Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the middle proterozoic belt supergroup, western montana - reply

Journal of Sedimentary Research

Volumn 69, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1140-1145

  Winston, D O N ^a   Ritte, John F ^a   Furniss, George ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRACK ORIGINS; GAS BUBBLE; MOLAR TEETH; MONTANA; PROTEROZOIC;

CALCITE;

EID: 0000464224     PISSN: 15271404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1306/D4268B26-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Abegg, F., and Andersen, A.L., 1997, The acoustic turbid layer in muddy sediments of the Eckemfoerde Bay, Western Baltic: methane concentration, saturation and bubble characteristics: Marine Geology, v. 137, p. 137-147.
2. Allen, J.R.L., and Banks, N.L., 1972, An interpretation and analysis of recumbent-folded deformed cross-bedding: Sedimentology, v. 19, p. 257-283.
3. Anand, A., and Jain, A.K., 1987, Earthquakes and deformational structures (seismites) in Holocene sediments from the Himalayan-Andaman Arc, India: Tectonophysics, v. 133, p. 1 OS-120.
4. Bhattacharya, H.N., and Bandyopadhyay, S., 1998, Seismites in a Proterozoic tidal succession, Singhbhum, Bihar, India: Sedimentary Geology, v. 119, p. 239-552.
5. Calver, C.R., and Baillie, p.W., 1990, Early diagenetic concretions associated with intrastratal shrinkage cracks in an upper Proterozoic dolomite, Tasmania, Australia: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 293-305.
6. Cita, M.B., Camerlenghi, A., and Rimoldi, B., 1996, Deep-sea tsunami deposits in the eastern Mediterranean: New evidence and depositional models: Sedimentary Geology, v. 104, p. 155-173.
7. Cojan, I., and Thiry, M., 1992, Seismically induced deformation structures in Oligocène shallow-marine and aeolian coastal sands (Paris Basin): Tectonophysics, v. 206, p. 79-89.
8. Eby, D.E., 1977, Sedimentation and early diagenesis within eastern portions of the "Middle Belt Carbonate Interval" (Helena Formation), Belt Supergroup (Precambrian Y), western Montana [unpublished Ph.D. thesis]: State University of New York, Stony Brook, 712 p.
9. El-Isa, Z.H., and Mustafa, H., 1986, Earthquake deformations in the Lisan deposits and seismotectonic implications: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 86, p. 413124.
10. Fairchild, I.J., Einsele, G., and Song, T., 1997, Possible seismic origin of molar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits, north China: Sedimentology, v. 44, p. 611-636.
11. Field, M.E., Gardner, J.V., Jennings, A.E., and Edwards, B.W., 1982, Earthquake-induced sediment failures on a 0.250 slope, Klamath River delta, California: Geology v. 10, p. 542546.
12. Feeback, D.L., 1997, Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Chamberlain Formation-New land Formation boundary, lower Belt Supergroup (Middle Proterozoic), central Montana [unpublished M.S. thesis]: University of Montana, Missoula, 77 p.
13. Frank, T.D., Lyons, T.W., and Lohmann, K.C., 1997, Isotopic evidence for the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Helena Formation (Belt Supergroup, Montana): Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 5023-5041.
14. Frank, T.D., and Lyons, T.W., 1998, "Molar-tooth" structures: A Geochemical perspective on a Proterozoic enigma: Geology, v. 26, p. 683-686.
15. Furniss, G., Rittel, J.F., and Winston, D., 1998, Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of "molar-tooth" calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, western Montana: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 104-114.
16. Grotzinger, J.P., 1981, The stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Wallace Formation, northwestern Montana and northern Idaho [unpublished M.S. thesis]: University of Montana, Missoula, 153 p.
17. Hempton, M.R., and Dewey, J.F., 1983, Earthquake-induced deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, East Anatolian fault, southeast Turkey: Tectonophysics, v. 98, p. T7T14.
18. Horodyski, R.J., 1976, Stromatolites of the upper Siyeh Limestone (Middle Proterozoic), Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana: Precambrian Research, v. 3, p. 517-536.
19. Horodyski, R.J., 1983, Sedimentary geology and stromatolites of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana: Precambrian Research, v. 20, p. 391-425.
20. Horodyski, R.J., 1989, Paleontology of the Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, in Winston, D., Horodyski, R.J., and Whipple, J.W., 1989, Middle Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Western Montana: American Geophysical Union 28th International Geological Consress, Field Trip Guidebook T334, July 20-28, p. T334: 7-T334:7 26.
21. James, N.P., Narbonne, G.M., and Sherman, A.C., 1998, Molar-tooth carbonates: shallow subtidal facies of the Mid- to Late Proterozoic: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 716-722.
22. Knoll, A.H., and Swell, K., 1990, Carbonate deposition during the Late Proterozoic Era: an example from Spitsbergen: American Journal of Science, v. 290A, p. 104-132.
23. Kuenen, p.H., 1958, Experiments in geology: Glasgow Geological Society, Transactions, v. 23, p. 1-28.
24. Lin, A., 1997, Instantaneous-shaking liquefaction induced by the M7.2 1995 Southern Hyogo Prefecture earthquake, Japan: Geology, v. 25, p. 435-138.
25. Löwe, D., 1975, Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments: Sedimentology, v. 22, p. 157-204.
26. Mailman, A., 1987, Shear zones in argillaceous sediments-an experimental study, in Jones, M.E., and Preston, R.M.F., eds., Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 29, p. 77-87.
27. Mayall, MX, 1983, An earthquake origin for synsedimentary deformation in a late Triassic (Rhaetian) lagoonal sequence, southwest Britain: Geological Magazine, v. 120, p. 613-622.
28. Mills, p.C., 1983, Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation slruclures-A review: Sedimentary Geology, v. 35, p. 83-104.
29. Mohindra, R., and Bagati, T.N., 1996, Seismically induced sofl-sediment deformation struc-lures (seismites) around Sumdo in the lower Spili valley (Tethys Himalaya): Sedimentary Geology, v. 101, p. 69-83.
30. Mutti, E., Ricci Lucchi, F., Seguret, M., and Zanaucchi, G., 1984, Seismoturbidites: a new group of resedimented deposits: Marine Geology, v. 55, p. 103-116.
31. Nichols, R.J., 1995, The liquefkation and remobilization of sandy sediments, in Hartley, A.]., and Prosser, D.J., eds., Characterization of Deep Marine Clastic Systems: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 92, p. 63-76.
32. O'Connor, M.P., 1967, Stratigraphy and petrology across Ihe Precambrian Piegan GroupMissoula Group boundary, southern Mission and Swan ranges, Montana [unpublished Ph.D. thesis]: University of Montana, Missoula, 269 p.
33. O'Connor, M.P., 1972, Classification and environmental interpretation of the cryptalgal organosedimentary "molar-tooth" structure from the Late Precambrian Belt-Purcell Supergroup: Journal of Geology, v. 80, p. 592-610.
34. Pope, M.C., Read, J.F., Bambach, R., and Hofmann, H.J., 1997, Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia: Sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin: Geological Society of America, Bulletin, v. 109, p. 489503.
35. Plaziat, J., Purser, B.H., and Philobbos, E., 1990, Seismic deformation structures (seismites) in the syn-rift sediments of the NW Red Sea (Egypt): Société Géologique de France, Bulletin, v. 6, p. 419-434.
36. Pratt, B.R., 1994, Seismites in the Mesoproterozoic Altyn Formation (Belt Supergroup), Montana: A test for tectonic control of peritidal carbonate cyclicity: Geology, v. 22, p. 10911094.
37. Pratt, B.R., 1997, Precambrian molar-tooth structure: earthquake-induced shrinkage and fluidization of lime mud, and implications for the tectonic and depositional setting of basins and the composition and diagenesis of carbonate sediments (abstract): Canadian Society of Petroleum GeoIogists-SEPM Joint Convention, Program with Abstracts, p. 227.
38. Pratt, B.R., 1998a, Syneresis cracks: subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake-induced dewatering: Sedimentary Geology, v. 117, p. 1-10.
39. Pratt, B.R., 1998b, Molar-tooth structure in Proterozoic carbonate rocks: Origin from synsedimentary earthquakes and implications for the nature and evolution of basins and marine sediment: Geological Society of America, Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1028-1045.
40. Seilacher, A. 1969, Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites: Sedimentology, v. 13, p. 155-159.
41. Seilacher, A., 1984, Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events: Marine Geology, v. 55, p. 1-12.
42. Seth, A., Sarkar, S., and Böse, p.K., 1990, Synsedimentary seismic activity in an immature passive margin basin (Lower Member of the Katrol Formation, Upper Jurassic, Kutch, India: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p 279-291.
43. Sims, J.D., 1973, Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California: Science, v. 182, p. 161-163.
44. Sims, J.D., 1975, Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments: Tectonophysics, v. 29, p. 141-152.
45. Smith, A.G., 1968, The origin and deformation of some "molar-tooth" structures in the Precambrian Belt-Purcell Supergroup: Journal of Geology, v. 76, p. 426-443.
46. Smith, S.V., and Winston, D., 1997, Formation of cracks in subaqueous fluid mud by solitary waves, central Louisiana Gulf of Mexico Coast (abstract): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, no. 6, p. A-440.
47. Weaver, J.D., and Jeffcoat, R.E., 1978, Carbonate ball and pillow structures: Geological Magazine, v. 115, p. 245-253.
48. Wills, C.J., and Manson, M.W., 1990, Liquefaction at Soda Lake: Effects of the Chittenden earthquake swarm of April 18, 1990: California Geology, v. 43, p. 225-232.
49. Winston, D., Furniss G., and Kittel, J.F., 1997, "Molar-tooth" structure in the Proterozoic Belt Supergroup replicated experimentally by biogenic gas bubbles and gas expansion cracks in clay slurry (abstract): Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists-SEPM Joint Convention, Program with Abstracts, p. 299.
50. Winston, D., and Smith, S.V., 1997, Sand-filled, folded cracks cutting mud layers that cap HCS sand beds. Middle Proterozoic Wallace Formation, Belt Supergroup, Montana: Formed by solitary waves? (abstract): Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, n. 6, p. A-440.