A composite diagnosis of synoptic-scale extratropical cyclone development over the United States

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 124, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 1084-1099

  Rolfson, Donald M ^a,b   Smith, Phillip J ^b  

^a National Weather Service Office   (United States)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000493223     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1084:ACDOSS>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Barnes, S. L., 1964: A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis. J. Appl. Meteor., 3, 396-409.
2. _, 1973: Mesoscale objective map analysis using weighted time series observations. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-62, 60 pp. [NTIS COM 73-10781.]
3. Bjerknes, J., 1919: On the structure of moving cyclones. Geofys. Publ., 1, 1-8.
4. _, and H. Solberg, 1922: Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory of atmospheric circulation. Geofys. Publ., 3, 1-18.
5. Bosart, L. F., 1994: Observed cyclone life cycles. Proc. of the Int. Symp. on the Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, Bergen, Norway, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 111-148.
6. Elsberry, R. L., and P. J. Kirchoffer, 1988: Upper-level forcing of explosive cyclogenesis over the ocean based on operationally analyzed fields. Wea. Forecasting, 3, 205-216.
7. Gyakum, J. R., 1983a: On the evolution of the QE II storm. Part I: Synoptic aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev.. 111, 1137-1155.
8. _, 1983b: On the evolution of the QE II storm. Part II: Dynamic and thermodynamic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1156-1173.
9. Hirschberg, P. A., and J. M. Fritsch, 1991a: Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones. Part I: Overview and observations from a cyclone event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 496-517.
10. _, and _, 1991b: Tropopause undulations and the development of extratropical cyclones. Part II: Diagnostic analysis and conceptual model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 518-550.
11. Hoskins, B. J., 1990: Theory of extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones. The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64-80.
12. Kuo, Y. H., and R. J. Reed, 1988: Numerical simulation of an explosively deepening cyclone in the eastern Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2081-2105.
13. _, _, and S. Low-Nam, 1991: Effects of surface energy fluxes during the early development and rapid intensification stages of seven explosive cyclones in the western Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 457-476.
14. Lupo, A. R., P. J. Smith, and P. Zwack, 1992: A diagnosis of the explosive development of two extratropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1490-1523.
15. MacDonald, B. C., and E. R. Reiter, 1988: Explosive cyclogenesis over the eastern United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1568-1586.
16. Nuss, W. A., and R. A. Anthes, 1987: A numerical investigation of low-level processes in rapid cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2728-2743.
17. Petterssen, S., 1956: Weather Analysis and Forecasting. Vol. I. 2d ed. McGraw-Hill, 428 pp.
18. Roebber, P. J., 1984: Statistical analysis and updated climatology of explosive cyclones. Man. Wea. Rev., 112, 1577-1589.
19. Saltzman, B., 1970: Large-scale atmospheric energetics in the wave-number domain. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 8, 289-302.
20. Sanders, F., 1986: Explosive cyclogenesis over the west central North Atlantic Ocean 1981-1984. Part I: Composite structure and mean behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1781-1794.
21. _, and J. R. Gyakum, 1980: Synoptic-dynamic climatology of the "bomb." Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1589-1606.
22. Shapiro, R., 1970: Smoothing, filtering, and boundary effects. Rev. Geophys., 8, 359-387.
23. Smith, P. J., and C.-H. Tsou, 1988: Static stability variations during the development of an intense extratropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1245-1250.
24. Sutcliffe, R. C., 1939: Cyclonic and anticyclonic development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 65, 518-524.
25. _, 1947: A contribution to the problem of development. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 73, 370-383.
26. Tsou, C-H., P. J. Smith, and P. M. Pauley, 1987: A comparison of adiabatic and diabatic forcing in an intense extratropical cyclone system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 763-786.
27. Uccellini, L. W., 1990: Processes contributing to the rapid development of extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones, The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81-105.
28. _, and P. J. Kocin, 1987: The interaction of jet streak circulations during heavy snow events along the east coast of the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 289-308.
29. _, _, R. A. Petersen, C. H. Wash, and K. F. Brill, 1984: The Presidents' Day cyclone of 18-19 February 1979: Synoptic overview and analysis of the subtropical jet streak influencing the precyclogenetic period. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 31-55.
30. _, D. Keyser, K. F. Brill, and C. H. Wash, 1985: President's Day cyclone of 18-19 February 1979: Influence of upstream trough amplification and associated tropopause folding on rapid cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 962-988.
31. Zwack, P., and B. Okossi, 1986: A new method for solving the quasigeostrophic omega equation by incorporating surface pressure tendency data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 655-666.