Dielectric Properties of Agricultural Products: Measurements and Applications

IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 1991, Pages 845-869

  Nelson, Stuart O ^a  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000314916     PISSN: 00189367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/14.99097     Document Type: Article

References (114)

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20. T.-S. You and S. O. Nelson, “Microwave dielectric properties of rice kernels”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 150–159, 1988.
21. S. O. Nelson and T.-S. You, “Microwave Dielectric Properties of Corn and Wheat Kernels and Soybeans”, Trans. ASAE Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 242–249, 1989.
22. S. O. Nelson, D. P. Lindroth and R. L. Blake, “Dielectric Properties of Selected Minerals at 1 to 22 GHz”, Geophys., Vol. 10, pp. 1344–1349, 1989.
23. S. O. Nelson and T.-S. You, “Relationships Between Microwave Permittivities of Solid and Pulverised Plastics”, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 23, pp. 346–353, 1990.
24. S. O. Nelson and T.-S. You, “Use of Dielectric Mixture Equations for Estimating Permittivities of Solids from Data on Pulverized Samples”, in Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials, G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe, and P. Sheng, eds., Materials Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 195, pp. 295–300, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, 1990.
25. S. O. Nelson, “Density Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Particulate Materials”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 1823–1825, 1983.
26. S. O. Nelson, “Observations on the Density Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Particulate Materials”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 143–152, 1983.
27. S. O. Nelson, S. R. Beck-Montgomery, G. E. Fanslow and D. D. Bluhm, “Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Coal, Part II”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 16, pp. 319–326, 1981.
28. A. Klein, “Microwave Determination of Moisture in Coal - a Comparison of Attenuation and Phase Measurement”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 16, No. 3 and 4, pp. 289–304, 1981.
29. M. Kent, “Complex Permittivity of Fish Meal: A General Discussion of Temperature, Density, and Moisture Dependence”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 341–345, 1977.
30. S. O. Nelson, “Method for Determining Dielectric Properties of Solids from Measurements on Pulverized Materials”, 1987 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. I, 461–463, 1987.
31. S. O. Nelson, “Estimating the Permittivity of Solids from Measurements on Granular or Pulverized Materials”, in Microwave Processing of Materials, W. H. Sutton, M. H. Brooks, and J. Chabinsky, eds., Materials Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 124, pp. 149–154, 1988.
32. A. von Hippel, Dielectric Materials and Applications, The Technology Press of M. I. T. and John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1954.
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34. H. E. Bussey, “Measurement of rf Properties of Materials. A Survey”, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 1046–1053, 1967.
35. G. Franceschetti, “A Complete Analysis of the Reflection and Transmission Methods for Measuring the Complex Permittivity of Materials at Microwaves”, Alta Frequenza, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 757–764, 1967.
36. M. J. C. van Gemert, “High-frequency Time-domain Methods in Dielectric Spectroscopy”, Philips Res. Repts., Vol. 28, pp. 530–572, 1973.
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38. M. N. Afsar, J. R. Birch, R. N. Clarke and G. W. Chantry, “The Measurement of the Properties of Materials”, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 183–199, 1986.
39. S. O. Nelson, “Improved Sample Holder for Q-meter Dielectric Measurements”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 950–954, 1979.
40. J. L. Jorgensen, A. R. Edison, S. O. Nelson, and L. E. Stetson, “A Bridge Method for Dielectric Measurements of Grain and Seed in the 50 to 250 MHz Range”. Trans, ASAE, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 18–20, 24, 1970.
41. L. E. Stetson and S. O. Nelson, “A Method for Determining Dielectric Properties of Grain and Seed in the 200 to 500 MHz Range”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 491–495, 1970.
42. S. O. Nelson, “A System for Measuring Dielectric Properties at Frequencies from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 1094–1098, 1972.
43. S. O. Nelson, “Microwave Dielectric Properties of Grain and Seed”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 902–905, 1973.
44. S. O. Nelson, “Microwave Dielectric Properties of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 1314–1317, 1980.
45. S. O. Nelson, “Dielectric Properties of Some Fresh Fruits and Vegetables at Frequencies of 2.45 to 22 GHz”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 613–616, 1983.
46. S. O. Nelson, G. E. Fanslow, and D. D. Bluhm, “Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Coal”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 277–282, 1980.
47. S. O. Nelson, D. P. Lindroth, and R. L. Blake, “Dielectric Properties of Selected and Purified Minerals at 1 to 22 GHz”, J. Microwave Power Electromag. Energy, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 213–220, 1989.
48. K. C. Lawrence, S. O. Nelson, and A. W. Kraszewski, “Automatic System for Dielectric Properties Measurements from 100 kHz to 1 GHz”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 304–308, 1989.
49. D. G. Waters and M. E. Brodwin, “Automatic Material Characterization at Microwave Frequencies”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 280–284, 1988.
50. A. Kraszewski, M. A. Stuchly and S. S. Stuchly, “ANA Calibration Method for Measurements of Dielectric Properties”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 385–386, 1983.
51. P. O. Risman and N. E. Bengtson, “Dielectric Properties of Foods at 3 GHz as Determined by Cavity Perturbation Technique”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 101–106, 1971.
52. R. G. Bosisio, C. Akyel, R. C. Labelle and W. Wang, “Computer-aided Permittivity Measurements in Strong rf Fields (Part II)”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 606–611, 1986.
53. S. O. Nelson, C. W. Schlaphoff and L. E. Stetson, “Computer Program for Calculating Dielectric Properties of Low- or High-loss Materials from Short-circuited Waveguide Measurements,” ARS-NC-4, Agric. Res. Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1972.
54. S. O. Nelson, L. E. Stetson, and C. W. Schlaphoff, “A General Computer Program for Precise Calculation of Dielectric Properties from Short-circuited Waveguide Measurements”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 455–460, 1974.
55. S. O. Nelson and L. E. Stetson, “Frequency and Moisture Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Hard Red Winter Wheat”, J. Agric. Eng. Res., Vol. 21, pp. 181–192, 1976.
56. L. E. Stetson and S. O. Nelson, “Audiofrequency Dielectric Properties of Grain and Seed”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 180–184, 188, 1972.
57. S. O. Nelson, “Dielectric Properties of Grain and Seed”, ASAE Data: ASAE D293.2, ASAE Standards 1990, 37 th Ed., pp. 377–384, Amer. Soc. Agric. Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, 1990.
58. S. O. Nelson, “Frequency and Moisture Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of High-moisture Corn”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 213–218, 1978.
59. S. O. Nelson, “rf and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Shelled, Yellow-dent Field Corn”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1451–1457, 1979.
60. S. H. Noh and S. O. Nelson, “Dielectric Properties of Rice at Frequencies from 50 Hz to 12 GHz”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 991–998, 1989.
61. S. O. Nelson, “Review of Factors Influencing the Dielectric Properties of Cereal Grains”, Cereal Chem., Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 487–492, 1981.
62. S. O. Nelson, “Factors Affecting the Dielectric Properties of Grain”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 1045–1049, 1982.
63. S. O. Nelson, “Frequency and Moisture Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Chopped Pecans”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp 1573–1576, 1981.
64. K. C. Lawrence, S. O. Nelson and A. W. Kraszewski, “Temperature Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Wheat”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 535–540, 1990.
65. R. K. Chugh, S. S. Stuchly and M. A. Rzepecka, “Dielectric Properties of Wheat at Microwave Frequencies”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 906–909, 913, 1973.
66. R. N. Jones, H. E. Bussey, W. E. Little and R. F. Metzker, “Electrical Characteristics of Corn, Wheat, and Soya in the 1–200 MHz Range”, NBSIR 78–897, U. S. Dept. Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1978.
67. S. O. Nelson, “Microwave Dielectric Properties of Insects and Grain Kernels”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 299–303, 1976.
68. W. R. Tinga and S. O. Nelson, “Dielectric Properties of Materials for Microwave Processing Tabulated”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 23–65, 1973.
69. M. Kent, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Food Materials, Science and Technology Publishers, Essex, England, 1987.
70. A. Kraszewski, “A Model for the Dielectric Properties of Wheat at 9.4 GHz”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 293–296. 1978.
71. S. D. Ptitsyn, Y. P. Sekanov and M. Y. Batalin, “Modeling the Dielectric Properties of Grain” (Russian), Mekhanizatsiya i Elektrifikatsiya Sel'skogo Khozyaistva, Vol. 12, pp. 47–49, 1982.
72. S. O. Nelson, “Moisture, Frequency, and Density Dependence of the Dielectric Constant of Shelled, Yellow-dent Field Corn”, Trans. ASAE Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 1573–1578, 1585, 1984.
73. S. O. Nelson, “A Mathematical Model for Estimating the Dielectric Constant of Hard Red Winter Wheat”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 234–238, 1985.
74. S. O. Nelson, “Mathematical Models for the Dielectric Constants of Spring Barley and Oats”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 607–6100, 615, 1986.
75. S. O. Nelson, “Models for Estimating the Dielectric Constants of Winter Barley”, International Agrophysics, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 189–200, 1986.
76. S. O. Nelson, “A Model for Estimating the Dielectric Constant of Soybeans”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 2047–2050, 1985.
77. S. O. Nelson, “Models for the Dielectric Constant of Cereal Grains and Soybeans”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 35–39, 1987.
78. K. C. Lawrence, S. O. Nelson and A. W. Kraszewski, “Temperature Dependent Model for the Dielectric Constant of Soft Red Winter Wheat”, ASAE Paper No. 90–6062, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, 1990.
79. S. O. Nelson, “Frequency, Moisture, and Density Dependence of the Dielectric Properties of Small Grains and Soybeans”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 1538–1541, 1987.
80. A. Kraszewski and S. O. Nelson, “Composite Model of the Complex Permittivity of Cereal Grain”, J. Agric. Eng. Res., Vol. 43, pp. 211–219, 1989.
81. S. O. Nelson, “rf and Microwave Energy for Potential Agricultural Applications”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 65–70, 1985.
82. S. O. Nelson, “Potential Agricultural Applications for rf and Microwave Energy”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 818–831, 1987.
83. G. H. Brown, C. N. Hoyler and R. A. Bierwirth, Theory and Application of Radio-frequency Heating, D. Van Nostrand, New York, 1947.
84. S. O. Nelson and W. W. Wolf, “Reducing Hard Seed in Alfalfa by Radio-frequency Electrical Seed Treatment”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 116–119, 122, 1964.
85. L. A. T. Ballard, S. O. Nelson, T. Buchwald and L. E. Stetson, “Effects of Radio-frequency Electric Fields on Permeability to Water of Some Legume Seeds, with Special Reference to Strophiolar Conduction”, Seed Sci. and Technol., Vol. 4, pp. 257–274, 1976.
86. S. O. Nelson and L. E. Stetson, “Germination Responses of Selected Plant Species to rf Electrical Seed Treatment”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 2051–2058, 1985.
87. S. O. Nelson and W. K. Whitney, “Radio-frequency Electric Fields for Stored Grain Insect Control”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 133–137, 144, 1960.
88. S. O. Nelson, L. E. Stetson and J. J. Rhine, “Factors Influencing Effectiveness of Radio-frequency Electric Fields for Stored-grain Insect Control”) Trans. ASAE, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 809–815, 1966.
89. R. Borchers, L. D. Manage, S. O. Nelson and L. E. Stetson, “Rapid Improvement in Nutritional Quality of Soybeans by Dielectric Heating”, J. Food Sci., Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 333–334, 1972.
90. A. Pour-El, S. O. Nelson, E. E. Peck, B. Tjhio and L. E. Stetson, “Biological Properties of VHF- and Microwave-heated Soybeans”, J. Food Sci., Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 880–885, 895, 1981.
91. S. O. Nelson, A. Pour-El, L. E. Stetson and E. E. Peck, “Effects of 42- and 2450-MHz Dielectric Heating on Nutrition-related Properties of Soybeans”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 16, No. 3 and 4, pp. 313–318, 1981.
92. S. O. Nelson, S. D. Senter and W, R. Forbus, Jr., “Dielectric and Steam Heating Treatments for Quality Maintenance in Stored Pecans”, J. Microwave Power, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 71–74, 1985.
93. S. O. Nelson and L. F. Charity, “Frequency Dependence of Energy Absorption by Insects and Grain in Electric Fields”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 1099–1102, 1972.
94. S. O. Nelson, “Insect-control Studies with Microwaves and Other Radio-frequency Energy”, Bul. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 157–163, 1973.
95. S. O. Nelson and L. E. Stetson, “Comparative Effectiveness of 39- and 2450-MHz Electric Fields for Control of Rice Weevils in Wheat”, J. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 592–595, 1974.
96. S. O. Nelson, “Microwave Dielectric Properties of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 1314–13317, 1980.
97. S. O. Nelson, “Dielectric Properties of Some Fresh Fruits and Vegetables at Frequencies of 2.45 to 22 GHz”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 613–616, 1983.
98. S. O. Nelson and K. C. Lawrence, “Evaluation of a Crushing-roller Conductance Instrument for Singlekernel Corn Moisture Measurement”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 737–743, 1989.
99. C. V. K. Kandala, R. G. Leffler, S. O. Nelson and K. C. Lawrence, “Capacitive Sensors for Measuring Single-kernel Moisture Content in Corn”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 793–797, 1987.
100. C. V. K. Kandala, S. O. Nelson and K. C. Lawrence, “Moisture Determination in Single Kernels of Corn. A Nondestructive Method”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 1890–1895, 1988.
101. C. V. K. Kandala, S. O. Nelson and K. C. Lawrence, “Non-destructive Electrical Measurement of Moisture Content in Single Kernels of Corn”, J. Agric. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, pp. 125–132, 1989.
102. A. W. Kraszewski, S. O. Nelson and T.-S. You, “Use of a Microwave Cavity for Sensing Dielectric Properties of Arbitrarily Shaped Biological Objects”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn., Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 858–863, 1990.
103. S. O. Nelson and A. W. Kraszewski, “Grain Moisture Content Determination by Microwave Measurements”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 1303–1307, 1990.
104. S. O. Nelson, K. C. Lawrence and C. V. K. Kandala, “Comparison of rf Impedance and dc Conductance Sensing for Single-kernel Moisture Measurement in Corn”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 637–641, 1990.
105. S. O. Nelson, K. C. Lawrence and C. V. K. Kandala, “Performance Comparison of rf Impedance and dc Conductance Measurements for Single Kernel Moisture Determination in Corn”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 507–512, 1991.
106. C. V. K. Kandala and S. O. Nelson, “Measurement of Moisture Content in Single Kernels of Peanuts; a Nondestructive Electrical Method”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 567–571, 1990.
107. S. O. Nelson, C. V. K. Kandala and K. C. Lawrence, “Single-kernel Moisture Determination in Peanuts by Complex rf Impedance Measurement”, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 1308–1312, 1990.
108. S. O. Nelson, K. C. Lawrence and A. W. Kraszewski, “Sensing Moisture Content of Pecans by rf Impedance and Microwave Resonator Measurements”, ASAE Paper No. 903554, Amer. Soc. Agric. Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, 1990.
109. A. W. Kraszewski, T.-S. You and S. O. Nelson, “Microwave Resonator Technique for Moisture Content Determination in Single Soybean Seeds”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 79–84, 1989.
110. A. Kraszewski, “Microwave Monitoring of Moisture Content in Grain - Further Considerations”, J. Microwave Power Electromag. Energy, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 236–246, 1988.
111. E. Kress-Rogers and M. Kent, “Microwave Measurement of Powder Moisture and Density”, J. Food Eng., Vol. 6, pp. 345–376, 1987.
112. W. Meyer and W. Schilz, “Feasibility Study of Density-independent Determination of the Moisture Content of Solids”, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol. 13, pp. 1823–1830, 1981.
113. R. W. Jacobsen, W. Meyer and B. Schrage, “Density Independent Moisture Meter at X-Band”, Proc. 10th European Microwave Conf., Warsaw, Poland, pp. 216–220, 1980.
114. M. Kent and W. Meyer, “A Density-independent Microwave Moisture Meter for Heterogeneous Foodstuffs”, J. Food Eng., Vol. 1, pp. 31–42 1982.