Spiral grain - An adaptation of trees to withstand stem breakage caused by wind-induced torsion

Holz als Roh - und Werkstoff

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 207-213

  Skatter, S ^a   Kucera B ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF BIOECONOMY RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000480420     PISSN: 00183768     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf02990549     Document Type: Article

References (14)

1. Archer RR (1986) Growth stresses and strains in trees. Springer Verlag
2. Bazzigher G, Schmid P (1969) Sturmschäden und Fäule. SZFF, Switzerland. pp. 521-535
3. Coutts MP, Grace J (1995) Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press
4. Harris JM (1988) Spiral grain and wave phenomena in wood formation. Springer Verlag
5. Kollmann F, Côté WA (1968) Principles of wood science and technology. Springer Verlag
6. Kubler H (1991) Function of spiral grain in trees. Trees Structure and Function. 5: 125-135
7. Lindström H (1996) Basic density in Norway spruce. Part I. A literature review. Wood and Fiber Science. 28(1): 15-27
8. Mattheck C, Kubler H (1995) The Internal Optimization of Trees. Springer Verlag
9. Morgan J, Cannell MGR (1994) Shape of tree stems - a re-examination of the uniform stress hypothesis. Tree Physiology. 14: 49-62
10. Northcott PL (1957) Is spiral grain the normal growth pattern? Forest Chronicle. 335-352
11. Noskowiak AF (1963) Spiral grain in trees ⋯ a review. Forest Products Journal. 266-275
12. Thunell B (1951) Über die Drehwüchsigkeit. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 9: 293-297
13. Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN (1970) Theory of elasticity. McGraw- Hill Book Company
14. Wenthworth CK (1931) Twist in the grain of coniferous trees. Science. 73, 1885:192