Gaijinhanzai: Immigrants and drugs in contemporary Japan

Asian Survey

Volumn 36, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 964-977

  Friman, H Richard ^a,b  

^a Marquette University   (United States)

^b NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF POLICE SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000484018     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645628     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. For example, see Keisatsucho, Keisatsu Hakusho, Heisei 2 [White paper on police, 1990] (Tokyo: Keisatsucho, 1990); and Homusho, Hanzai Hakusho, Heisei 6 [White paper on crime, 1994] (Tokyo: Homusho, 1994).
2. For example, see Keisatsucho, Keisatsu Hakusho, Heisei 2 [White paper on police, 1990] (Tokyo: Keisatsucho, 1990); and Homusho, Hanzai Hakusho, Heisei 6 [White paper on crime, 1994] (Tokyo: Homusho, 1994).
3. See, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, History of the Nonmilitary Activities of the Occupation of Japan, 1945-1951, 5:2 and 6:4; and H. Richard Friman, NarcoDiplomacy: Exporting the U.S. War on Drugs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
4. See, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, History of the Nonmilitary Activities of the Occupation of Japan, 1945-1951, 5:2 and 6:4; and H. Richard Friman, NarcoDiplomacy: Exporting the U.S. War on Drugs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
5. See, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, History of the Nonmilitary Activities of the Occupation of Japan, 1945-1951, 5:2 and 6:4; and H. Richard Friman, NarcoDiplomacy: Exporting the U.S. War on Drugs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).
6. Masayuki Tamura, "The Yakuza and Amphetamine Abuse in Japan," in Harold H. Traver and Mark S. Gaylord, eds., Drugs, Law, and the State (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1992), pp. 99-118; and H. Richard Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami? Japan and the International Drug Trade," Pacific Review 6:1 (1993), pp. 41-50.
7. Masayuki Tamura, "The Yakuza and Amphetamine Abuse in Japan," in Harold H. Traver and Mark S. Gaylord, eds., Drugs, Law, and the State (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1992), pp. 99-118; and H. Richard Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami? Japan and the International Drug Trade," Pacific Review 6:1 (1993), pp. 41-50.
8. Friman, ibid., p. 46; National Police Agency (NPA), WPP, 1993, Excerpt (Tokyo: Police Association, 1994), p. 96.
9. Friman, ibid., p. 46; National Police Agency (NPA), WPP, 1993, Excerpt (Tokyo: Police Association, 1994), p. 96.
10. H. Richard Friman, "International Pressure and Domestic Bargains: Regulating Money Laundering in Japan," Crime, Law, and Social Change, 21 (1994), pp. 253-66; David Kaplan and Alec Dubro, The Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986), p. 133.
11. H. Richard Friman, "International Pressure and Domestic Bargains: Regulating Money Laundering in Japan," Crime, Law, and Social Change, 21 (1994), pp. 253-66; David Kaplan and Alec Dubro, The Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986), p. 133.
12. Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami?" pp. 46-48; WPP, 1993, pp. 96-98; Japan Times, January 30, March 20, 1993; Asahi Evening News, May 26, 1993; Daily Yomiuri, September 21, 1993; Mainichi Daily News, August 14, 1992.
13. Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami?" pp. 46-48; WPP, 1993, pp. 96-98; Japan Times, January 30, March 20, 1993; Asahi Evening News, May 26, 1993; Daily Yomiuri, September 21, 1993; Mainichi Daily News, August 14, 1992.
14. Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami?" pp. 46-48; WPP, 1993, pp. 96-98; Japan Times, January 30, March 20, 1993; Asahi Evening News, May 26, 1993; Daily Yomiuri, September 21, 1993; Mainichi Daily News, August 14, 1992.
15. Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami?" pp. 46-48; WPP, 1993, pp. 96-98; Japan Times, January 30, March 20, 1993; Asahi Evening News, May 26, 1993; Daily Yomiuri, September 21, 1993; Mainichi Daily News, August 14, 1992.
16. Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami?" pp. 46-48; WPP, 1993, pp. 96-98; Japan Times, January 30, March 20, 1993; Asahi Evening News, May 26, 1993; Daily Yomiuri, September 21, 1993; Mainichi Daily News, August 14, 1992.
17. Friman, "Awaiting the Tsunami?" pp. 46-48; WPP, 1993, pp. 96-98; Japan Times, January 30, March 20, 1993; Asahi Evening News, May 26, 1993; Daily Yomiuri, September 21, 1993; Mainichi Daily News, August 14, 1992.
18. The literature here is extensive, e.g., Michael Weiner, Race and Migration in Imperial Japan (New York: Routledge, 1994); Robert H. Mitchell, The Korean Minority in Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967); and Cheong Sung-hwa, "A Study of the Origin of the Legal Status of Korean Residents in Japan: 1945-1951," Korea Journal, 32:1 (Spring 1992), pp. 43-60.
19. The literature here is extensive, e.g., Michael Weiner, Race and Migration in Imperial Japan (New York: Routledge, 1994); Robert H. Mitchell, The Korean Minority in Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967); and Cheong Sung-hwa, "A Study of the Origin of the Legal Status of Korean Residents in Japan: 1945-1951," Korea Journal, 32:1 (Spring 1992), pp. 43-60.
20. The literature here is extensive, e.g., Michael Weiner, Race and Migration in Imperial Japan (New York: Routledge, 1994); Robert H. Mitchell, The Korean Minority in Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967); and Cheong Sung-hwa, "A Study of the Origin of the Legal Status of Korean Residents in Japan: 1945-1951," Korea Journal, 32:1 (Spring 1992), pp. 43-60.
21. The literature here is also extensive, e.g., Mitchell, Korean Minority; William H. Newell, "Some Problems of Integrating Minorities into Japanese Society," Journal of Asian and African Studies 2:2 (1967), pp. 212-29; and George A. DeVos, Social Cohesion and Alienation: Minorities in the United States and Japan (Boulder Westview Press, 1992).
22. The literature here is also extensive, e.g., Mitchell, Korean Minority; William H. Newell, "Some Problems of Integrating Minorities into Japanese Society," Journal of Asian and African Studies 2:2 (1967), pp. 212-29; and George A. DeVos, Social Cohesion and Alienation: Minorities in the United States and Japan (Boulder Westview Press, 1992).
23. The literature here is also extensive, e.g., Mitchell, Korean Minority; William H. Newell, "Some Problems of Integrating Minorities into Japanese Society," Journal of Asian and African Studies 2:2 (1967), pp. 212-29; and George A. DeVos, Social Cohesion and Alienation: Minorities in the United States and Japan (Boulder Westview Press, 1992).
24. Yoko Sellek and Michael A. Weiner, "Migrant Workers: The Japanese Case in International Perspective," in Glenn Hook and Michael A. Weiner, eds., The Internationalization of Japan (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 255; Shigenori Matsui, "Aliens under the Japanese Constitution," in Matsui and Susumu Noda, eds., Foreign Workers' Problems: Japan and the U.S. (Osaka: Center for Japan-U.S. Exchange in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1993), pp. 85-116; Wayne Cornelius, "Japan: The Illusion of Immigration Control," in Cornelius et al., eds., Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 375-410; and Yoko Sellek, "Illegal Foreign Migrant Workers in Japan: Change and Challenge in Japanese Society," in Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds., Migration: The Asian Experience (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 169-201.
25. Yoko Sellek and Michael A. Weiner, "Migrant Workers: The Japanese Case in International Perspective," in Glenn Hook and Michael A. Weiner, eds., The Internationalization of Japan (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 255; Shigenori Matsui, "Aliens under the Japanese Constitution," in Matsui and Susumu Noda, eds., Foreign Workers' Problems: Japan and the U.S. (Osaka: Center for Japan-U.S. Exchange in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1993), pp. 85-116; Wayne Cornelius, "Japan: The Illusion of Immigration Control," in Cornelius et al., eds., Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 375-410; and Yoko Sellek, "Illegal Foreign Migrant Workers in Japan: Change and Challenge in Japanese Society," in Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds., Migration: The Asian Experience (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 169-201.
26. Yoko Sellek and Michael A. Weiner, "Migrant Workers: The Japanese Case in International Perspective," in Glenn Hook and Michael A. Weiner, eds., The Internationalization of Japan (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 255; Shigenori Matsui, "Aliens under the Japanese Constitution," in Matsui and Susumu Noda, eds., Foreign Workers' Problems: Japan and the U.S. (Osaka: Center for Japan-U.S. Exchange in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1993), pp. 85-116; Wayne Cornelius, "Japan: The Illusion of Immigration Control," in Cornelius et al., eds., Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 375-410; and Yoko Sellek, "Illegal Foreign Migrant Workers in Japan: Change and Challenge in Japanese Society," in Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds., Migration: The Asian Experience (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 169-201.
27. Yoko Sellek and Michael A. Weiner, "Migrant Workers: The Japanese Case in International Perspective," in Glenn Hook and Michael A. Weiner, eds., The Internationalization of Japan (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 255; Shigenori Matsui, "Aliens under the Japanese Constitution," in Matsui and Susumu Noda, eds., Foreign Workers' Problems: Japan and the U.S. (Osaka: Center for Japan-U.S. Exchange in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1993), pp. 85-116; Wayne Cornelius, "Japan: The Illusion of Immigration Control," in Cornelius et al., eds., Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 375-410; and Yoko Sellek, "Illegal Foreign Migrant Workers in Japan: Change and Challenge in Japanese Society," in Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, eds., Migration: The Asian Experience (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), pp. 169-201.
28. John Lie, "The 'Problem' of Foreign Workers in Contemporary Japan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 26:3 (1994), pp. 3-11 (4). On visa exemption accords, see Japan Immigration Association, Basic Plan for Immigration Control (Tokyo: Japan Immigration Association, 1992).
29. John Lie, "The 'Problem' of Foreign Workers in Contemporary Japan," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 26:3 (1994), pp. 3-11 (4). On visa exemption accords, see Japan Immigration Association, Basic Plan for Immigration Control (Tokyo: Japan Immigration Association, 1992).
30. Philip L. Martin, "Labor Migration in Asia," International Migration Review, 25:1 (Spring 1991), p. 181; Daily Yomiuri, May 11, 30, 1990; and Mainichi Daily News, May 28, June 8, 12, 1990.
31. Philip L. Martin, "Labor Migration in Asia," International Migration Review, 25:1 (Spring 1991), p. 181; Daily Yomiuri, May 11, 30, 1990; and Mainichi Daily News, May 28, June 8, 12, 1990.
32. Philip L. Martin, "Labor Migration in Asia," International Migration Review, 25:1 (Spring 1991), p. 181; Daily Yomiuri, May 11, 30, 1990; and Mainichi Daily News, May 28, June 8, 12, 1990.
33. For detail on the amendment, see Haruo Shimada, Japan's "Guest Workers": Issues and Public Policies (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1994), pp. 61-62; also Cornelius, "Japan," pp. 391-92 and 395-400.
34. For detail on the amendment, see Haruo Shimada, Japan's "Guest Workers": Issues and Public Policies (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1994), pp. 61-62; also Cornelius, "Japan," pp. 391-92 and 395-400.
35. Shimada, ibid., pp. 22-23.
36. Scholarship on crime by foreigners has tended to focus more on the procedural problems that foreigners create for law enforcement. See Susumu Oishi, Nihon no Keisatsu (Japan's police) (Tokyo: Japan Federation of Bar Associations, 1995), pp. 132-52; and the special issues on this theme in Jyuristo, 1043 (April 15, 1994), 1056 (November 15, 1995); and Horitsu no Hiroba, 46:7 (July 1993), and 48:1 (January 1995).
37. Scholarship on crime by foreigners has tended to focus more on the procedural problems that foreigners create for law enforcement. See Susumu Oishi, Nihon no Keisatsu (Japan's police) (Tokyo: Japan Federation of Bar Associations, 1995), pp. 132-52; and the special issues on this theme in Jyuristo, 1043 (April 15, 1994), 1056 (November 15, 1995); and Horitsu no Hiroba, 46:7 (July 1993), and 48:1 (January 1995).
38. Scholarship on crime by foreigners has tended to focus more on the procedural problems that foreigners create for law enforcement. See Susumu Oishi, Nihon no Keisatsu (Japan's police) (Tokyo: Japan Federation of Bar Associations, 1995), pp. 132-52; and the special issues on this theme in Jyuristo, 1043 (April 15, 1994), 1056 (November 15, 1995); and Horitsu no Hiroba, 46:7 (July 1993), and 48:1 (January 1995).
39. Scholarship on crime by foreigners has tended to focus more on the procedural problems that foreigners create for law enforcement. See Susumu Oishi, Nihon no Keisatsu (Japan's police) (Tokyo: Japan Federation of Bar Associations, 1995), pp. 132-52; and the special issues on this theme in Jyuristo, 1043 (April 15, 1994), 1056 (November 15, 1995); and Horitsu no Hiroba, 46:7 (July 1993), and 48:1 (January 1995).
40. Scholarship on crime by foreigners has tended to focus more on the procedural problems that foreigners create for law enforcement. See Susumu Oishi, Nihon no Keisatsu (Japan's police) (Tokyo: Japan Federation of Bar Associations, 1995), pp. 132-52; and the special issues on this theme in Jyuristo, 1043 (April 15, 1994), 1056 (November 15, 1995); and Horitsu no Hiroba, 46:7 (July 1993), and 48:1 (January 1995).
41. Prior to this (roughly since 1953), data on foreign crime combined both categories. See NPA, Hanzai Tokei (Criminal statistics), annual issues. The Ministry of Justice's annual Hanzai Hakusho [White paper on crime] relies on data of "suspects received" by public prosecutors from the police as well as other agencies such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Maritime Safety, and Customs. Police arrests, however, provide most suspects (for example, roughly 75%-80% of drug arrests). Total foreign suspects received by prosecutors as reported by the Ministry of Justice (e.g., in the case of drug offenses), however, are not broken down by permanent foreign resident and foreign visitor.
42. Prior to this (roughly since 1953), data on foreign crime combined both categories. See NPA, Hanzai Tokei (Criminal statistics), annual issues. The Ministry of Justice's annual Hanzai Hakusho [White paper on crime] relies on data of "suspects received" by public prosecutors from the police as well as other agencies such as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Maritime Safety, and Customs. Police arrests, however, provide most suspects (for example, roughly 75%-80% of drug arrests). Total foreign suspects received by prosecutors as reported by the Ministry of Justice (e.g., in the case of drug offenses), however, are not broken down by permanent foreign resident and foreign visitor.
43. See NPA, WPP, 1994 (Excerpt) (Tokyo: Japan Times, 1995), p. 33; WPP, 1993 (Excerpt), p. 41; and Hanzai Hakusho, p. 367.
44. See NPA, WPP, 1994 (Excerpt) (Tokyo: Japan Times, 1995), p. 33; WPP, 1993 (Excerpt), p. 41; and Hanzai Hakusho, p. 367.
45. See NPA, WPP, 1994 (Excerpt) (Tokyo: Japan Times, 1995), p. 33; WPP, 1993 (Excerpt), p. 41; and Hanzai Hakusho, p. 367.
46. Changes away from this pattern only began to appear in the WPP, 1994.
47. Table 4 does not include opium violations. Prior to the early 1990s, violations of Japan's Opium Law consisted primarily of illegal cultivation. Then, a brief rise was noted in the number of arrests for raw opium possession, primarily of Iranians who had initially smuggled in the opium for personal use. Seizures peaked in 1992 at 14.5 grams, and arrests in 1993 reached 60, up from 12 the previous year, WPP, 1994, pp. 76-77; interview with police officials, 1994.
48. Kaplan and Dubro, The Yakuza; Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1993), pp. 246-47; and interviews with Japanese and foreign law enforcement officials, Japan 1995.
49. Kaplan and Dubro, The Yakuza; Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1993), pp. 246-47; and interviews with Japanese and foreign law enforcement officials, Japan 1995.
50. For example, Kazuaki Tezuka, "Gaikokujin Rodosha wa doko e iku" (Where are the foreign workers going?), Bungei Shuju 71:6 (June 1993), pp. 117-21.
51. The irony is that in 1990 the NPA conducted a nationwide survey of foreigners to discover the "cause" of the rising crime rate but focused more on possible cultural tensions than economic factors. Daily Yomiuri, January 7, 1990; and NPA, WPP, 1990, Excerpt (Tokyo: Police Association, 1991), pp. 12-13. For an example of a press report that posits a linkage between economic dynamics and crime, see Asahi Evening News, September 18, 1993.
52. The irony is that in 1990 the NPA conducted a nationwide survey of foreigners to discover the "cause" of the rising crime rate but focused more on possible cultural tensions than economic factors. Daily Yomiuri, January 7, 1990; and NPA, WPP, 1990, Excerpt (Tokyo: Police Association, 1991), pp. 12-13. For an example of a press report that posits a linkage between economic dynamics and crime, see Asahi Evening News, September 18, 1993.
53. The irony is that in 1990 the NPA conducted a nationwide survey of foreigners to discover the "cause" of the rising crime rate but focused more on possible cultural tensions than economic factors. Daily Yomiuri, January 7, 1990; and NPA, WPP, 1990, Excerpt (Tokyo: Police Association, 1991), pp. 12-13. For an example of a press report that posits a linkage between economic dynamics and crime, see Asahi Evening News, September 18, 1993.
54. Immigration authorities attempted to alter such calculations in 1989 and 1990 by contributing to rumors that the new immigration regulations would lead to imprisonment of overstayers.
55. Another pattern has been individual members of Japanese organized crime groups turning to foreigners when seeking to conduct operations outside of formal yakuza channels. See Hirokatsu Gozuma, Mafia no Sumumachi: Shinjuku, Kabukicho [Mafia presence, Shinjuku, Kabukicho] (Tokyo: Shukan Bunshu, 1995).
56. Interviews with Japanese and foreign law enforcement officials, Japan 1995.
57. See Kosaku Yoshino, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Enquiry (New York: Routledge, 1992); on proposals for integration of unskilled labor, see Shimada, Japan's Guest Workers, pp. 83-214.
58. See Kosaku Yoshino, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Enquiry (New York: Routledge, 1992); on proposals for integration of unskilled labor, see Shimada, Japan's Guest Workers, pp. 83-214.