The Community Climate System Model

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Volumn 82, Issue 11, 2001, Pages 2357-2376

  Blackmon, Maurice ^a   Boville, Byron ^a   Bryan, Frank ^a   Dickinson, Robert ^b   Gent, Peter ^a   Kiehl, Jeffrey ^a   Moritz, Richard ^c   Randall, David ^d   Shukla, Jagadish ^e   Solomon, Susan ^f   Bonan, Gordon ^a   Doney, Scott ^a   Fung, Inez ^g   Hack, James ^a   Hunke, Elizabeth ^h   Hurrell, James ^a   Kutzbach, John ⁱ   Meehl, Jerry ^a   Otto Bliesner, Bette ^a   Saravanan, R ^a   Schneider, Edwin K ^j   Sloan, Lisa ^k   Spall, Michael ^l   Taylor, Karl ^m   Tribbia, Joseph ^a   Washington, Warren ^a   more..

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^e GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^j Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studs   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^l WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^m LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000290517     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2357:TCCSM>2.3.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Adcroft, A., C. Hill, and J. Marshall, 1997: Representation of topography by shaved cells in a height coordinate ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2293-2315.
2. Ammann, C. M., J. T. Kiehl, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, and C. S. Zender, 2000: Contribution of explosive volcanism to the global warming attribution in the 20th century. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 81, F101.
3. Anthes, R., 1997: Origins and establishment of the Mecca Project. Assessing Climate Change-Results from the Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Assessment, W. Howe and A. Henderson-Sellers, Eds., Gordon and Breach, 3-27.
4. Barth, M. C., P. J. Rasch, J. T. Kiehl, C. M. Benkovitz, and S. E. Schwartz, 2000: Sulfur chemistry in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: Description, evaluation, features, and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1387-1415.
5. Bitz, C. M., and W. H. Lipscomb, 1999: An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15669-15677.
6. _, M. M. Holland, M. Eby, and A. J. Weaver, 2001: Simulating the ice-thickness distribution in a coupled climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2441-2464.
7. Bonan, G. B., 1998: The land surface climatology of the NCAR Land Surface Model coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model. J. Climate, 11, 1307-1326.
8. Boville, B. A., 1984: The influence of the polar night jet on the tropospheric circulation in a GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1132-1142.
9. _, 1999: Toward a complete model of the climate system. In Numerical Modeling of the Global Atmosphere in the Climate System, P. Mote and A. O'Neil, Eds., Kluwer Academic, 419-442.
10. _ , and P. R. Gent, 1998: The NCAR Climate System Model, version one. J. Climate, 11, 1115-1130.
11. _ , J. T. Kiehl, P. J. Rasch, and F. O. Bryan, 2001: Improvements to the NCAR CSM-1 for transient climate simulations. J. Climate, 14, 164-179.
12. Bryan, K., 1984: Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 666-673.
13. Collins, W. D., 1998: A global signature of enhanced shortwave absorption by clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31 669-31 679.
14. Dai, A., T. M. L. Wigley, B. A. Boville, J. T. Kiehl, and L. E. Buja, 2001 : Climates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated by the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 14, 485-519.
15. Danabasoglu, G., and J. C. McWilliams, 2000: An upper-ocean model for short-term climate variability. J. Climate, 13, 3380-3411.
16. Dawson, M. R., R. M. West, W. Langsten, and J. H. Hutchinson, 1976: Paleogene terrestrial vertebrates: Northernmost occurrence, Ellesmore Island, Canada. Science, 192, 781-782.
17. 6: A model intercomparison study (TransCom 2). Tellus, 51, 266-297.
18. Dickinson, R. E., M. Shaikh, R. Bryan, and L. Graumlich, 1998: Interactive canopies for a climate model. J. Climate, 11, 2823-2836.
19. Doney, S. C., 1999: Major challenges confronting marine biogeochemical modeling. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 1073-1097.
20. Dutton, J. F., and E. J. Barron, 1997: Miocene to present vegetation changes: A possible piece of the Cenozoic cooling puzzle. Geology, 25, 39-41.
21. Fennessy, M. J., and J. Shukla, 1999: Impact of initial soil wetness on seasonal atmospheric prediction. J. Climate, 12, 3167-3180.
22. Garcia, R. R., and B. A. Boville, 1994: "Downward control" of the mean meridional circulation and temperature distribution of the polar winter stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2238-2245.
23. Garratt, J. R., 1994: Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface-A comparison of GCM results with observations. J. Climate, 7, 72-80.
24. Gates, W. L., 1992: AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962-1970.
25. Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
26. _, F. O. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, W. R. Holland, W. G. Large, and J. C. McWilliams, 1998: The NCAR Climate System Model global ocean component. J. Climate, 11, 1287-1306.
27. Haynes, P. H., C. J. Marks, M. E. McIntyre, T. G. Shepherd, and K. P. Shine, 1991: On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678.
28. Houghton, R. A., 1999: The annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use 1850-1990. Tellus, 52, 298-313.
29. _, D. L. Skole, C. A. Nobre, J. L. Hackler, K. T. Lawrence, and W. H. Chomentowski, 2000: Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon. Nature, 403, 301-304.
30. Hoyt, D. V., and K. H. Schatten, 1993: A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations, 1700-1992. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18 895-18 906.
31. Hunke, E. C., and J. K. Dukowicz, 1997: An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea-ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1849-1867.
32. Hurrell, J. W., J. J. Hack, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and J. T. Kiehl, 1998: The dynamical simulation of the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). J. Climate, 11, 1207-1236.
33. Kiehl, J. T., T. Schneider, R. Portmann, and S. Solomon, 1999: Climate forcing due to tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31 239-31 254.
34. _, _, P. J. Rasch, M. Barth, and J. Wong, 2000: Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1441-1457.
35. Large, W. G., G. Danabasoglu, S. C. Doney, and J. C. McWilliams, 1997: Sensitivity to surface forcing and boundary layer mixing in the NCAR CSM ocean model: Annual-mean climatology. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2418-2447.
36. _, _, J. C. McWilliams, P. R. Gent, and F. O. Bryan, 2001: Equatorial circulation of a global ocean climate model with anisotropic horizontal viscosity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 518-536.
37. 2 inversions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 783-796.
38. Lean, J., and D. Rind, 1998: Climate forcing by changing solar radiation. J. Climate, 11, 3069-3094.
39. Lilly, D. K., 1968: Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 292-309.
40. Lin, S.-J., 1997: A finite-volume integration method for computing pressure gradient forces in general vertical coordinates. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1749-1762.
41. _, and R. B. Rood, 1997: An explicit flux-form semi-Lagrangian shallow-water model on the sphere. Quart. J Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 2477-2498.
42. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50 day tropical oscillation - A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-837.
43. 2 and the role of physical processes. J. Climate, 13, 1879-1898.
44. _, P. R. Gent, J. M. Arblaster, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, E. C. Brady, A. Craig, 2001: Factors that affect the amplitude of El Nino in global coupled climate models. Climate Dyn., 17, 515-526.
45. National Research Council, 2001: Improving the Effectiveness of U.S. Climate Modeling. National Academy Press, 142 pp.
46. Otto-Bleisner, B. L., and E. C. Brady, 2001a: Tropical Pacific-variability in the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 14, 3587-3607.
47. _, and _, and C. Shields, 2001 b: Late Cretaceous ocean: Coupled simulations with the NCAR CSM. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
48. Perovich, D. K., and the SHEBA Science Team, 1999: year on the ice gives climate insights. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 80, 481-486.
49. Petit, J. R., and Coauthors, 1999: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature, 399, 429-436.
50. 2 observations. Tellus, 51B, 213-232.
51. 2 with the general circulation and biome models. Tetonic Uplift and Climate Change, W. F. Ruddiman, Ed., Plenum, 203-235.
52. 2 and the carbon cycle, Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, J. T. Houghton, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 39-71.
53. _ , and Coauthors, 1996: Radiative forcing of climate change. Climate Change J995: The Science of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 487-516.
54. Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, R. L. Miller, and D. Rind, 2001: Northern Hemisphere winter climate response to greenhouse gas, ozone, solar and volcanic forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7193-7210.
55. Shukla, J., D. A. Paolino, D. M. Straus, D. De Witt, M. Fennessy, J. L. Kinter, L. Marx, and R. Mo, 2000: Dynamical seasonal predictions with the COLA atmospheric model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2265-2292.
56. Smith, R. D., J. K. Dukowicz, and R. C. Malone, 1992: Parallel ocean circulation modeling. Physica D, 60, 38-61.
57. _, S. Kortas, and B. Meltz, 1995: Curvilinear coordinates for global ocean models. Los Alamos National Laboratory Rep. LA-UR-95-1146, 50 pp.
58. Sundqvist, H., 1978: A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 677-690.
59. Thompson, D. W., and J. M. Wallace, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month-to-month variability. J. Climate, 13, 1000-1016.
60. Visbeck, M., J. Marshall, T. Haine, and M. Spall, 1997: Specification of eddy transfer coefficients in coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 381-402.
61. Wild, M., A. Ohmura, H. Gilgen, and E. Roeckner, 1995: Validation of general circulation model radiative fluxes using surface observations. J. Climate, 8, 1309-1324.
62. Williamson, D. L., 1997: Climate simulations with a spectral, semi-Lagrangian model with linear grids. Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Ocean Modelling. The Andre J. Robert Memorial Volume. C. Lin, R. Laprise, and H. Ritchie, Eds., Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, 279-292.
63. _, and J. G. Olson, 1994: Climate simulations with a semi-Lagrangian version of the NCAR Community Climate Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1594-1610.
64. _ , and _, 1998: A comparison of semi-Lagrangian and Eulerian polar climate simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 991-1000.
65. _, and J. M. Rosinski, 2000: Accuracy of reduced grid calculations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1619-1640.
66. _, J. G. Olson, and B. A. Boville, 1998: A comparison of semi-Lagrangian and Eulerian tropical climate simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1001-1012.
67. Zachos, J. C., K. C. Lohmann, and J. C. G. Walker, 1993: Abrupt climate change and transient climates during the Paleogene: A marine perspective. J. Geol., 101, 191-214.
68. Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R. E. Dickinson, 1998: Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using the TOGA COARE and TAO data. J. Climate, 11, 2628-2644.
69. Zhang, J., and W. D. Hibler, 1997: On an efficient numerical method for modeling sea ice dynamics. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8691-8702.
70. Zhang, M.-H., W. Y. Lin, and J. T. Kiehl, 1998a: Bias of atmospheric shortwave absorption in the NCAR Community Climate Models 2 and 3: Comparison with monthly ERBE/ GEBA measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8919-8925.
71. Zhang, J., R. W. Schmitt, and R. X. Huang, 1998b: Sensitivity of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model to the Parameterization of double-diffusive processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 589-605.