Fisheries Ecology of Floodplain Rivers. Longman. 317 pp.
183. Welcomme, R. L. 1995. 'Relationships between fisheries and the integrity of river systems', Reg. Riv., 11(1), 121-136.
184. Wissmar, R. C., Smith, J. E., McIntosh, B. A., Li, H. W., Reeves, G. H. and Sedell, J. R. 1994. 'A history of resource use and disturbance in riverine basins of eastern Oregon and Washington (early 1800s-1990s)', Northwest Sci., 68, 1-35.
185. Wooton, R. S. 1987. 'The ecology of lake-outlet black flies', in Kim, K. C. and Merritt, R. W. (Eds), Black Flies. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. pp. 146-154.
186. Zwick, P. 1992. 'Stream habitat fragmentation - a threat to biodiversity', Biodiversity Conservation, 1, 80-97.