The echocardiographic anatomy of ventricular septal defects

Cardiology in the Young

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 471-484

  Gatzoulis, Michael A ^a   Li, Jia ^a   Ho, Siew Yen ^a,b  

^a ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Classification; Congenital cardiac malformations; Interventricular communications

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000501056     PISSN: 10479511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s1047951100004546     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Hoffmann JIE. Incidence, mortality and natural history. In: Anderson RH, Macartney FJ, Shinebourne EA, Tynan M (eds). Paediatric Cardiology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 1987;pp 3-14.
2. Alpert BS, Mellitis ED, Rowe RD. Spontaneous closure of small ventricular septal defects; probability rates in the first five years of life. Am J Dis Child 1973;125:194-196
3. Corone P, Doyen F, Gaudeau S, Guerin F, Vernant P, Ducam H, Rumeau-Rouquette G, Gaudeul P. Natural history of ventricular septal defect. A study involving 790 cases. Circulation 1977;55:908-915
4. Murphy DJ, Ludomirsky A, Huhta JC. Continuous-wave Doppler in children with ventricular septal defect: Non-invasive estimation of interventricular pressure gradient. Am J Cardiol 1986;2:157-171
5. Cooper MJ, Tyndall M, Silverman NH. Evaluation of the responsiveness of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in children by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:470-475
6. Goldberg SJ, Sahn DJ, Allen HD, Valdes-Cruz LM, Hoenecke H, Carnahan Y. Evaluation of pulmonary and systemic blood flow by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography using fast Fourier transform spectral analysis. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:1394-1400
7. Soto B, Becker AE, Moulaert AJ, Lie JT, Anderson RH. Classification of ventricular septal defects. Br Heart J 1980;43:332-343
8. Milo S, Ho SY, Wilkinson JL, Anderson RH. The surgical anatomy and atrioventricular conduction tissues of hearts with isolated ventricular septal defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;79:244-255
9. Anderson RH, Becker AE, Tynan M. Description of ventricular septal defects - or how long is a piece of string? Int J Cardiol 1986;13:267-278.
10. Anderson RH, Wilcox BR. The surgical anatomy of ventricular septal defects associated with overriding valvar orifices. J Card Surg 1993;8:130-142.
11. Soto B, Ceballos R, Kirklin JW. Ventricular septal defects: a surgical viewpoint. JACC 1989; 14:1291-1297.
12. Van Praagh R, Geva T, Kreutzer J. Ventricular septal defects: how shall we describe, name and classify them? JACC 1989;14:1298-1299.
13. Baker EJ, Leung MP, Anderson RH, Fischer DR, Zuberbuhler JR. The cross-sectional anatomy of ventricular septal defects: a reappraisal. Br Heart J 1988;59:339-351.
14. Kawashima Y, Danno M, Shimizu Y, Matsuda H, Miyamoto T. Ventricular septal defect associated with aortic insufficiency: anatomic classification and method of operation. Circulation 1973;47:1057-1064
15. Al-Marsafawy HMF, Ho SY, Redington AN, Anderson RH. The relationship of the outlet septum to the aortic outflow tract in hearts with interruption of the aortic arch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;109:1225-1236.
16. Oppenheimer-Dekker A, Gittenberger-de-Groot, Bartelings MM, Wenink ACG, Moene RJ, van der Harten JJ. Abnormal architecture of the ventricles in hearts with an overriding aortic valve and a perimembranous ventricular septal defect ("Eisenmenger VSD"). Int J Cardiol 1985;9:341-355.
17. Yacoub MH, Khan H, Stavri G, Shinebourne E, Radley-Smith R. Anatomic correction of the syndrome of prolapsing right coronary aortic cusp, dilatation of the sinus of valsalva, and ventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 113:253-261.
18. Editorial - April issue Anderson RH. Surgical repair of straddling and overriding tricuspid valve. Editorial comment. Cardiol Young 1997;7
19. Lillihei CW, Cohen M, Warden HE, Newell RZ, Varco RL. The results of direct vision closure of ventricular septal defects in eight patients by means of controlled cross circulation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1955; 101:447-449.
20. Goor DA, Lillehei CW. Congenital malformations of the heart. Grune & Stratton, New York 1975: 112-126.
21. Sutherland GR, Godman MJ, Smallhorn JF, Guiterras P, Anderson RH, Hunter S. Ventricular septal defect. Two-dimensional echocardiographic and morphological correlations. Br Heart J 1982;47:316-328.
22. Anderson RH, Wilcox BR. The surgical anatomy of ventricular septal defect. J Cardiac Surg 1992;7:17-35.
23. Capelli H, Andrade JL, Somerville J. Classification of the site of ventricular septal defect by 2-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:1474-1480.
24. Lev M, Liberthson RR, Kirkpatrick JR, Eckner FAO, Arcilla RA. Single (primitive) ventricle. Circulation 1969;39:577-591.
25. Kumar K, Lock JE, Geva T. Apical muscular ventricular septal defects between the left ventricle and right ventricular infundibulum. Diagnostic and interventional considerations. Circulation 1997;95:1207-1213.
26. Lamers WH, Wessels A, Verbeek FJ, Moorman AF, Viragh S, Wenink AC, Gittenberger-de-Groot AC, Anderson RH. New findings concerning ventricular septation in the human heart. Implications for maldevelopment. Circulation 1992;8 6:1194-1205.