Ecology and biogeochemistry of in situ groundwater bioremediation

Advances in Microbial Ecology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 289-350

  Anderson, Robert T ^a   Lovley, Derek R ^b  

^a University of Massachusetts   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000371733     PISSN: 01474863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (378)

1. Aamand, J., Jorgensen, C., Arvin, E., and Jensen, B. K., 1989, Microbial adaptation to degradation of hydrocarbons in polluted and unpolluted groundwater, J. Contam. Hydrol. 4:299-312.
2. Acton, D. W., and Barker, J. F., 1992, In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic groundwaters, J. Contam. Hydrol. 9:325-352.
3. Adriaens, P., Kohler, H.-P. E., Kohler-Staub, D., and Focht, D. D., 1989, Bacterial dehalogenation of chlorobenzoates and coculture biodegradation of 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:887-892.
4. Ahmann, D., Roberts, A. L., Krumholtz, L. R. and Morel, F. M. M., 1994, Microbe grows by reducing arsenic, Nature 317:750.
5. Al-Bashir, B., Cseh, T., Leduc, R., and Samson, R., 1990, Effect of soil/contaminant interactions on the biodegradation of naphthalene in flooded soil under denitrifying conditions, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34:414-419.
6. Alexander, M., 1994, Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Academic Press, London.
7. Altenschmidt, U., and Fuchs, G., 1991, Anaerobic degradation of toluene in denitrifying Pseudomonas sp.: indication for toluene methylhydroxylation and benzoyl-co A as central intermediate, Arch. Microbiol. 156:152-158.
8. Alvarez, P. J. J., and Vogel, T. M., 1991, Substrate interactions of benzene, toluene and para-xylene during microbial degradation by pure cultures and mixed culture aquifers slurries, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2981-2985.
9. Anderson, R. T., Gaw, C. V., and Lovley, D. R., 1997, Benzene oxidation in the Fe(III) reduction zone of a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, Environ. Sci. Technol. submitted.
10. Anid, P. J., Alvarez, P. J. J., and Vogel, T. M., 1993, Biodegradation of monoaromatic hyrocarbons in aquifer columns amended with hydrogen peroxide and nitrate, Water Res. 27:685-691.
11. Armstrong, A. Q., Hodson, R. E., Hwang, H.-M., and Lewis, D. L., 1991, Environmental factors affecting toluene degradation in ground water at a hazardous waste site, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:147-158.
12. Aronstein, B. N., Calvillo, Y. M., and Alexander, M., 1991, Effect of surfactants at low concentrations on the desorption and biodegradation of sorbed aromatic compounds in soil, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1728-1731.
13. Arvin, E., Jensen, B., Aamand, J., and Jorgensen, C., 1988, The potential of free-living ground water bacteria to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:109-118.
14. Arvin, E., Jensen, B. K., and Gundersen, A. T., 1989, Substrate interactions during aerobic biodegradation of benzene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:3221-3225.
15. Baedecker, M. J., and Back, W., 1979, Hydrogeological processes and chemical reactions at a landfill, Ground Water 17:429-437.
16. Baedecker, M. J., Siegel, D. I., Bennett, P., and Cozzarelli, I. M., 1989, The fate and effects of crude oil in a shallow aquifer I. The distribution of chemical species and geochemical facies, in: U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division Report 88-4220, (G. E. Mallard and S. E. Ragone, eds., U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA., pp. 13-20.
17. Baedecker, M. J., Cozzarelli, I. M., Siegel, D. I., Bennett, P. C., and Eganhouse, R. P., 1993, Crude oil in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer: 3. Biogeochemical reactions and mass balance modeling in anoxic ground water, Appl. Geochem. 8:569-586.
18. Bagley, D. M., and Gossett, J. M., 1990, Tetrachloroethene transformation to trichloroethene and cis-1,2-dichloroethene by sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 2511-2516.
19. Baker, K. H., and Herson, D. S., 1990, In situ bioremediation of contaminated aquifers and subsurface soils, Geomicrobiology Journal 8:133-146.
20. Baldi, F., Semplici, F., and Filippelli, M., 1991, Environmental applications of mercury resistant bacteria, Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 56:465-475.
21. 3HgCl) in a controlled system, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22:439-444.
22. Balkwill, D. L., 1989, Numbers, diversity, and morphological characteristics of aerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacteria in deep subsurface sediments from a site in South Carolina, Geomicrobiol. J. 7:33-52.
23. Balkwill, D. L., and Ghiorse, W. C.. 1985, Characterization of subsurface bacteria associated with two shallow aquifers in Oklahoma, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:580-588.
24. Balkwill, D. L., Frederickson, J. K., and Thomas, J. M., 1989, Vertical and horizontal variations in the physiological diversity of the aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacterial microflora in deep southeast coastal plain subsurface sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1058-1065.
25. Barbaro, J. R., Barker, J. F., Lemon, L. A., and Mayfield, C. I., 1992, Biotransformation of BTEX under anaerobic, denitrifying conditions: field and laboratory observations, J. Contam. Hydrol. 11:245-272.
26. Barcelona, M. J., and Holm, T. R., 1991, Oxidation-reduction capacities of aquifers solids, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1565-1572.
27. 2+ stress, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2725-2732.
28. Barkay, T., and Olson, B. H., 1986, Phenotypic and genotypic adaptation of aerobic heterotrophic sediment bacterial communities to mercury stress, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:403-406.
29. 0 in natural waters, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1196-1202.
30. 2+ resistance, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1574-1577.
31. Barkay, T., Turner, R. R., VandenBrook, A., and Liebert, C., 1991, The relationships of Hg(II) volatilization from a freshwater pond to the abundance of mer genes in the gene pool of the indigenous microbial community, Microb. Ecol. 21:151-161.
32. Barker, J. F., Patrick, G. C., and Major, D., 1987, Natural attenuation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a shallow sand aquifer, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 7:64-71.
33. Barrio-Lage, G. A., Parsons, F. Z., Narbaitz, R. M., and Lorenzo, P. A., 1990, Enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride in ground water, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:430-415.
34. Beeman, R. E., and Suflita, J. M., 1987, Microbial ecology of a shallow unconfined groundwater aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate, Microb. Ecol. 14:39-54.
35. Beeman, R. E., Howell, J. E., Shoemaker, S. H., Salazar, E. A., and Buttram, J. R., 1994) A field evaluation of in situ microbial reductive dehalogenation by the biotransformation of chlorinated ethenes, in Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (Hinchee, R. E., Leeson, A., Semprini, L., and Ong, S. K. eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 14-27.
36. Beller, H. R., Grbic-Galic, D., and Reinhard, M., 1992, Microbial degradation of toluene under sulfate-reducing conditions and the influence of iron on the process, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:786-793.
37. Beloin, R. M., Sinclair, J. L., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1988, Distribution and activity of microorganisms in subsurface sediments of a pristine site in Oklahoma, Microbial Ecology 16:85-97.
38. Bengtsson, G., 1989, Growth and metabolic flexibility in groundwater bacteria, Microb. Ecol. 18:235-248.
39. 15N gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Appl. Environ. Microb. 55:2861-2870.
40. Bengtsson, G., and Bergwall, C., 1995, Heterotrophic denitrification potential as an adaptive response in groundwater bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 16:307-318.
41. Bennett, J. L., Updegraff, J. M., Pereira, W. E., and Rostad, C. E., 1985, Isolation and degradation of four species of quinoline-degrading Pseudomonas from a creosote-contaminated site at Pensacola, Florida, Microbios Lett. 29:147-154.
42. Bianchi-Mosquera, G. C., Allen-King, R. M., and Mackay, D. M., 1994, Enhanced degradation of dissolved benzene and toluene using a solid oxygen-releasing compound, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 14:120-128.
43. Bjerg, P. L., Rugge, K., Pedersen, J. K., and Christensen, T. H., 1995, Distribution of redox-sensitive groundwater quality parameters downgradient of a landfill (Grindsted, Denmark, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1387-1394.
44. Bone, T. L., and Balkwill, D. L., 1988, Morphological and cultural comparison of microorganisms in surface soil and subsurface sediments at a pristine study site in Oklahoma, Microbial Ecology 16:49-64.
45. Bopp, L. H., and Ehrlich, H. L., 1988, Chromate resistance and reduction in Pseudomonas fluorescens strain LB300, Arch. Microbiol. 150:426-431.
46. Borden, R. C., Gomez, C. A., and Becker, M. T., 1995, Geochemical indicators of intrinsic bioremediation, Ground Water 33:180-189.
47. Bottcher, J., Strebel, O., Voerkelius, S., and Schmidt, H. L., 1990, Using isotope fractionation of nitrate-nitrogen and nitrate-oxygen for evaluation of microbial denitrification in a sandy aquifer, J. Hydrol. 114:413-424.
48. Bouwer, E. J., 1992, Bioremediation of organic contaminants in the subsurface, in: Environmental Microbiology (R. Mitchell, ed.), John Wiley, New York, pp. 287-318.
49. Bouwer, E. J., and McCarty, P. L., 1983, Transformation of halogenated organic compounds under denitrification conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1295-1299.
50. Bouwer, E. J., and Zehnder, A. J. B., 1993, Bioremediation of organic compounds-putting microbial metabolism to work, TIBTECH 11:360-367.
51. Bouwer, E., Durant, N., Wilson, L., Zhang, W., and Cunningham, A., 1994, Degradation of xenobiotic compounds in situ: capabilities and limits, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 15:307-317.
52. Bowman, J. P., Jimenez, L., Rosario, I., Hazen, T. C., and Sayler, G. S., 1993, Characterization of the methanotrophic bacterial community present in a trichloroethylene-contaminated subsurface groundwater site, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2380-2387.
53. Bradley, P. M., Aelion, C. M., and Vroblesky, D. A., 1992, Influence of environmental factors on denitrification in sediment contaminated with JP-4 jet fuel, Ground Water 30:843-848.
54. Braester, C., and Martinell, R., 1988, The vyredox and nitredox methods of in situ treatment of groundwater, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:149-163.
55. Brockman, F. J., Denovan, B. A., Hicks, R. J., and Frederickson, J. K., 1989, Isolation and characterization of quinoline-degrading bacteria from subsurface sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1029-1032.
56. Brown, R. A., and Crosbie, J. R., 1994, Oxygen sources for in situ bioremediation, in: Bioremediation Field Experience (E. P. Flathman, E. D. Jerger, and H. J. Exner, eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 311-332.
57. Brown, R. A., Norris, R. D., and Raymond, R. L., 1984, Oxygen transport in contaminated aquifiers with hydrogen peroxide. Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water - Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH, pp. 441-450.
58. Brunner, W., Staub, D., and Leisinger, T., 1980, Bacterial degradation of dichloroethane, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 40: 950-958.
59. Buchanan-Mappin, J. M., Wallis, P. M., and Buchanan, A. G., 1985, Enumeration and identification of heterotrophic bacteria in groundwater and in a mountain stream, Can. J. Microbiol. 32:93-98.
60. Caccavo, F., Jr., Blakemore, R. P., and Lovley, D. R., 1992, A hydrogen-oxidizing, Fe(III)-reducing microorganism from the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3211-3216.
61. Caccavo, F., Lonergan, D. J., Lovley, D. R., Davis, M., Stolz, J. F., and McInerney, M. J., 1994, Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3752-3759.
62. Cerniglia, C., E., 1992, Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Biodegradation 3:351-368.
63. Champ, D. R., Gulens, J., and Jackson, R. E., 1979, Oxidation-reduction sequences in ground water flow systems, Can. J. Earth Sci. 16:12-23.
64. Chang, M.-K., Voice, T. C., and Criddle, C. S., 1993, Kinetics of competitive inhibition and cometabolism in the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and p-xylene by two Pseudomonas isolates, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41:1057-1065.
65. Chapelle, F. H., 1993, Ground-water Microbiology and Geochemistry, John Wiley, New York.
66. Chapelle, F. H., and Lovley, D. R., 1990, Rates of microbial metabolism in deep coastal plain aquifers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1865-1874.
67. Chapelle, F. H., and Lovley, D. R., 1992, Competitive exclusion of sulfate reduction by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria: a mechanism for producing discrete zones of high-iron ground water, Ground Water 30:29-36.
68. Chapelle, F. H., McMahon, P. B., Dubrovsky, N. M., Fujii, R. F., Oaksford, E. T., and Vroblesky, D. A., 1995, Deducing the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in hydrologically diverse groundwater systems, Water Resour. Res. 31:359-371.
69. Chapelle, F. H., Bradley, P. M., Vroblesky, D. A., and Lovley, D. R., 1996, Measuring rates of biodegradation in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer, Ground Water, 34:691-698.
70. Christensen, T., H., Kjeldsen, P., Albrechtsen, H.-J., and Heron, G., 1994, Attenuation of pollutants in landfill leachate polluted aquifers, Critical Reviews in Environ. Sci. Technol 24:119-202.
71. Coates, J. D., Anderson, R. T., Woodward, J. C., Phillips, E. J. P., and Lovley, D. R., 1996a, Anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation in petroleum contaminated harbor sediments under sulfate-and artificially imposed iron-reducing conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30:2784-2789.
72. Coates, J. D., Lonergan, D. J., Jenter, H., and Lovley, D. R., 1996b, Isolation of Geobacter species from a variety of sedimentary environments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1531-1536.
73. Cole, J., 1993, Controlling environmental nitrogen through microbial metabolism, Trends Biotechnol. 11:368-372.
74. Coleman, M. L., Hedrick, D. B., Lovley, D. R., White, D. C., and Pye, K., 1993, Reduction of Fe(III) in sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria, Nature 361:436-438.
75. Colwell, F. S., 1989, Microbiological comparison of surface soil and unsaturated subsurface soil from a semiarid high desert, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2420-2423.
76. Cord-Ruwisch, R., Seitz, H., and Conrad, R., 1988, The capacity of hydrogenotrophic anaerobic bacteria to compete for traces of hydrogen depends on the redox potential of the terminal electron acceptor, Arch. Microbiol. 149:350-357.
77. Corseuil, H. X., and Weber, W. J. J., 1994, Potential biomass limitations on rates of degradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons by indigenous microbes in subsurface soils, Wat. Res. 28:1415-1423.
78. Criddle, C. S., DeWitt, J. T., Grbic-Galic, D., and McCarty, P., 1990, Transformation of carbon tetrachloride by Pseudomonas sp. strain KC under denitrification conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3240-3246.
79. Crocetti, C. A., Head, C. L., and Ricciardelli, A. J., 1992, Aeration-enhanced bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils: A laboratory treatability study, in: Proceedings of the Conference entitled Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, Houston, pp. 427-440.
80. Dagley, S., 1971, Catabolism of aromatic compounds by microorganisms, Adv. Microb. Physiol. 6:1-46.
81. Dahab, M. F., 1993, Comparison and evaluation of in-situ bio-denitrification systems for nitrate reduction in groundwater, Wat. Sci. Tech. 28:359-368.
82. Davis, J. W., Klier, N. J., and Carpenter, C. L., 1994, Natural biological attenuation of benzene in ground water beneath a manufacturing facility. Ground Water 32:215-226.
83. De Bruin, W. P., Kotterman, M. J. J., Posthumus, M. A., Schraa, G., and Zehnder, A. J. B., 1992, Complete biological reductive transformation of tetrachloroethene to ethane, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1996-2000.
84. Dobbins, D. C., Aelion, C. M., and Pfaender, F., 1992, Subsurface terrestial microbial ecology and biodegradation of organic chemicals: a review, Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 22:67-136.
85. Dolfing, J., Zeyer, J., Binder-Eicher, P., and Schwarzenbach, R. P., 1990, Isolation and characterization of a bacterium that mineralizes toluene in the absence of molecular oxygen, Arch Microbiol. 134:336-341.
86. Durant, N. D., Wilson, L. P., and Bouwer, E. J., 1995, Microcosm studies of subsurface PAH-degrading bacteria from a former manufactured gas plant, J. Contam. Hydrol. 17:213-237.
87. Edwards, E. A., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1992, Complete mineralization of benzene by aquifer microorganisms under strictly anaerobic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2663-2666.
88. Edwards, E. A., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1994, Anaerobic degradation of toluene and o-xylene by a methanogenic consortium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:313-322.
89. Edwards, E. A., Wills, L. E., Reinhard, M., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1992, Anaerobic degradation of toluene and xylene by aquifer microorganisms under sulfate-reducing conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:794-800.
90. Egli, C., Tschan, T., Scholtz, R., Cook, A. M., and Leisinger, T., 1988, Transforamtion of tetrachloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by Acetobacterium woodii, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2819-2824.
91. 2 by an anaerobic bacteria is a non-enzymic process, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 68:207-212.
92. Ellis, B., Balba, M. T., and Theile, P., 1990, Bioremediation of oil contaminated land, Environ. Technol. 11:443-455.
93. Ellis, B., Harold, P., and Kronberg, H., 1991, Bioremediation of a creosote contaminated site, Environ. Technol. 12:447-459.
94. Evans, P. J., Mang, D. T., and Young, L. Y., 1991a, Degradation of toluene and m-xylene and transformation of o-xylene by denitrifying enrichment cultures, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:450-454.
95. Evans, P. J., Mang, D. T., Kim, K. S., and Young, L. Y., 1991b, Anaerobic degradation of toluene by a denitrifying bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1139-1145.
96. Federle, T. W., Dobbins, D. C., and Thomton-Manning, J. R., 1986, Microbial biomass, activity, and community structure in subsurface soils, Ground Water 24:365-374.
97. Federle, T. W., Ventullo, R. M., and White, D. C., 1990, Spatial distribution of microbial biomass, activity, community structure, and the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) in the subsurface, Microbial Ecology 20:297-313.
98. Fish, W., 1993, Sub-surface redox chemistry: a comparison of equilibrium and reaction-based approaches, in: Metals in Groundwater (H. E. Allen, E. M.Perdue and D. S. Brown, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 73-101.
99. Flathman, P. E., Jerger, D. E., and Exner, J. H., 1994, Bioremediation Field Experience, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
100. Fleming, J. T., Sanseverino, J., and Sayler, G. S., 1993, Quantitative relationship between naphthalene catabolic gene frequency and expression in predicting PAH degradation in soils at town gas manufacturing sites, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1068-1074.
101. Fliermans, C. B., Phelps, T. J., Ringelberg, D., Mikell, A. T., and White, D. C., 1988, Mineralization of trichloroethylene by heterotrophic enrichment cultures, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1709-1714.
102. Flyvbjerg, J., Arvin, E., Jensen, B. K., and Olsen, S. K., 1993, Microbial degradation of phenols and aromatic hydrocarbons in creosote-contaminated groundwater under nitrate-reducing conditions, J. Contam. Hydrol. 12:133-150.
103. Fogel, M. M., Taddeo, A. R., and Fogel, S., 1986, Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes by a methane utilizing mixed culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51:720-724.
104. Fontes, D. E., Mills, A. L., Hornberger, G. M., and Herman, J. S., 1991, Physical and chemical factors influencing transport of microorganisms through porous media, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2473-2481.
105. Francis, A. J., Slater, J. M., and Dodge, C. J., 1989, Denitrification in deep subsurface sediments, Geomicrobiol. J. 7:103-116.
106. Francy, D. S., Thomas, J. M., Raymond, R. L., and Ward, C. H., 1991, Emulsification of hydrocarbons by subsurface bacteria, J. Indus. Microbiol. 8:237-246.
107. Frederickson, J. K., and Hicks, R. J., 1987, Probing reveals many microbes beneath Earth's surface, ASM News 53:78-79.
108. Frederickson, J. K., Garland, T. R., Hicks, R. J., Thomas, J. M., Li, S. W., and McFadden, K. M., 1989, Lithotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria in deep subsurface sediments and their relation to sediment properties, Geomicrobiol. J. 7:53-66.
109. Frederickson, J. K., Brockman, F. J., Workman, D. J., Li, S. W., and Stevens, T. O., 1991, Isolation and characterization of a subsurface bacterium capable of growth on toluene, naphthalene, and other aromatic compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:796-803.
110. Freedman, D. L., and Gossett, J. M., 1989, Biological reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene to ethylene under methanogenic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55: 2144-2151.
111. Fries, M. R., Zhou, J., Chee-Sanford, J., and Tiedje, J. M., 1994, Isolation, characterization, and distribution of denitrifying toluene degraders from a variety of habitats, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2802-2810.
112. Froelich, P. N., Klinkhammer, G. P., Bender, M. L., Luedtke, N. A., Heath, G. R., Cullen, D., Dauphin, P., Hammond, D., Hartman, B., and Maynard, V., 1979, Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 43:1075-1090.
113. Fu, G., Kan, A. T., and Tomson, M., 1994, Adsorption and hysteresis of PAHs in surface sediment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:1559-1567.
114. Gadd, G. M., 1988, Accumulation of metals by microorganisms and algae, Biotechnology 6b:403-433.
115. Galli, R., and McCarty, P. L., 1989a, Biotransformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane by a Clostridium sp., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:837-844.
116. Galli, R., and McCarty, P. L., 1989b, Kinetics of biotransformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by Clostridium sp. strain TCAIIB, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:845-851.
117. Gannon, J., Tan, Y., Baveye, P., and Alexander, M., 1991, Effect of sodium chloride on transport of bacteria in a saturated aquifer material, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2497-2501.
118. Gayle, B. P., Boardman, G. E., Sherrard, J. H., and Benoit, R. E., 1989, Biological denitrification of water, J. Environ. Engineer. 115:930-943.
119. Ghiorse, W. C., and Balkwill, D. L., 1983, Enumeration and morphological characterization of bacteria indigenous to subsurface environments, Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 24:213-224.
120. Ghiorse, W. C., and Wilson, J. T., 1988, Microbial ecology of the terrestial subsurface, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 33:107-172.
121. Gibson, D. T., and Subramanian, V., 1984, Microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Microbial Degradation of Organic Compounds (D. T. Gibson, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 181-252.
122. Gibson, S. A., and Sewell, G. W., 1992, Stimulation of reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene in anaerobic aquifer microcosms by addition of short-chain organic acids or alcohols, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1392-1393.
123. Gillham, R. W., Starr, R. C., and Miller, D. J., 1990, A device for in situ determination of geochemical transport parameters 2. biochemical reactions, Ground Water 28:858-862.
124. 3: effects of oxidation state, ionic strength and sorbent concentration, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57:47.
125. Goldstein, R. A., Olson, B. H., and Porcella, D. B., 1988, Conceptual model of genetic regulation of mercury biogeochemical cycling, Environ. Technol. Let. 9:957-964.
126. Gounot, A.-M., 1994, Microbial oxidation and reduction of manganese: consequences in groundwater applications, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 14:339-350.
127. Grant, D. J. W., and Al-Najjar, T. R., 1976, Degradation of quinoline by a soil bacterium, Microbios 15:177-189.
128. Grbic-Galic, D., and Vogel, T., 1987, Transformation of toluene and benzene by mixed methanogenic cultures, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:254-260.
129. Grosser, R. J., Warshawsky, D., and Vestal, J. R., 1991, Indigenous and enhanced mineralization of pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and carbazole in soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:3462-3469.
130. Gunther, K., Schlosser, D., and Fritsche, W., 1995, Phenol and cresol metabolism in Bacillus pumilus isolated from contaminated groundwater. J. Basic Microbiol. 35:83-92.
131. Haag, F., Reinhard, M., and McCarty, P. L., 1991, Degradation of toluene and p-xylene in anaerobic microcosms: evidence for sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1379-1389.
132. Hamon, M., and Fustec, E., 1991, Laboratory and field study of an in situ groundwater denitrification reactor, J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 63:942-949.
133. Haner, A., Hohener, P., and Zeyer, J., 1995, Degradation of p-xylene by a denitrifying enrichment culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3185-3188.
134. Hardman, D. J., 1991, Biotransformation of halogenated compounds, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 11:1-40.
135. Hardoyo, J. K., and Ohtake, H., 1991, Effects of heavy metal cations on chromate reduction by Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 37:519-522.
136. Harvey, R. W., and George, L. H., 1987, Growth determinations for unattached bacteria in a contaminated aquifer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2992-2996.
137. Harvey, R. W., Smith, R. L., and George, L., 1984, Effect of organic contamination upon the microbial distributions and heterotrophic uptake in a Cape Cod, Mass., aquifer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:1197-1202.
138. Harvey, R. W., Kinner, N. E., Bunn, A., MacDonald, D., and Metge, D., 1995, Transport behavior of groundwater protozoa and protozoan-sized microspheres in sandy aquifer sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:209-217.
139. Heitkamp, M. A., Freeman, J. P., and Cerniglia, C. E., 1987, Naphthalene biodegradation in environmental microcosms: estimates of degradation rates and charcterization of metabolites, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:129-136.
140. Henry, S. M., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1991a, Influence of endogenous and exogenous electron donors and trichloroethylene oxidation toxicity on trichloroethylene oxidation by methanotrophic cultures from a groundwater aquifer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:236-244.
141. Henry, S. M., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1991b, Inhibition of trichloroethylene oxidation by the transformation intermediate carbon monoxide, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1770-1776.
142. Herbes, S. E., and Schwall, L. R., 1978, Microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pristine and petroleum-contaminated sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:306-316.
143. Hicks, R. J., and Frederickson, J. K., 1989, Aerobic metabolic potential of microbial populations indigenous to deep subsurface environments, Geomicrobiol. J. 7:67-77.
144. Hirsch, P., 1992, Microbiology, in: Progress in Hydrogeochemistry (G. Matthess, F.Frimmel, P. Hirsch, H. D. Schulz, and H.-E. Usdowski, eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 308-311.
145. Hirsch, P., and Rades-Rohkohl, E., 1983, Microbial diversity in a groundwater aquifer in northern Germany, Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 24:183-200.
146. Hirsch, P., and Rades-Rohkohl, E., 1988, Some special problems in the determination of viable counts of groundwater microorganisms, Microbial Ecology 16:99-113.
147. Hoeppel, R. E., and Hinchee, R. E., 1993, Enhanced biodegradation for on-site remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater, in: Hazardous Waste Site Soil Remediation (J. D. Wilson, and N. A. Clarke, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 311-431.
148. Holliger, C., and Schraa, G., 1994, Physiological meaning and potentialfor application of reductive dechlorination by anaerobic bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 15:297-305.
149. Holliger, C., and Schumacher, W., 1994, Reductive dehalogenation as a respiratory process, Antoine van Leeuwenhoek 66:239-246.
150. Holliger, C., Schraa, G., Stams, A. J. M., and Zehnder, A. J. B., 1993, A highly purified enrichment culture couples the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to growth, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2991-2997.
151. Holm, P. E., Nielsen, P. H., and Christensen, T. H., 1991, Aerobic groundwater and groundwater sediment degradation potential for xenobiotic compounds measured in situ, in: In Situ Bioreclamation, (E. R. Hinchee, and F. R. Olfenbuttel, eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, pp. 413-419.
152. Holm, P. E., Nielson, P. H., Albrechtson, H.-J., and Christensen, T. H., 1992, Importance of unattached bacteria and bacteria attached to sediment in determining potentials for degradation of xenobiotic organic contaminants in an aerobic aquifer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3020-3026.
153. Hopkins, G. D., and McCarty, P. L., 1995, Field evaluation of in situ aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene and three dichloroethylene isomers using phenol and toluene as the primary substrates, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1628-1637.
154. Hopkins, G. D., Munakata, J., Semprini, L., and McCarty, P. L., 1993a, Trichloroethylene concentration effects on pilot field-scale in-situ groundwater bioremediation by phenol-oxidizing microorganisms, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:2542-2547.
155. Hopkins, G. D., Semprini, L., and McCarty, P. L., 1993b, Microcosm and in situ field studies of enhanced biotransformation of trichloroethylene by phenol-utilizing microorganisms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2277-2285.
156. Horitsu, H., Futo, S., Miyazawa, Y., Ogai, S., and Kawai, K., 1987, Enzymatic reduction of hexavalent chromium by hexavalent chromium tolerant Pseudomonas ambigua G-1, Agric. Biol. Chem. 51:2417-2420.
157. Hou, C. T., Patel, R., Laskin, A. I., Barnabe, N., Barist, I., 1983, Epoxidation of short-chain alkenes by resting-cell suspensions of propane-grown bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:171-177.
158. Huling, S. G., Bledsoe, B. E., and White, M. V., 1990, Enhanced bioremediation using hydrogen peroxide as a supplemental source of oxygen: a laboratory and field study, US Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA/600/52-90/006
159. Hutchins, S. R., 1991, Optimizing BTEX biodegradation under denitrifying conditions, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:1437-1448.
160. Hutchins, S. R., Sewell, G. W., Kovacs, D. A., and Smith, G. A., 1991, Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by aquifer microorganisms under denitrifying conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:68-76.
161. Hyman, M. R., Russel, S. A., Ely, R. L., Williamson, K. J., and Arp, D. J., 1995, Inhibition, inactivation and recovery of ammonia-oxidizing activity in cometabolism of trichloroethylene by Nitrosomonas europaea, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1480-1487.
162. Ishibashi, Y., Cervantes, C., and Silver, S., 1990, Chromium reduction in Pseudomonas putida, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:2268-2270.
163. Jackson, R. E., and Patterson, R. J., 1982, Interpretation of pH and Eh trends in a fluvial-sand aquifer system, Wat. Resour. Res. 18:1255-1268.
164. Jain, R. K., Sayler, G. S., Wilson, J. T., Houston, L., and Pacia, D., 1987, Maintenance and stability of introduced genotypes in groundwater aquifer material, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:996-1002.
165. Janda, V., Rudovsky, J., Wanner, J., and Marha, K., 1988, In situ denitrification of drinking water, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:215-219.
166. Janssen, D. B., Scheper, A., Dijkhuizen, L., and Witholt, B., 1985, Degradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds by Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49: 673-677.
167. Jaudon, P., Massiani, J. G., Rey, J., and Vacelet, E., 1989, Groundwater pollution by manganese. manganese speciation: application to the selection and discussion of an in situ groundwater treatment, Sci. Tot. Environ. 84:169-183.
168. Jenkins, K. B., Michelsen, D. L., and Novak, J. T., 1993, Application of oxygen microbubbles for in situ biodegradation of p-xylene-contaminated groundwater in a soil column, Biotechnol. Prog. 9:394-400.
169. Jensen, B. K., 1989, ATP-related specific heterotrophic activity in petroleum contaminated and uncontaminated groundwaters, Can. J. Microbiol. 35:814-818.
170. Ka, J. O., Holben, W. E., and Tiedje, J. M., 1994a, Analysis of competition in soil among 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1121-1128.
171. Ka, J. O., Holben, W. E., and Tiedje, J. M., 1994b, Use of gene probes to aid in the recovery and identification of functionally dominant 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading populations in soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1116-1120.
172. Ka, J. O., Holben, W. E., and Tiedji, J. M., 1994c, Genetic and phenotypic diversity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-degrading bacteria isolated from 2,4-D-treated field soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1106-1115.
173. Kaiser, J.-P., and Bollag, J.-M., 1992, Influence of soil inoculum and redox potential on the degradation of several pyridine derivatives. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24:351-357.
174. Kampfer, P., Steiof, M., and Dott, W., 1991, Microbiological characterization of a fuel-oil contaminated site including numerical identification of heterotrophic water and soil bacteria, Microb. Ecol. 21:227-251.
175. Kampfer, P., Steiof, M., Becker, P. M., and Dott, W., 1993, Characterization of chemoheterotrophic bacteria associated with the in situ bioremediation of a waste-oil contaminated site, Microb. Ecol. 26:161-188.
176. Keenan, J. E., Strand, S. E., and Stensel, H. D., 1994, Degradation kinetics of chlorinated solvents by a propane-oxidizing culture, in Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, (R. E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini, and S.K. Ong, eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 1-13.
177. King, R., Barry, Long, G. M., and Sheldon, J. K., 1992, Practical Environmental Bioremediation, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton.
178. Kishi, H., Kogure, N., and Hashimoto, Y., 1990, Contribution of soil constituents in adsorption coefficient of aromatic compounds, halogenated alicyclic and aromatic compounds to soil, Chemosphere 21:867-876.
179. Kitts, C. L., Cunningham, D. P., and Unkefer, P. J., 1994, Isolation of three hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading species of the family Enterobacteriaceae from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4608-4711.
180. Klecka, G. M., Davis, J. W., Gray, D. R., and Madsen, S. S., 1990, Natural bioremediation of organic contaminants in ground water: cliffs-dow superfund site, Ground Water 28:534-543.
181. Koh, S.-C., Bowman, J. P., and Sayler, G. S., 1993, Soluble methane monooxygenase production and trichloroethylene degradation by a type 1 methanotroph Methylomonas methanica 68-1, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:960-967.
182. Kolbel-Boelke, J., Anders, E.-M., and Nehrkorn, A., 1988b, Microbial communities in the saturated groundwater environment II: diversity of bacterial communities in a pleistocene sand aquifer and their in vitro activities, Microbial. Ecol. 16:31-48.
183. Kolbel-Boelke, J., Teinken, B., and Nehrkorn, A., 1988a, Microbial communities in the saturated groundwater environment I: methods of isolation and characterization of heterotrophic bacteria, Microbial. Ecol. 16:17-29.
184. Konopka, A., 1993, Isolation and characterization of a subsurface bacterium that degrades aniline and methylanilines, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 111:93-100.
185. Korom, S. F., 1992, Natural denitrification in the saturated zone: a review, Wat. Resour. Res. 28:1657-1668.
186. Korte, N., 1991, Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwaters of the midwestern United States, Environ. Geol. Water. Sci. 18:137-141.
187. Krumme, M. L., Timmis, K. N., and Dwyer, D. F., 1993, Degradation of trichloroethylene by Pseudomonas cepacia G4 and the constitutive mutant strain G4 5223 PR1 in aquifer microcosms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2746-2749.
188. Krumme, M. L., Smith, R. L., Egestorff, J., Thiem, S. M., Tiedje, J. M., Timmis, K. N.and Dwyer, D. F., 1994, Behavior of pollutant-degrading microorganisms in aquifers: predictions for genetically engineered organisms, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:1134-1138.
189. Kuhn, E. P., and Suflita, J. M., 1989, Dehalogenation of pesticides by anaerobic microorganisms in soils and groundwater - a review, in Reactions and Movements of Organic Chemicals in Soils, (B. L. Sawhney, and K. Brown, eds.), Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI., pp. 111-180.
190. Kuhn, E. P., Colberg, P. J., Schnoor, J. L., Wanner, O., Zehnder, A. J. B., and Schwarzenbach, R. P., 1985, Microbial transformations of substituted benzenes during infiltration of river water to groundwater: laboratory column studies, Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:961-968.
191. Kuhn, E. P., Zeyer, J., Eicher, P., and Schwarzenbach, R. P., 1988, Anaerobic degradation of alkylated benzenes in denitrifying laboratory aquifer columns, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:490-496.
192. Kuznetsov, S. I., Ivanov, M. V., and Lyalikova, N. N., 1963, Introduction to Geological Microbiology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
193. Laverman, A. M., Blum, J., Switzer, Schaeffer, J. K., Phillips, E. J. P., Lovley, D. R., and Oremland, R. S., 1995, Growth of SES-3 with arsenate and other diverse electron acceptors, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3556-3561.
194. Leduc, R., Samson, R., Al-Bashir, B., Al-Hawari, J., and Cseh, T., 1992, Biotic and abiotic disappearance of four PAH compounds from flooded soil under various redox conditions, Wat. Sci. Tech. 26:51-60.
195. Lee, M. D., Thomas, J. M., Borden, R. C., Bedient, P. B., Ward, C. H., and Wilson, J. T., 1988, Biorestoration of aquifers contaminated with organic compounds, CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 18:29-89.
196. Lee, M. D., Wilson, J. T., and Ward, C. H., 1983, Microbial degradation of selected aromatics in a harzardous waste site, Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 44:557-565.
197. Lee, W. E., and Borden, R. C., 1988, Anaerobic biotransformation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface: field observations, EOS 69:368.
198. Lewis, T. A., and Crawford, R. L., 1993, Physiological factors affecting carbon tetrachloride dehalogenation by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain KC, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1635-1641.
199. Little, C. D., Palumbo, A. V., Herbes, S. E., Lidstrom, M. E., Tyndall, R. L., and Gilmer, P. J., 1988, Trichloroethylene biodegradation by a methane-oxidizing bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:951-956.
200. Lloyd-Jones, G., and Trudgill, P. W., 1989, The degradation of alicyclic hydrocarbons by a microbial consortium, International Biodeterioration, 25:197-206.
201. Long, R. H. B., Benson, S. M., Tokunaga, T. K., and Yee, A., 1990, Selenium immobilization in a pond sediment at Kesterson Reservior, J. Environ. Qual. 19:302-311.
202. Lovley, D. R., 1985, Minimum threshold for hydrogen metabolism in methanogenic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:1530-1531.
203. Lovley, D. R., 1991, Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction, Microbiol. Rev. 55:259-287.
204. Lovley, D. R., 1993, Dissimilatory metal reduction, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47:263-90.
205. Lovley, D. R., 1995, Microbial reduction of iron, manganese, and other metals, Adv. Agron. 54:175-231.
206. Lovley, D. R., 1997, Potential for anaerobic bioremediation of BTEX in petroleum-contaminated aquifers, J. Industr. Microbiol. 18:75-81.
207. Lovley, D. R., and Chapelle, F. H., 1995a, Deep subsurface microbial processes, Rev. Geophys. 33:365-381.
208. Lovley, D. R., and Chapelle, F. H., 1997, A modeling approach to elucidating the distribution and rates of microbially catalyzed redox reactions in anoxic groundwater, in: Mathematical Models in Microbial Ecology, (J. A. Robinson, ed.), Chapman and Hall, New York, (in press).
209. Lovley, D. R., and Goodwin, S., 1988, Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron accepting reactions in aquatic sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 52:2993-3003.
210. Lovley, D. R., and Klug, M. J., 1986, Model for the distribution of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis in freshwater sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 50:11-18.
211. Lovley, D. R., and Lonergan, D. J., 1990, Anaerobic oxidation of toluene, phenol, and p-cresol by the dissimilatory iron-reducing organism, GS-15, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1858-1864.
212. Lovley, D. R., and Phillips, E. J. P., 1987, Competitive mechanisms for inhibition of sulfate reduction and methane production in the zone of ferric iron reduction in sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2636-2641.
213. Lovley, D. R., and Phillips, E. J. P., 1992a, Bioremediation of uranium contamination with enzymatic uranium reduction, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:2228-2234.
214. Lovley, D. R., and Phillips, E. J. P., 1992b, Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:850-856.
215. Lovley, D. R., and Phillips, E. J. P., 1994a, Novel processes for anoxic sulfate production from elemental sulfur by sulfate-reducing bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2394-2399.
216. 3 cytochrome, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:726-728.
217. Lovley, D. R., and Woodward, J. C., 1992, Consumption of CFC-11 and CF-12 by anaerobic sediments and soils, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:925-929.
218. Lovley, D. R., and Woodward, J. C., 1996, Mechanism for chelator stimulation of microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction, Chem. Geol., 132: 19-24.
219. Lovley, D. R., Dwyer, D. F., and Klug, M. J., 1982, Kinetic analysis of competition between sulfate reducers and methanogens for hydrogen in sediments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1373-1379.
220. Lovley, D. R., Baedecker, M. J., Lonergan, D. J., Cozzarelli, I. M., Phillips, E. J. P., and Siegel, D. I., 1989a, Oxidation of aromatic contaminants coupled to microbial iron reduction, Nature 339:297-299.
221. Lovley, D. R., Phillips, E. J. P., and Lonergan, D. J., 1989b, Hydrogen and formate oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese by Alteromonas putrefaciens, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:700-706.
222. Lovley, D. R., Phillips, E. J. P., Gorby, Y. A., and Landa, E. R., 1991, Microbial reduction of uranium, Nature 350:413-416.
223. Lovley, D. R., Roden, E. E., Phillips, E. J. P., and Woodward, J. C., 1993a, Enzymatic iron and uranium reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria, Marine Geol. 113:41-53.
224. 3 of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3572-3576.
225. 2 concentrations to determine the distribution of microbially catalyzed redox reactions in anoxic groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:1205-1210.
226. Lovley, D. R., Woodward, J. C., and Chapelle, F. H., 1994b, Stimulated anoxic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons using Fe(III) ligands, Nature 370:128-131.
227. Lovley, D. R., Coates, J. D., Woodward, J. C., and Phillips, E. J. P., 1995, Benzene oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:953-958.
228. Lovley, D. R., Coates, J. D., Blunt-Harris, E. L., Phillips, E. J. P., and Woodward, J. C., 1996a, Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration, Nature, 382: 445-448.
229. Lovley, D. R., Woodward, J. C., and Chapelle, F. H., 1996b, Rapid anaerobic benzene oxidation with a variety of chelated Fe(III) forms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:288-291.
230. Luthy, R. G., Dzombak, D. A., Peters, C. A., Roy, S. B., Ramaswami, A., Nakles, D. V., and Nott, B. R., 1994, Remediating tar-contaminated soils at manufactured gas plant sites, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:266A-276A.
231. Lyngkilde, J., and Christensen, T. H., 1992a, Fate of organic contaminants in the redox zones of a landfill leachate pollution plume (Vejen, Denmark), J. Contam. Hydrol. 10:291-307.
232. Lyngkilde, J., and Christensen, T., H., 1992b, Redox zones of a landfill leachate pollution plume (Vejen, Denmark), J. Contam. Hydrol. 10:273-289.
233. Macaskie, L. E., 1991, The application of biotechnology to the treatment of wastes produced from the nuclear fuel cycle: Biodegradation and bioaccumulation as a means of treating radionuclidecontaining streams, Crit. Rev. in Biotech. 11:41-112.
234. MacIntyre, W., G., Boggs, M., Antworth, C., P., and Stauffer, T., B., 1993, Degradation kinetics of aromatic organic solutes introduced into a heterogenous aquifer, Water Resources Research 20:4045-4051.
235. MacLeod, F. A., Lappin-Scott, H. M., and Costerton, J. W., 1988, Plugging of a model rock system by using starved bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1365-1372.
236. Madsen, E. L., 1991, Determining in situ biodegradation, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1663-1673.
237. Madsen, E. L., 1995, Impacts of agricultural practices on subsurface microbial ecology, in: Advances in Agronomy, 54 (D. L. Sparks, ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1-67.
238. Madsen, E. L., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1993, Groundwater microbiology: subsurface ecosystem processes, in: Aquatic Microbiology, An Ecological Approach (T. E. Ford, ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Boston, pp. 167-213.
239. Madsen, E. L., Sinclair, J. L., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1991, In situ biodegradation: microbiological patterns in a contaminated aquifer, Science 252:830-833.
240. Madsen, E. L., Winding, A., Malachowsky, K., Thomas, C. T., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1992, Contrasts between subsurface microbial communities and their metabolic adaptation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a forested and an urban coal-tar site, Microb. Ecol. 24:199-213.
241. Major, D. W., Mayfield, C. I., and Barker, J. F., 1988, Biotransformation of benzene by denitrification in aquifer sand, Ground Water 26:8-14.
242. 15N isotope biogeochemistry and natural denitrification process in groundwater: application to the chalk aquifer of northern France, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52:1869-1878.
243. Marxsen, J., 1988, Investigations into the number of respiring bacteria in groundwater from sandy and gravelly deposits, Microb. Ecol. 16:65-72.
244. Mateju, V., Cizinska, S., Krejci, J., and Janoch, T., 1992, Biological water denitrification-a review, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14:170-183.
245. Matthess, G., 1992, Silicate systems, in: Progress in Hydrogeochemistry, (G. Matthess, F. Frimmel, P. Hirsch, H. D. Schulz, and H.-E. Usdowski, eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 199-201.
246. 2-utilizing enrichment culture that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to vinyl chloride and ethene in the absence of methanogenesis and acetogenesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3928-3933.
247. McAllister, P. M., and Chiang, C. Y., 1994, A practical approach to evaluating natural attenuation of contaminants in ground water, Ground Wat. Monit. Remed. 14:.
248. McCarty, P. L., 1972, Energetics of organic matter degradation, in: Water Pollution Microbiology (R. Mitchell, ed.), John Wiley, New York, pp. 91-118.
249. McCarty, P. L., and Semprini, L., 1994, Ground-water treatment for chlorinated solvents, in: Handbook of Bioremediation (R D. Norris, R. E. Hirchee, R. Brown, P. L. McCarty, L. Semprimi, J. T. Wilson, D. H . Kampbell, M. Reinhard, E. J. Bouwer, R. C., Borden, T. M. Vogel, J. M. Thomas, C. H. Ward, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 87-116.
250. McCarty, P. L., Semprini, L., Dolan, M. E., Harmon, T. C., Tiedeman, C., and Gorelick, S. M., 1991, In situ methanogenic bioremediation for contaminated groundwater at St. Joseph, Michigan, in: On-Site Bioreclamation: Processes for Xenobiotic and HydrocarbonTreatment (E. R. Hinchee, and F. R. Olfenbuttel, eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 16-40.
251. McNabb, J. F., and Dunlap, W. J., 1975, Subsurface biological activity in relation to ground-water pollution, Ground Water 13:33-44.
252. McNabb, W. W, Jr., and Narasimhan, T. N., 1994, Degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons and groundwater geochemistry: A field study, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:769-775.
253. Mercado, A., Libhaber, M., and Soares, M. I. M., 1988, In situ biological groundwater denitrification: concepts and preliminary field tests, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:197-209.
254. Mihelcic, J. R., and Luthy, R. G., 1988a, Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds under various redox conditions in soil-water systems, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1182-1187.
255. Mihelcic, J. R., and Luthy, R. G., 1988b, Microbial degradation of acenaphthalene and naphthalene under denitrification conditions in soil-water systems, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1188-1198.
256. Millette, D., Barker, J. F., Comeau, Y., Butler, B. J., Frind, E. O., Clement, B., and Samson, R., 1995, Substrate interaction during aerobic biodegradation of creosote-related compounds: a factorial batch experiment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1944-1952.
257. Mills, A. L., Herman, J. S., Hornberger, G. M., and DeJesus, T. H., 1994, Effect of solution ionic strength and iron coatings on mineral grains on the sorption of bacterial cells to quartz sand, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3300-3306.
258. Mohn, W. W., and Tiedje, J. M., 1992, Microbial reductive dehalogenation, Microbiol. Rev. 482-507.
259. Morgan, P., and Watkinson, R. J., 1989, Microbiological methods for the cleanup of soil and ground water contaminated with halogenated organic compounds, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 63:277-300.
260. Morgan, P., and Watkinson, R. J., 1992, Factors limiting the supply and frequency of nutrient and oxygen supplements for the in situ biotreatment of contaminated soil and groundwater, Water Research 26:73-78.
261. Morgan, P., Lewis, S. T., and Watkinson, R. J., 1993, Biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in gas-condenstate-contaminated ground-water, Environ. Poll. 82:118-190.
262. Morris, J. T., Whiting, G. J., and Chapelle, F. H., 1988, Potential denitrification rates in deep sediments from the southeastern coastal plain, Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:332-335.
263. Nelson, M. J. K., Montgomery, S. O., O'Neill, E. J., and Pritchard, P. H., 1986, Aerobic metabolism of trichloroethylene by a bacterial isolate, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:383-384.
264. Nelson, M. J. K., Montgomery, S. O., Mahaffey, W. R., and Pritchard, P. H., 1987, Biodegradation of trichloroethylene and involvement of an aromatic biodegradative pathway, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:949-954.
265. Nielson, P. H., and Christensen, T. H., 1994, Variability of biological degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in an aerobic aquifer determined by laboratory batch experiments, J. Contam. Hydrol. 15:305-320.
266. Norris, R. D., Hinchee, R. E., Brown, R., McCarty, P. L., Semprini, L., Wilson, J. T., Kampbell, D. H., Reinhard, M., Bouwer, E. J., Borden, R. C., Vogel, T. M., Thomas, J. M., and Ward, C. H., 1994, Handbook of Bioremediation, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
267. Ogunseitan, O. A., and Olson, B. H., 1991, Potential for genetic enhancement of bacterial detoxification of mercury waste in: Proceedings of the Mineral Bioprocessing Conference (R. W. Smith and M. Misra, eds.), The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Santa Barbara, pp. 325-337.
268. Oldenhius, R., Oedzes, J. Y., van der Waarde, J. J., and Janssen, D. B., 1991, Kinetics-of chlorinated hydrocarbon degradation by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and toxicity of trichloroethylene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:7-14.
269. Olson, B. H., Cayless, S. M., Ford, S., and Lester, J. N., 1991, Toxic element contamination and the occurrence of mercury-resistant bacteria in Hg-contaminated soil, sediments, and sludges, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:226-233.
270. Oremland, R. S., 1994, Biogeochemical transformations of selenium in anoxic environments, in: Selenium in the Environment (W. T. J. Frankenberger and S. N. Benson, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 389-419.
271. Oremland, R. S., Steinberg, N. A., Maest, A. S., Miller, L. G., and Hollibaugh, J. T., 1990, Measurement of in situ rates of selenate removal by dissimilatory bacterial reduction in sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:1157-1164.
272. Oremland, R. S., Steinberg, N. A., Presser, T. S., and Miller, L. G., 1991, In situ bacterial selenate reduction in the agricultural drainage systems of western Nevada, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:615-617.
273. Pardieck, D. L., Bouwer, E. J., and Stone, A. T., 1992, Hydrogen peroxide use to increase oxidant capacity for in situ bioremediation of contaminated soils and aquifers: A Review, J. Contam. Hydrol. 9:221-242.
274. Parsons, F., Barrio-Lage, G., and Rice, R., 1985, Biotransformation of chlorinated organic solvents in static microcosms, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 4: 739-742.
275. Parsons, F., Wood, P. R., DeMarco, J., 1984, Transformations of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene in microcosms and groundwater, Am. Water Works, Assoc. 71: 56-59.
276. Patterson, B., M., Pribac, F., Barber, C., Davis, G., B., and Gibbs, R., 1993, Biodegradation and retardation of PCE and BTEX compounds in aquifer material from Western Australia using large-scale columns, J. Contam. Hydrol. 14:261-278.
277. Pedersen, K., 1993, The deep subterranean biosphere, Earth-Science Rev. 34:243-260.
278. Phelps, T. J., Ringleberg, D., Hedrick, D., Davis, J., Fliermans, C. B., and White, D. C., 1988, Microbial biomass and activities associated with subsurface environments contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons, Geomicrobiol. J. 6:157-170.
279. Phelps, T. J., Raione, E. G., White, D. C., and Fliermans, C. B., 1989, Microbial activities in deep subsurface environments, Geomicrobiol. J. 7:79-91.
280. Podoll, R. T., Irwin, K. C., and Parish, H. J., 1989, Dynamic studies of naphthalene sorption on soil from aqueous solution, Chemosphere 18:2399-2412.
281. Ponnamperuma, F. N., 1972, The chemistry of submerged soils, Adv. Agron. 24:29-96.
282. Portier, R. J., Zoeller, A. L., and Fujisaki, K., 1990, Bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated groundwater, Remediation 1:41-60.
283. Postma, D., Boesen, C., Kristiansen, H., and Larsen, F., 1991, Nitrate reduction in an unconfined sandy aquifer: water chemistry, reduction processes, and geochemical modeling, Wat. Resour. Res. 27:2027-2045.
284. Rabus, R., and Widdel, F., 1995, Anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by a new denitrifying bacteria, Arch. Mirobiol. 163:96-103.
285. Rabus, R., Nordhaus, R., Ludwig, W., and Widdel, F., 1993, Complete oxidation of toluene under strictly anoxic conditions by a new sulfate-reducing bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1444-1451.
286. Radehaus, P. M., and Schmidt, S. K., 1992, Characterization of a novel Pseudomomas sp. that mineralizes high concentrations of pentachlorophenol, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2879-2885.
287. Radosevich, M., and Klein, D. A., 1993, Bacterial enumeration and mercury volatilization in deep subsurface sediment samples, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51:226-233.
288. Rainwater, K., Mayfield, M. P., Heintz, C., and Claborn, B. J., 1993, Enhanced in situ biodegradation of diesel fuel by cyclic vertical water table movement: preliminary studies, Water Environ. Res. 65: 717-725.
289. Raymond, R. L., Brown, R. A., Norris, R. D., and O'Neill, E. T., 1986, Stimulation of biooxidation processes in subterranean formations, U.S. Patent 4,588,506 (5-13-86), FMC Corporation, Philadelphia.
290. Reeburgh, W. S., 1983, Rates of biogeochemical processes in anoxic sediments, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 11:269-298.
291. Regnell, O., 1990, Conversion and partitioning of radio-labelled mercury chloride in aquatic model systems, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:548-553.
292. Ridgway, H. F., Safarik, J., Phipps, D., Carl, P., and Clark, D., 1990, Identification and catabolic activity of well-derived gasoline-degrading bacteria from a contaminated aquifer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3565-3575.
293. Rittman, B. E., and McCarty, P. L., 1980, Utilization of dichloromethane by suspended and fixed-film bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 1225-1226.
294. Roberts, P. V., Hopkins, G. D., Mackay, D. M., and Semprini, L., 1990, A field evaluation of insitu biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes: part 1, methodology and field site characterization, Ground Water 28:591-604.
295. Rochelle, P. A., Wetherbee, M. K., and Olson, B. H., 1991, Distribution of DNA sequences encoding narrow- and broad-spectrum mercury resistance, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1581-1589.
296. Rugge, K., Bjerg, P. L., and Christensen, T. H., 1995, Distribution of organic compounds from municipal solid waste in the groundwater downgradient of a landfill (Grindsted, Denmark, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1395-1400.
297. Salanitro, J. P., 1993, The role of bioattenuation in the management of aromatic hydrocarbon plumes in aquifers, Ground Water Monitoring Review 13:150-161.
298. Sayler, G. S., Shields, M. S., Tedford, E. T., Breen, A., Hooper, S. W., Sirotin, K. M., and Davis, J. W., 1985, Application of DNA-DNA colony hybridization to the dectection of catabolic genotypes in environmental samples, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:1295-1303.
299. Schocher, R. J., Seyfried, B., Vazquez, F., and Zeyer, J., 1991, Anaerobic degradation of toluene by pure cultures of dentrifying bacteria, Arch. Microbiol. 157:7-12.
300. Scholl, M. A., and Harvey, R. W., 1992, Laboratory investigations on the role of sediment surface and groundwater chemistry in transport of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:1410-1417.
301. Scholz-Muramatsu, H., Neuman, A., Meßmer, M., Moore, E., and Diekert, G., 1995, Isolation and characterization of Dehalospirillum multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a tetrachloroethene-utilizing, strictly anaerobic bacterium, Arch. Microbiol. 163:48-56.
302. Schwille, F., 1976, Anthropogenically reduced groundwaters, Hydrol. Sci. Bull. 21:629-645.
303. Semprini, L., and McCarty, P. L., 1991, Comparison between model simulations and field results of in-situ biorestoration of chlorinated aliphatics: part 1. biostimulation of methanotrophs, Ground Water 29:365-374.
304. Semprini, L., and McCarty, P. L., 1992, Comparison between model simulations and field results of in-situ biorestoration of chlorinated aliphatics: part 2. cometabolic transformations, Ground Water 30:37-44.
305. Semprini, L., Hopkins, G. D., Roberts, P. V., and McCarty, P. L., 1990, In-situ biotransformation of carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, Freon-11, and Freon-113 under anoxic conditions, EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophvs. Union 71:1324.
306. Semprini, L., Hopkins, G. D., Roberts, P. V., Grbic-Galic, D., and McCarty, P. L., 1991, A field evaluation of in-situ biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes: part 3. studies of competitive inhibition, Ground Water 29:239-250.
307. Semprini, L., Hopkins, G. D., McCarty, P. L., and Roberts, P. V., 1992, In-situ transformation of carbon tetrachloride and other halogenated compounds resulting from biostimulation under anoxic conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:2454-2461.
308. Sharma, P. K., and McCarty, P. L., 1996, Isolation and characterization of a facultatively aerobic bacterium that reductively dehalogenates tetrachloroethene to cis-1,2-dichloroethene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:761-765.
309. Sharma, P. K., and McInerney, M. J., 1994, Effect of grain size on bacterial penetration, reproduction, and metabolic activity in porous glass bead chambers, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1481-1486.
310. Shields, M. S., Montgomery, S. O., Chapman, P. J., Cuskey, S. M., and Pritchard, P. H., 1989, Novel pathway of toluene catabolism in the trichloroethylene-degrading bacterium G4, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1624-1629.
311. Silver, S., 1991, Proceedings to the Eighth International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium (H. Rossmore, ed.), Elsevier, London, pp. 308-339.
312. Sinclair, J. L., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1987, Distribution of protozoa in subsurface sediments of a pristine groundwater site in Oklahoma, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1157-1163.
313. Sinclair, J. L., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1989, Distribution of aerobic bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi in deep subsurface sediments, Geomicrobiology 7:15-31.
314. Sinclair, J. L., Randtke, S. J., Denne, J. E., Hathaway, L. R., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1990, Survey of microbial populations in buried-valley aquifer sediments from northeastern Kansas, Ground Water 28:369-377.
315. Smith, G. A., Nickels, J. S., Kerger, B. D., Davis, J. D., Collins, S. P., Wilson, J. T., McNabb, J. F., and White, D. C., 1986, Quantitative characterization of microbial biomass and community structure in subsurface material: a prokaryotic consortium responsive to organic contamination, Can. J. Microbiol. 32:104-111.
316. Smith, J. A., Witkowski, P. J., and Chiou, C. T., 1988, Partition of nonionic organic compounds in aquatic systems, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 103:127-151.
317. Smith, M., R., 1990, The biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria, Biodegradation 1:191-206.
318. Smith, M. R., Ewing, M., and Ratledge, C., 1991, The interactions of various aromatic substrates degraded by Pseudomomas sp. NCIB 10643: synergistic inhibition of growth by two compounds that serve as growth substrates, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34:536-538.
319. Smith, R. L., Ceazan, M. L., and Brooks, M. H., 1994, Autotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing, denitrifying bacteria in groundwater, potential agents for biotransformation of nitrate contamination, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1949-1955.
320. Soares, M. I. M., Belkin, S., and Abeliovich, A., 1988, Biological groundwater denitrification: laboratory studies, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:189-195.
321. Sonier, D. N., Duran, N. L., and Smith, G. B., 1994, Dechlorination of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) by sulfate-reducing bacteria from an aquifer contaminated with halogenated aliphatic compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4567-4572.
322. Spain, J. C., Van Veld, P. A., Monti, C. A., Pritchard, P. H., and Cripe, C. R., 1984, Comparison of p-nitrophenol biodegradation in field and laboratory test systems, Appl. Environ. Microbol. 48:944-950.
323. 2 during enhanced biodegradation, Ground Water 27:163-167.
324. Spalding, R. F., and Exnter, M. E., 1993, Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater-a review, J. Environ. Qual. 22:392-402.
325. Spalding, R. F., and Parrott, J. D., 1994, Shallow groundwater denitrification, Sci. Tot. Environ. 141:17-25.
326. Stanlake, G. J., and Finn, R. K., 1982, Isolation and characterization of a pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1421-1427.
327. Starr, R. C., and Gillham, R. W., 1993, Denitrification and organic carbon availability in two aquifers, Groundwater 31:934-947.
328. Stephen, G. M., and Dalton, H., 1986, The role of the terminal and subterminal oxidation pathways in propane metabolism by bacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol. 132: 2453-2462.
329. Stetzenbach, L. D., Kelley, L. M., and Sinclair, N. A., 1986, Isolation, identification, and growth of well-water bacteria, Ground Water 24:6-10.
330. Strand, S. E., and Shippert, L., 1986, Oxidation of chloroform in an aerobic soil exposed to natural gas, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:203-205.
331. Strand, S. E., Bjelland, M. D., and Stensel, H. D., 1990, Kinetics of chlorinated hydrocarbon degradation by suspended cultures of methane-oxidizing bacteria, Research Journal WPCF 62:124-129.
332. Stucki, G., Krebser, U., and Leisinger, T., 1983, Bacterial growth on 1,2-dichloroethane, Experientia, 39: 366-371.
333. Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J., 1981, Aquatic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
334. Suflita, J. M., Gibson, S. A., and Beeman, R. E., 1988, Anaerobic biotransformation of pollutant chemicals in aquifers, J. Indust. Microbiol. 3: 179-194.
335. Swindoll, C. M., Aelion, M. C., Dobbins, D. C., Jiang, O., Long, S., and Pfaender, F. K., 1988, Aerobic biodegradation of natural and xenobiotic organic compounds by subsurface microbial communities, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:291-299.
336. Tatara, G. M., Dybas, M. J., and Criddle, C. S., 1993, Effects of medium and trace metals on kinetics of carbon tetrachloride transformation by Pseudomonas sp. strain KC, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2126-2131.
337. Thiem, S. M., Krumme, M. L., Smith, R. L., and Tiedje, J. M., 1994, Use of molecular techniques to evaluate the survival of a microorganism injected into an aquifer, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1059-1067.
338. Thierrin, J., Davis, G. B., Barber, C., Patterson, B. M., Pribac, F., Power, T. R., and Lambert, M., 1993, Natural degradation rates of BTEX compounds and naphthalene in a sulphate reducing groundwater environment, Hydrol. Sci. 38:309-322.
339. Thomas, J. M., and Ward, C. H., 1989, In situ biorestoration of organic contaminants in the subsurface, Environ. Sci. Tech. 23:760-766.
340. Thomas, J. M., Lee, M. D., and Ward, C. H., 1987, Use of ground water in an assessment of biodegradation potential in the subsurface, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:607-614.
341. Thomas, J. M., Lee, M. D., Scott, M. J., and Ward, C. H., 1989, Microbial ecology of the subsurface at an abandoned creosote waste site, J. Indus. Microbiol. 4:109-120.
342. Thomas, J. M., Gordy, V. R., Fiorenza, S., and Ward, C. H., 1990, Biodegradation of BTEX in subsurface materials contaminated with gasoline: Granger, Indiana, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:53-62.
343. Thorn, P. M., and Ventullo, R. M., 1988, Measurement of bacterial growth rates in subsurface sediments using the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA, Microb. Ecol. 16:3-16.
344. Topp, E., Hanson, R. S., Ringelberg, D. B., White, D. C., and Wheatcroft, R., 1993, Isolation and characterization on an n-methylcarbamate insecticide-degrading methylotrophic bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3339-3349.
345. Trudell, M. R., Gillham, R. W., and Cherry, J. A., 1986, An in-situ study of the occurrence and rate of denitrification in a shallow unconfined sand aquifer, J. Hydrol. 83:251-268.
346. Tsien, H.-C., Brusseau, G. A., Hanson, R. S., and Wackett, L. P., 1989, Biodegradation of trichloroethylene by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:3155-3161.
347. Van Beelen, P., and Van Keulen, F., 1990, The kinetics of the degradation of chloroform and benzene in anaerobic sediment from the river Rhine, Hydrobiol. Bull. 24:13-21.
348. Vannelli, T., Logan, M., Arciero, D. M., and Hooper, A. B., 1990, Degradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds by the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1169-1171.
349. Vogel, T. M., 1994, Natural bioremediation of chlorinated solvents, in: Handbook of Bioremediation, (R. D. Norris, R. F. Hinchee, R. Brown, P. L. McCarty, L. Semprini, J. T. Wilson, D. H. Kampbell, M. Reinhard, E. J. Bouwer, R.C. Borden, T. M. Vogel, J. M. Thomas, C. H. Ward, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 201-225.
350. Vogel, T. M., and Grbic-Galic, D., 1986, Incorporation of oxygen from water into toluene and benzene during anaerobic fermentative transformation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:200-202.
351. Vogel, T. M., and McCarty, P. L., 1985, Biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene to trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:1080-1083.
352. Vogel, J. C., Talma, A. S., and Heaton, T. H. E., 1981, Gaseous nitrogen as evidence for denitrification in groundwater, J. Hydrol. 50:191-200.
353. Vogel, T. M., Criddle, C. S., and McCarty, P. L., 1987, Transformations of halogenated aliphatic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21:722-736.
354. Volkering, F., Breure, A. M., van Andel, J. G., and Rulkens, W. H., 1995, Influence of nonionic surfactants on bioavailability and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1699-1705.
355. von Wedel, R. J., Mosquera, J. F., Goldsmith, C. D., Hater, G. R., Wong, A., Fox, T. A., Hunt, W. T., Paules, M. S., Quiros, J. M., and Wiegand, J. W., 1988, Bacterial biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater: in situ augmented bioreclamation with enrichment isolates in California, Wat. Sci. Tech. 20:501-503.
356. Vroblesky, D. A., and Chapelle, F. H., 1994, Temporal and spatial changes of terminal electron-accepting processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer and the significance for contaminant biodegradation, Water Res. Res. 30:1561-1570.
357. Wackett, L. P., and Gibson, D. T., 1988, Degradation of trichloroethylene by toluene dioxygenase in whole-cell studies with Pseudomonas putida F1, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1703-1708.
358. Wackett, L. P., Brusseau, G. A., Householder, S. R., and Hanson, R. S., 1989, Survey of microbial oxygenases: trichloroethylene degradation by propane-oxidizing bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2960-2964.
359. Walia, S., Kahn, A., and Rosenthal, N., 1990, Construction and applications of DNA probes for detection of polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading genotypes in toxic organic-contaminated soil environments, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:254-259.
360. Wan, J., Wilson, J. L., and Kieft, T. L., 1994, Influence of the gas-water interface on transport of microorganisms through unsaturated porous media, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:509-516.
361. Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, 1993, In Situ Bioremediation, National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
362. Weber, W. J., and Corseuil, H. X., 1994, Inoculation of contaminated subsurface soils with enriched indigenous microbes to enhance bioremediation rates, Wat. Res. 28:1407-1414.
363. Weiner, J., and Lovley, D. R., 1997, Stimulation of anaerobic benzene degradation in petroleum-contaminated aquifer sediments with a freshwater benzene-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing inoculum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (submitted).
364. Werner, P., 1985, A new way for the decontamination of polluted aquifers by biodegradation, Wat. Supply 3:41-47.
365. Werner, P., 1991, German experiences in the biodegradation of creosote and gas work-specific substances, in: In Situ Bioreclamation, (E. R. Hinchee, and R. F. Olfenbuttel, eds.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, pp. 539.
366. Westrick, J. J., Mello, J. W., and Thomas, R. F., 1984, The groundwater supply survey, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 76:52-59.
367. White, D. C., Smith, G. A., Gehron, M. J., Parker, J. H., Findlay, R. H., Martz, R. F. Frederickson, H. L., 1983, The ground water aquifer microbiota: biomass, community structure, and nutritional status, Develop. Indus. Microbiol. 24:189-199.
368. Widdel, F., 1988, Microbiology and ecology of sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria, in: Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms, (A. J. B. Zehnder, ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 469-585.
369. Williams, G. M., Smith, B., and Ross, C. A. M., 1991, The migration and degradation of waste organic compounds in groundwater, Adv. Org. Geochem. 19:531-543.
370. Wilson, J. T., and Wilson, B. H., 1985, Biotransformation of trichlororethylene in soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:242-243.
371. Wilson, J. T., McNabb, J. F., Balkwill, D. L., and Ghiorse, W. C., 1983, Enumeration and characterization of bacteria indigenous to a shallow water-table aquifer, Ground Water 21:134-142.
372. Wilson, B., Smith, G. B., and Rees, J. F., 1986, Biotransformation of selected alkylbenzenes and halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in methanogenic aquifer material: a microcosm study, Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:997-1002.
373. Wilson, B. H., Wilson, J. T., Kampbell, D. H., Bledsoe, B. E., and Armstrong, J. M., 1990a, Biotransformation of monoaromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons at an aviation gasoline spill site, Geomicrobiol. J. 8:225-240.
374. Wilson, G. B., Andrews, J. N., and Bath, A. H., 1990b, Dissolved gas evidence for denitrification in the Lincolnshire groundwaters, Eastern England, J. Hydrol. 113:51-60.
375. Wilson, J. T., Armstrong, J. M., and Rafai, H. S., 1994, A full-scale field demonstration on the use of hydrogen peroxide for in situ bioremediation of an aviation gasoline-contaminated aquifer, in: Bioremediation Field Experience, (E. P. Flathman, E. D. Ferger, and H. J. Exner, eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 333-359.
376. Woods, N. R., and Murrell, J. C., 1989, The metabolism of propane in Rhodococcus rhodochrous PNKb1, J. Gen. Microbiol. 135: 2335-2344.
377. Wyndham, R. C., Nakatsu, C., Peel, M., Cashore, A., Ng, J., and Szilagyi, F., 1994, Distribution of the catabolic transposon Tn5271 in a groundwater bioremediation system, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:86-93.
378. Zeyer, J., Kuhn, E. P., and Schwarzenbach, R. P., 1986, Rapid microbial mineralization of toluene and 1,3-dimethylbenzene in the absence of molecular oxygen, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:944-947.